Special Conditions: Airbus, Model A350-900 Series Airplane; Composite Fuselage In-Flight Fire/Flammability Resistance
Federal Register, Volume 78 Issue 221 (Friday, November 15, 2013)
Federal Register Volume 78, Number 221 (Friday, November 15, 2013)
Proposed Rules
Pages 68775-68777
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office www.gpo.gov
FR Doc No: 2013-27413
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Federal Aviation Administration
14 CFR Part 25
Docket No. FAA-2013-0898; Notice No. 25-13-33-SC
Special Conditions: Airbus, Model A350-900 Series Airplane; Composite Fuselage In-Flight Fire/Flammability Resistance
AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.
ACTION: Notice of proposed special conditions.
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SUMMARY: This action proposes special conditions for the Airbus Model A350-900 series airplanes. This airplane will have a novel or unusual design features associated with the in-flight fire and flammability resistance of the composite fuselage. Experience has shown that eliminating fire propagation on the surface of interior and insulating materials enhances survivability since the threats from an in-flight fire (e.g., toxic gas emission and smoke obscuration) are typically by-
products of a propagating fire. The Airbus Model A350-900 series airplanes must provide protection against an in-flight fire propagating along the surface of the fuselage. Special conditions are needed to address this design feature. The applicable airworthiness regulations do not contain adequate or appropriate safety standards for this design feature. These proposed special conditions contain the additional safety standards that the Administrator considers necessary to establish a level of safety equivalent to that established by the existing airworthiness standards.
DATES: Send your comments on or before December 30, 2013.
ADDRESSES: Send comments identified by docket number FAA-2013-0898 using any of the following methods:
Federal eRegulations Portal: Go to http://www.regulations.gov/and follow the online instructions for sending your comments electronically.
Mail: Send comments to Docket Operations, M-30, U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Room W12-140, West Building Ground Floor, Washington, DC, 20590-0001.
Hand Delivery or Courier: Take comments to Docket Operations in Room W12-140 of the West Building Ground Floor at 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC, between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except federal holidays.
Fax: Fax comments to Docket Operations at 202-493-2251.
Privacy: The FAA will post all comments it receives, without change, to http://www.regulations.gov/, including any personal information the commenter provides. Using the search function of the docket Web site, anyone can find and read the electronic form of all comments received into any FAA docket, including the name of the individual sending the comment (or signing the comment for an association, business, labor union, etc.). DOT's complete Privacy Act Statement can be found in the Federal Register published on April 11, 2000 (65 FR 19477-19478), as well as at http://DocketsInfo.dot.gov/.
Docket: Background documents or comments received may be read at http://www.regulations.gov/at any time. Follow the online instructions for accessing the docket or go to the Docket Operations in Room W12-140 of the West Building Ground Floor at 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC, between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except federal holidays.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jeff Gardlin, FAA, Airframe/Cabin Safety, ANM-115, Transport Airplane Directorate, Aircraft Certification Service, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, Washington, 98057-3356; telephone (425) 227-2136; facsimile (425) 227-1320.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Comments Invited
We invite interested people to take part in this rulemaking by sending written comments, data, or views. The most helpful comments reference a specific portion of the proposed special conditions, explain the reason for any recommended change, and include supporting data.
We will consider all comments we receive on or before the closing date for comments. We may change these special conditions based on the comments we receive.
Background
On August 25, 2008, Airbus applied for a type certificate for their new Model A350-900 series airplane. Later, Airbus requested and the FAA approved an
Page 68776
extension to the application for FAA type certification to June 28, 2009, The Model A350-900 series has a conventional layout with twin wing-mounted Rolls Royce Trent engines. It features a twin aisle 9-
abreast economy class layout, and accommodates side-by-side placement of LD-3 containers in the cargo compartment. The basic Model A350-900 series configuration will accommodate 315 passengers in a standard two-
class arrangement. The design cruise speed is Mach 0.85 with a Maximum Take-Off Weight of 602,000 lbs. Airbus proposes the Model A350-900 series to be certified for extended operations (ETOPS) beyond 180 minutes at entry into service for up to a 420-minute maximum diversion time.
Experience has shown that eliminating fire propagation on the surface of interior and insulating materials enhances survivability since the threats from an in-flight fire (e.g., toxic gas emission and smoke obscuration) are typically by-products of a propagating fire. The Airbus Model A350-900 series airplane must provide protection against an in-flight fire propagating along the surface of the fuselage.
In the past, fatal in-flight fires have originated in inaccessible areas of the aircraft where the thermal/acoustic insulation located adjacent to the aluminium aircraft skin has been the path for flame propagation and fire growth. Concern over the fire performance of thermal/acoustic insulation was initially raised by five incidents in the 1990's which revealed unexpected flame spread along the insulation film covering material. In all cases, the ignition source was relatively modest and, in most cases, was electrical in origin (e.g., electrical short circuit, arcing caused by chafed wiring, ruptured ballast case). From 1972 until 2003 these materials were required to comply with a basic ``Bunsen burner'' requirement per Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) 25.853(a), 25.855(d), and part 25, Appendix F, part I, paragraph (a)(1)(ii). These requirements prescribed that insulation materials must be self-extinguishing after having been subjected to the flame of a Bunsen burner for 12 seconds, in accordance with the procedures defined in part 25, Appendix F, part I, paragraph (b)(4). The average burn was not to exceed eight inches and the average flame time after removal of the flame source was not to exceed 15 seconds. Drippings from the test specimen were not to continue to flame for more than an average of five seconds after falling.
Further concern with the flammability of thermal/acoustic insulation was raised by the Transportation Safety Board (TSB) of Canada during their investigation of the fatal Swiss Air MD-11 in-
flight fire accident that occurred in September 1998 and involved 229 fatalities. TSB investigators reported that the fatal fire appeared to have been confined to the area above the cockpit and forward cabin ceiling and involved the insulation blankets. On August 21, 2001, the TSB recommended that flammability standards for interior materials should be based on realistic ignition scenarios and prevent the use of materials that sustain or propagate a fire.
In 1996, the FAA Technical Center began a program to develop new fire test criteria for insulation films directly relating to the resistance of in-flight fire propagation. The current test standard was evaluated as well as another small-scale test method that has been used by airplane manufacturers to evaluate flame propagation on thermal/
acoustic insulation materials. An inter-laboratory comparison of these methods revealed a number of deficiencies. Other small-scale tests developed by the FAA Technical Center did demonstrate that some insulation films would ignite and propagate flame in a confined space. As a result, a series of large-scale fire tests were conducted in a mock-up of the attic area above the passenger cabin ceiling. In a confined space, ignition and flame propagation may occur because of more extensive radiating heat and the trapping of melted film/scrim. Temperature (heat release) data was recorded and the degree of flame propagation was observed from the large-scale tests. A radiant panel test standard for flooring materials was a test method that provided good correlation to the large-scale model. The test method involved subjecting a material to a pilot flame while the material is heated by a radiant panel.
The previously described development program resulted in a new test method (radiant panel test) and test criteria specifically established for improving the in-flight fire ignition/flame propagation of thermal/
acoustic insulation materials. A new part 25 airworthiness standard, Sec. 25.856, became effective in September 2003, Amendment 25-111, requiring that all thermal/acoustic insulation materials installed in the fuselage must comply to this flammability and flame propagation requirement. The proposed standards are intended to ``reduce the incidence and severity of cabin fires, particularly those ignited in inaccessible areas where thermal acoustic insulation materials are typically installed.''
Type Certification Basis
Under Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) 21.17, Airbus must show that the Model A350-900 series airplane meets the applicable provisions of 14 CFR part 25, as amended by Amendments 25-1 through 25-
128.
If the Administrator finds that the applicable airworthiness regulations (i.e., 14 CFR part 25) do not contain adequate or appropriate safety standards for the Model A350-900 series because of a novel or unusual design feature, special conditions are prescribed under Sec. 21.16.
Special conditions are initially applicable to the model for which they are issued. Should the type certificate for that model be amended later to include any other model that incorporates the same or similar novel or unusual design feature, the proposed special conditions would also apply to the other model under Sec. 21.101.
In addition to the applicable airworthiness regulations and proposed special conditions, the Model A350-900 series must comply with the fuel vent and exhaust emission requirements of 14 CFR part 34 and the noise certification requirements of 14 CFR part 36 and the FAA must issue a finding of regulatory adequacy under section 611 of Public Law 92-574, the ``Noise Control Act of 1972.''
The FAA issues special conditions, as defined in 14 CFR 11.19, under Sec. 11.38, and they become part of the type-certification basis under Sec. 21.17(a)(2).
Novel or Unusual Design Features
The Airbus Model A350-900 series airplane will incorporate the following novel or unusual design features: fuselage fabricated with composite materials.
Discussion
The Airbus Model A350-900 series airplane will make extensive use of composite materials in the fabrication of the majority of the wing, fuselage skin, stringers, spars, and most other structural elements of all major sub-assemblies of the airplane. Despite the major change from aluminum to composite material for the fuselage, the Model A350-900 series must have in-flight survivability such that the composite fuselage does not propagate a fire. A methodology for assessing the in-
flight fire survivability of an all-composite fuselage is therefore needed.
The FAA believes that one way to assess the survivability within the cabin of the Model A350-900 series airplane is to conduct large-
scale tests. This large-scale test would utilize a mock-up
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of an Airbus Model A350-900 series airplane fuselage skin/structure section of sufficient size to assess any tendency for fire propagation. The fire threat used to represent the realistic ignition source in the airplane would consist of a 4'' x 4'' x 9'' polyurethane foam block and 10 ml of Heptane. This ignition source provides approximately three minutes of flame time and would be positioned at various points and orientations within the mocked up installation to impinge on those areas of the fuselage considered to be most crucial.
This fire threat was established based on an assessment of a range of potential ignition sources, coupled with possible contamination of materials. The FAA considers this a severe fire threat, encompassing a variety of scenarios. However, should ignition or fire sources of a greater severity be identified, the special condition or its method of compliance would need to be modified in order to take the more severe threat into account.
Applicability
As discussed above, these proposed special conditions apply to Airbus Model A350-900 series airplanes. Should Airbus apply later for a change to the type certificate to include another model incorporating the same novel or unusual design feature, the proposed special conditions would apply to that model as well.
Conclusion
This action affects only certain novel or unusual design features on the Airbus Model A350-900 series airplanes. It is not a rule of general applicability.
List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 25
Aircraft, Aviation safety, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
The authority citation for these special conditions is as follows:
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701, 44702, 44704.
The Proposed Special Condition
Accordingly, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) proposes the following special condition as part of the type certification basis for Airbus Model A350-900 series airplanes.
Composite Fuselage In-Flight Fire/Flammability Resistance
In addition to the requirements of Sec. 25.853(a) governing material flammability, the following special condition applies:
The Airbus Model A350 composite fuselage structure must be shown to be resistant to flame propagation under the fire threat used to develop Sec. 25.856(a). If products of combustion are observed beyond the test heat source, they must be evaluated and found acceptable.
Issued in Renton, Washington, on November 12, 2013.
Jeffrey E. Duven,
Acting Manager, Transport Airplane Directorate, Aircraft Certification Service.
FR Doc. 2013-27413 Filed 11-14-13; 8:45 am
BILLING CODE 4910-13-P
