Part II

Federal Register: March 1, 2010 (Volume 75, Number 39)

Rules and Regulations

Page 9281-9314

From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]

DOCID:fr01mr10-18

Page 9281

Part II

Department of the Interior

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Parts 10 and 21

General Provisions; Migratory Birds Revised List and Permits; Final

Rules

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 10

FWS-R9-MB-2007-0109;91200-1231-9BPP

RIN 1018-AB72

General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Final rule.

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, revise the List of

Migratory Birds by both adding and removing numerous species. Reasons for the changes to the list include correcting previous mistakes including misspellings, adding species based on new evidence of occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States, and changing names based on new taxonomy. The net increase of 175 species (186 added and 11 removed) brings the total number of species protected by the

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) to 1007. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to- date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes.

DATES: This rule is effective March 31, 2010.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Terry Doyle, Wildlife Biologist,

Division of Migratory Bird Management, at 703-358-1799.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

What Statutory Authority Does the Service Have for This Rulemaking?

We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703-711), the Fish and

Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 712), and the Fish and

Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements

Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:

(1) Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds,

August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39

Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628;

(2) Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and

Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States

(Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912;

(3) Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and

Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972,

United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and

(4) Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and

Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073.

What Is the Purpose of This Rulemaking?

Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by the

MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in

Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes.

Why Is This Amendment of the List of Migratory Birds Necessary?

The amendment is needed to: (1) Add two species covered by the

Japanese and Russian Conventions that were mistakenly omitted from previous lists; (2) add 29 species of accidental or casual occurrence documented prior to April 1985, but not included in prior lists; (3) add 65 species based on new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States since April 1985; (4) add 24 species that occur naturally in the United States only in Hawaii; (5) add 28 species that occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands; (6) add 38 species newly recognized as a result of taxonomic changes; (7) remove 10 species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States or its territories; (8) remove one species that is now treated as a subspecies; (9) change the common (English) names of 48 species to conform with accepted use; (10) change the scientific names of 66 species to conform with accepted use;

(11) change the common and scientific names of seven species to conform with accepted use; (12) change the scientific names of four species in the alphabetical list to conform with accepted use and to correct inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists; (13) correct errors in the common (English) name of two species; (14) correct errors in the scientific names of three species in the taxonomic list; and (15) change the status of one taxon from protected subspecies to non-protected species (due to lack of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories). In accordance with the

Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108-447) (MBTRA), we also reaffirm our determination of March 15, 2005 (70 FR 12710), that the Mute Swan (Cygnus olor), which was never formally listed in 50 CFR 10.13 but was briefly treated as protected by the MBTA as the result of a court order (Hill v. Norton, 275 F.3d 98 (D.C. Cir. 2001)), is no longer afforded protection because it is nonnative and human- introduced. See Fund for Animals v. Norton, 374 F. Supp. 2d 91 (D. D.C. 2005, denying injunction because of the clear language of the MBTRA).

The District Court's judgment was later affirmed on appeal (Fund for

Animals v. Kempthorne, 472 F.3d 872, D.C. Cir. 2006).

The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on

April 5, 1985 (50 FR 13710). In a proposed rule published May 9, 1995

(60 FR 24686), we suggested updating the List of Migratory Birds by adding 20 species, removing 1 species, and revising the common

(English) or scientific names of 23 previously listed species to conform to the most recent nomenclature. The proposed amendments were necessitated by five published supplements to the 6th (1983) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU's) Check-list of North

American birds. Knowing that additional amendments would be necessary following the anticipated publication of a 7th edition of the Check- list, we elected to delay publication of a final rule until after the appearance of the revised Check-list. The 1995 proposed rule generated just two public comments, from the American Ornithologists' Union and the Association of Scientific Collections. The comments of those organizations, mostly editorial in nature, are reflected in this document, as appropriate.

Following publication of the 7th edition of the Check-list in July 1998, administrative workloads and staff shortages prevented work on a final rule until September 2000. A followup proposed rule was deemed necessary because of the five-year delay since publication of the initial proposed rule, and the many new changes necessitated by the 7th edition of the Check-list. In a second proposed rule published October 12, 2001 (66 FR 52282), we suggested adding 30 species, removing one species, and revising the common

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(English) or scientific names of 78 previously-listed species to conform to accepted use.

Of the 116 letters received on the proposed rule of October 12, 2001, 109 dealt solely with the presumed protective status of the Mute

Swan (Cygnus olor) under the MBTA. Of the remaining seven letters, three provided comments of a general nature (including recommendations for adding or deleting certain species); two expressed general support without offering specific comments; one questioned the legality of extending MBTA protection to species that do not cross State or international boundaries; and one expressed concern about the harvest of MBTA-protected shorebirds in the Caribbean. These comments remain part of the public record and were incorporated, as appropriate, into this final rule.

Because of the delay since publication of the 2001 proposed rule, plus the many new changes necessitated by six published supplements

(AOU 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) to the 7th edition of the

Check-list, we published a third proposed rule on August 24, 2006 (71

FR 50194). This allowed the public to review and comment on all of the desired changes that have come to light since publication of the 1995 and 2001 proposed rules. In addition, this final rule incorporates the changes in the AOU supplement published in 2007.

What Scientific Authorities Are Used To Amend the List of Migratory

Birds?

Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds

(AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (orders, families, subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. For the few species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the Check- list, we relied primarily on Monroe and Sibley (1993). Though we primarily rely on the above checklists, when informed taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we evaluate available published and unpublished information and come to our own conclusion regarding the validity of taxa.

What Criteria Are Used To Identify Individual Species Protected by the

MBTA?

A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following four criteria:

(1) It is a species covered by the Canadian Convention of 1916, as amended in 1996, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria: (a)

It belongs to a family or group of species named in the Canadian

Convention, as amended; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.

(2) It is a species covered by the Mexican Convention of 1936, as amended in 1972, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria: It

(a) belongs to a family or group of species named in the Mexican

Convention, as amended; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.

(3) It is a species listed in the annex to the Japanese Convention of 1972, as amended.

(4) It is a species listed in the appendix to the Russian

Convention of 1976.

In accordance with the MBTRA, we have not listed species whose occurrences in the United States are solely the result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). We hereby adopt the definition of ``human-assisted introduction'' as used in the notice implementing the MBTRA (70 FR 12710): ``An intentional introduction is one that was purposeful--for example, the person(s) or institution(s) involved intended for it to happen. An unintentional introduction is one that was unforeseen or unintended, for example, the establishment of self-sustaining populations following repeated escapes from captive facilities.''

How Do the Scientific Names Used Here Compare to Those That Appear in the Japanese and Russian Conventions?

The Japanese and Russian Conventions list individual species of birds that are covered. For 37 of these species, the scientific (genus or species) name currently recognized by scientific authorities (AOU 1998, 1999; Monroe and Sibley 1993) differs from that which appears in the Conventions. The following cross-reference provides a linkage between the scientific names used in this list and those that appear in the annex to the Japanese Convention and the appendix to the Russian

Convention. The first name is the modern equivalent proposed here, and the second name is that which appears in one or both of the

Conventions. These changes modernize the regulatory list without revising either the Japanese or the Russian Convention (indicated by J and R, respectively):

Accipiter gularis (Japanese Sparrowhawk) is listed as Accipiter virgatus (J & R);

Actitis hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper) is listed as Tringa hypoleucos (J

& R);

Aethia psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) is listed as Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (R);

Anas americana (American Wigeon) is listed as Mareca americana (J);

Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler) is listed as Spatula clypeata (J);

Anas penelope (Eurasian Wigeon) is listed as Mareca penelope (J);

Anous minutus (Black Noddy) is listed as Anous tenuirostris (J);

Anthus rubescens (American Pipit) is listed as Anthus spinoletta (J &

R);

Branta bernicla (Brant) incorporates Branta nigricans (R);

Calidris alba (Sanderling) is listed as Crocethia alba (J);

Calidris subminuta (Long-toed Stint) is listed as part of Calidris minutilla (J);

Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) is listed as Acanthis flammea (J);

Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) is included as part of Carduelis flammea (J), and is listed as Acanthis hornemanni (R);

Charadrius morinellus (Eurasian Dotterel) is listed as Eudromias morinellus (J & R);

Chen caerulescens (Snow Goose) is listed as Anser caerulescens (J);

Chen canagica (Emperor Goose) is listed as Anser canagicus (J), and

Philacte canagica (R);

Cygnus columbianus (Tundra Swan) incorporates Cygnus bewickii (R);

Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef-Egret) is listed as Demigretta sacra (J);

Ficedula narcissina (Narcissus Flycatcher) is listed as Muscicapa narcissina (J);

Fratercula cirrhata (Tufted Puffin) is listed as Lunda cirrhata (J &

R);

Gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe) is listed as Capella gallinago (R);

Gallinago megala (Swinhoe's Snipe) is listed as Capella megala (R);

Gallinago stenura (Pin-tailed Snipe) is listed as Capella stenura (R);

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Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Tattler) is included as part of

Tringa incana (J);

Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Tattler) is listed as Tringa incana

(J);

Luscinia calliope (Siberian Rubythroat) is listed as Erithacus calliope

(J);

Melanitta fusca (White-winged Scoter) incorporates Melanitta deglandi

(J);

Mergellus albellus (Smew) is listed as Mergus albellus (J & R);

Milvus migrans (Black Kite) is listed as Milvus korschun (R);

Numenius borealis (Eskimo Curlew) is included as part of Numenius minutus (J);

Phalaropus lobatus (Red-necked Phalarope) is listed as Lobipes lobatus

(R);

Phoebastria albatrus (Short-tailed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea albatrus (J & R);

Phoebastria immutabilis (Laysan Albatross) is listed as Diomedea immutabilis (J & R);

Phoebastria nigripes (Black-footed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea nigripes (J & R);

Pterodroma hypoleuca (Bonin Petrel) is listed as Pterodroma leucoptera

(R);

Tachycineta bicolor (Tree Swallow) is listed as Iridoprocne bicolor

(R); and

Turdus obscurus (Eyebrowed Thrush) is listed as Turdus pallidus (R).

How Do the Changes Affect the List of Migratory Birds?

The amendments (186 additions, 11 removals, 121 name changes, and 9 corrections) affect a grand total of 327 species and result in a net addition of 175 species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the species total from 832 to 1007. Of the 175 species that we add to the list, 38 were previously covered under the MBTA as subspecies of listed species. These amendments can be logically arranged in the following 15 categories:

(1) Add two species that are included in the Appendix of the

Russian Convention and in the Annex to the Japanese Convention, respectively; the omission of these species in previous lists was an oversight. These species also qualify for protection under the Canadian and Mexican Conventions as members of the families Anatidae and

Laridae, respectively:

Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha; and

Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris.

(2) Add 29 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (prior to

April 1985) of distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican

Conventions. They were excluded from the 1985 list because their occurrence was viewed as accidental or casual, a criterion no longer viewed as inconsistent with the MBTA or its underlying Conventions. A species of accidental or casual occurrence is one whose normal range is far enough removed from the United States as to make regular occurrence unlikely or improbable (AOU 1983). For each species, we list the

State(s) in which it has been recorded plus the relevant AOU publication(s):

Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta--Washington (AOU 1982, 1983, 1997, 1998);

Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans--California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina--Louisiana, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs--Maine to Massachusetts (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops--Texas, Virginia (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata--Massachusetts, New York (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Flycatcher, La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae--Alabama, Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius--Maine, Tennessee (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Gull, Belcher's, Larus belcheri--Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2003);

Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostis--Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa--Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Martin, Southern, Progne elegans--Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii--Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis--Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Petrel, Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax--Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis--Puerto Rico (AOU 1983, 1995, 1998);

Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1995);

Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus--Pennsylvania, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas--California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus--Alaska, California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura--U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 1983, 1998);

Tern, Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex--Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio (AOU 1983, 1998);

Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris--Florida (AOU 1983, 1998);

Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus--Alaska, California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);

Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa--Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); and

Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998).

(3) Add 65 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (since

April 1985) of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican

Conventions and most are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State(s) in which it has been recorded plus the relevant publication(s):

Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris--Virginia (AOU 2002);

Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata--California (AOU 1997, 1998);

Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998);

Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998);

Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola--Alaska (AOU 1989, 1998);

Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans--Alaska (AOU 2000);

Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis--U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 1998);

Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris--Texas (AOU 1998);

Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata--Texas (AOU 1998);

Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta--Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Puerto

Rico, Virginia (AOU 1998);

Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata--Texas (AOU 1989, 1998);

Falcon, Red-footed, Falco vespertinus--Massachusetts, (AOU 2007);

Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus--Florida, New Mexico, Texas

(AOU 2002);

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Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis--Texas (AOU 2006);

Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus--Texas (AOU 1998);

Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus--Texas (AOU 1998)

Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis--Hawaii (AOU 1997, 1998);

Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris--New York (AOU 1991, 1998, 2002);

Golden-Plover, European, Pluvialis apricaria--Alaska (Western Birds 2001);

Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998);

Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus--Florida (AOU 2002);

Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus--Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Texas (AOU 2002);

Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis (=cachinnans)--Maryland (AOU 1993, 1998, 2007);

Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens--Texas (AOU 1998);

Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo--Alaska (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998);

Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila--Arizona, New Mexico (AOU 1998);

Hummingbird, Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii--California (AOU 1998);

Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii--Texas (AOU 1998);

Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera--Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998);

Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens--Arizona, Texas (AOU 1998);

Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus--Texas (AOU 2006);

Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris--Texas (AOU 2002);

Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata--Texas (AOU 1989, 1998);

Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius--Texas (AOU 2002);

Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow--North Carolina (AOU 1998);

Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera--California (AOU 2004);

Petrel, Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris--California, Hawaii (AOU 1989, 1998);

Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus--Florida (AOU 2004);

Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris--Texas (AOU 1998);

Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus--Alaska (AOU 2000);

Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis--Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1998);

Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane--Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998);

Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis--Texas (AOU 1998);

Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus--Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998);

Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii--North Carolina (AOU 2006);

Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus--Texas (AOU 1998);

Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998);

Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus--Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998);

Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus--Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998, 2004);

Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied Fregetta tropica--North Carolina (AOU 2006);

Storm-Petrel, Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi--California (AOU 2007);

Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea--Florida (AOU 2005);

Swift, Alpine, Apus melba--Puerto Rico (AOU 1998);

Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata--Arizona, Texas (AOU 1987, 1998);

Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii--Hawaii (AOU 1991, 1998, 2006);

Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida--Delaware, New Jersey (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003);

Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata--Texas (AOU 1998);

Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis--Alaska (AOU 1991, 1998);

Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister--Texas (AOU 1987, 1998);

Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola--Alabama (AOU 1995, 1998);

Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa--Arizona (AOU 1987, 1998);

Warbler, Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata--Alaska, California (AOU 1985, 1998);

Warbler, Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus--Alaska (AOU 2002);

Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca--Alaska (AOU 2004); and

Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major--Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998).

(4) Add 24 species that belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican Conventions, but occur naturally in the United States only in Hawaii:

Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris

Akepa, Loxops coccineus

Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus

Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi

Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi

Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei

Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana

Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata

Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens

Amakihi, Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis

Amakihi, Oahu, Hemignathus flavus

Anianiau, Magumma parva

Apapane, Himatione sanguinea

Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana

Finch, Laysan, Telespiza cantans

Finch, Nihoa, Telespiza ultima

Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea

Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea

Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris

Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus

Ou, Psittirostra psittacea

Palila, Loxioides bailleui

Parrotbill, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys

Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma

(5) Add 28 species that belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican Conventions, but occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and

Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands (Pratt et al. 1987). We also list the territory or territories in which each species is known to occur:

Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (Guam);

Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Northern Marianas);

Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (American Samoa);

Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (Guam, Northern Marianas);

Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (American Samoa);

Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (American Samoa);

Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (American Samoa);

Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (Guam, Northern Marianas);

Greenshank, Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer (Guam);

Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (American Samoa);

Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (Guam, Northern

Marianas);

Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (Northern Marianas);

Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (American Samoa);

Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus chloris (American Samoa, Northern

Marianas);

Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (Guam);

Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (Guam);

Petrel, Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera (American Samoa);

Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (Baker and Howland Islands);

Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (American Samoa);

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Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (American Samoa);

Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (Guam);

Reed-Warbler, Nightingale, Acrocephalus luscinia (Northern Marianas, formerly Guam);

Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae (Guam, Northern

Marianas);

Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (American Samoa);

Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (American Samoa);

Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (American Samoa);

Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (Guam, Northern Marianas); and

Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (American Samoa).

(6) Add 38 species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as subspecies have been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these species was formerly treated as subspecies of a listed species, these additions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) supporting the change:

Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris (formerly treated as subspecies of Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose [=Bean Goose]) [AOU 2007];

Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (formerly treated as subspecies of Fulica americana, American Coot) [AOU 1993, 1998];

Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (formerly treated as subspecies of

Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker) [AOU 1995, 1998];

Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Empidonax difficilis, Western [=Pacific-slope]

Flycatcher) [AOU 1989, 1998];

Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (formerly treated as subspecies of Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher) [AOU 1989, 1998];

Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (formerly treated as subspecies of Pluvialis dominica, Lesser [=American] Golden-Plover) [AOU 1993, 1998];

Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii (formerly treated as subspecies of

Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe) [AOU 1985, 1998];

Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (formerly treated as subspecies of

Butorides striatus, Green-backed [=Striated] Heron) [AOU 1993, 1998];

Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (formerly treated as subspecies of

Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998];

Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (formerly treated as subspecies of

Elanus caeruleus, Black-shouldered Kite) ([AOU 1983, 1993, 1998]);

Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (formerly treated as subspecies of Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon) [AOU 1985, 1998];

Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (formerly treated as subspecies of

Pica pica, Black-billed [=Eurasian] Magpie) [AOU 2000];

Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix--formerly treated as a subspecies of Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet (AOU 1997);

Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (formerly treated as subspecies of

Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998];

Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii (formerly treated as subspecies of

Icterus galbula, Northern [=Baltimore] Oriole) [AOU 1995, 1998];

Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pterodroma phaeopygia, Dark-rumped [=Galapagos] Petrel)

AOU 2002

;

Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pterodroma externa, White-necked [=Juan Fernandez]

Petrel) [AOU 1991, 1998];

Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (formerly treated as subspecies of

Anthus spinoletta, Water Pipit (AOU 1989, 1998);

Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998];

Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998];

Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998];

Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) [AOU 1985, 1998];

Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (formerly treated as subspecies of Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998];

Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (formerly treated as subspecies of Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub-

Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998];

Snipe, Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (formerly treated as subspecies of

Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe) [AOU 2002];

Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (formerly treated as subspecies of Ammodramus caudacutus, Sharp-tailed [=Saltmarsh Sharp- tailed] Sparrow) [AOU 1995, 1998];

Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Spindalis zena, Stripe-headed [=Western] Tanager

=Spindalis

) [AOU 2000];

Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli (formerly treated as subspecies of Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush) [AOU 1995, 1998];

Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (formerly treated as subspecies of Parus [=Baeolophus] bicolor, Tufted Titmouse) [AOU 2002];

Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (formerly treated as subspecies of Parus [=Baeolophus] inornatus, Plain [=Oak] Titmouse) [AOU 1997, 1998];

Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (formerly treated as subspecies of

Pipilo fuscus, Brown [=Canyon] Towhee) [AOU 1989, 1998];

Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (formerly treated as subspecies of

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Rufous-sided [=Eastern] Towhee) [AOU 1995, 1998];

Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii (formerly treated as subspecies of

Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998];

Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (formerly treated as subspecies of

Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998];

Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo) [AOU 1987, 1998];

Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Motacilla flava, Yellow Wagtail) [AOU 2004];

Woodpecker, American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Picoides tridactylus, Three-toed [=Eurasian Three-toed]

Woodpecker) [AOU 2003]; and

Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (formerly treated as subspecies of Picoides stricklandi, Strickland's Woodpecker) [AOU 2000].

(7) Remove 10 species based on revised taxonomic treatments and new distributional evidence confirming that their known geographic ranges lie entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) supporting these changes:

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Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (AOU 1993, 1998);

Heron, Green-backed (=Striated), Butorides striatus (AOU 1993, 1998);

Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus caeruleus (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998);

Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica pica (AOU 2000);

Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (AOU 1998; treated as conspecific with Black Noddy, Anous minutus);

Petrel, Dark-rumped (=Galapagos), Pterodroma phaeopygia (AOU 2002);

Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (AOU 1983, 1989, 1998);

Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (AOU 2004);

Woodpecker, Strickland's, Picoides stricklandi (AOU 2000); and

Woodpecker, Three-toed (=Eurasian Three-toed), Picoides tridactylis

(AOU 2003).

(8) Remove one former species that is now treated as a subspecies:

Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens (lugens will remain protected as a subspecies of Motacilla alba, White Wagtail) [AOU 2005].

(9) Revise the common (English) names of 48 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the published source(s) for the name change:

Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba, becomes Owl, Barn (AOU 1989, 1998);

Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis, becomes Bittern, Yellow (AOU 1991, 1998);

Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus, becomes Crow, Tamaulipas (AOU 1997, 1998);

Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus, becomes Curlew, Little (AOU 1987, 1998);

Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa griseisticta, becomes Flycatcher,

Gray-streaked (AOU 2004);

Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax difficilis, becomes Flycatcher, Pacific- slope (AOU 1989, 1998);

Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica, becomes Golden-Plover,

American (AOU 1993, 1998);

Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis, becomes Bean-Goose, Taiga (AOU 2007)

Goose, Ross', Chen rossii, becomes Goose, Ross's (AOU 1998);

Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus ridibundus, becomes Gull, Black-headed

(AOU 1995, 1998);

Gull, Ross', Rhodostethia rosea, becomes Gull, Ross's (AOU 1998);

Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter gularis, becomes Sparrowhawk, Japanese

(Monroe and Sibley 1993);

Hawk, Harris', Parabuteo unicinctus, becomes Hawk, Harris's (AOU 1998);

Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula, becomes Owl, Northern Hawk (AOU 1989, 1998);

Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra, becomes Reef-Egret, Pacific (Monroe and Sibley 1993);

Hoopoe, Upupa epops, becomes Hoopoe, Eurasian (AOU 1998);

Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma ultramarina, becomes Jay, Mexican (AOU 1995, 1998);

Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens, becomes Scrub-Jay, Florida (AOU 1995, 1998);

Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus, becomes Kite,

Swallow-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998);

Murrelet, Xantus', Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, becomes Murrelet,

Xantus's (AOU 1998);

Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus, becomes Nightjar, Gray (AOU 2004);

Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis, becomes Duck, Long-tailed (AOU 2000);

Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus dominicensis, becomes Oriole, Greater

Antillean (AOU 2000);

Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula, becomes Oriole, Baltimore (AOU 1995, 1998);

Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma externa, becomes Petrel, Juan

Fernandez (AOU 1991, 1998);

Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius leschenaultii, becomes Sand-Plover,

Greater (AOU 2004);

Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus, becomes Sand-Plover, Lesser

(AOU 2004);

Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza schoeniclus, becomes Bunting, Reed (AOU 1995, 1998);

Reed-Bunting, Pallas', Emberiza pallasi, becomes Bunting, Pallas's (AOU 1995, 1998);

Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, becomes Sandpiper, Spoon- billed (AOU 2004);

Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis, becomes Lark, Sky (AOU 1995, 1998);

Sparrow, Harris', Zonotrichia querela, becomes Sparrow, Harris's (AOU 1998);

Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus, becomes Sparrow,

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998);

Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus, becomes Starling, White-cheeked

(Monroe and Sibley 1993);

Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus philippensis, becomes Starling,

Chestnut-cheeked (Monroe and Sibley 1993);

Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis, becomes Stint, Red-necked

(AOU 1995);

Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma tristrami, becomes Storm-Petrel,

Tristram's (AOU 1989, 1998);

Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis phoenicobia, becomes Palm-Swift,

Antillean (AOU 1983, 1998);

Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena, becomes Spindalis, Western (AOU 2000);

Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata, becomes Duck, Falcated (AOU 1997, 1998);

Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus, becomes Thrush, Eyebrowed (AOU 1989, 1998);

Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus, becomes Towhee, Canyon (AOU 1989, 1998);

Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, becomes Towhee, Eastern

(AOU 1995, 1998);

Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni, becomes Pipit, Olive-backed (AOU 1995, 1998);

Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus, becomes Quetzel, Eared (AOU 2002);

Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius, becomes Vireo, Blue-headed (AOU 1997, 1998);

Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae, becomes Warbler, Elfin-woods

(AOU 1998); and

Woodpecker, Lewis', Melanerpes lewis, becomes Woodpecker, Lewis's (AOU 1998).

(10) Revise the scientific names of 66 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) documenting the name change:

Actitis macularia (Spotted Sandpiper) becomes Actitis macularius (AOU 2004);

Ajaia ajaja (Roseate Spoonbill) becomes Platalea ajaja (AOU 2002);

Amphispiza quinquestriata (Five-striped Sparrow) becomes Aimophila quinquestriata (AOU 1997, 1998);

Casmerodius albus (Great Egret) becomes Ardea alba (AOU 1995, 1998);

Catharacta maccormicki (South Polar Skua) becomes Stercorarius maccormicki (AOU 2000);

Catharacta skua (Great Skua) becomes Stercorarius skua (AOU 2000);

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Willet) becomes Tringa semipalmata (AOU 2006);

Ceryle alcyon (Belted Kingfisher) becomes Megaceryl alcyon (AOU 2007);

Ceryle torquatus (= Ceryle torquata) (Ringed Kingfisher) becomes

Megaceryl torquata (AOU 2004, 2007);

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Columba fasciata (Band-tailed Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas fasciata (AOU 2003);

Columba flavirostris (Red-billed Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas flavirostris (AOU 2003);

Columba inornata (Plain Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas inornata (AOU 2003);

Columba leucocephala (White-crowned Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas leucocephala (AOU 2003);

Columba squamosa (Scaly-naped Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas squamosa (AOU 2003);

Contopus borealis (Olive-sided Flycatcher) becomes Contopus cooperi

(AOU 1997, 1998);

Cuculus saturatus (Oriental Cuckoo) becomes Cuculus optatus (AOU 2006);

Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) becomes Aethia psittacula

(AOU 1997, 1998);

Delichon urbica (Common House-Martin) becomes Delichon urbicum (AOU 2004);

Diomedea albatrus (Short-tailed Albatross) becomes Phoebastria albatrus

(AOU 1997, 1998);

Diomedea chlororhynchos (Yellow-nosed Albatross) becomes Thalassarche chlororhynchos (AOU 1997, 1998);

Diomedea immutabilis (Laysan Albatross) becomes Phoebastria immutabilis

(AOU 1997, 1998);

Diomedea nigripes (Black-footed Albatross) becomes Phoebastria nigripes

(AOU 1997, 1998);

Guiraca caerulea (Blue Grosbeak) becomes Passerina caerulea (AOU 2002);

Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Tattler) becomes Tringa brevipes

(AOU 2006);

Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Tattler) becomes Tringa incana (AOU 2006);

Helmitheros vermivora (Worm-eating Warbler) becomes Helmitheros vermivorum (AOU 2004);

Hirundo fulva (Cave Swallow) becomes Petrochelidon fulva (AOU 1997, 1998);

Hirundo pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) becomes Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

(AOU 1997, 1998);

Muscicapa narcissina (Narcissus Flycatcher) becomes Ficedula narcissina

(AOU 1991, 1998);

Nesochen sandvicensis (Hawaiian Goose) becomes Branta sandvicensis (AOU 1993, 1998);

Nyctea scandiaca (Snowy Owl) becomes Bubo scandiacus (AOU 2003);

Nycticorax goisagi (Japanese Night-Heron) becomes Gorsachius goisagi

(Monroe and Sibley 1993);

Nycticorax violaceus (Yellow-crowned Night-Heron) becomes Nyctanassa violacea (AOU 1998);

Orthorhynchus cristatus (Antillean Crested Hummingbird) becomes

Orthorhyncus cristatus (AOU 1987);

Otus asio (Eastern Screech-Owl) becomes Megascops asio (AOU 2003);

Otus kennicottii (Western Screech-Owl) becomes Megascops kennicottii

(AOU 2003);

Otus nudipes (Puerto Rican Screech-Owl) becomes Megascops nudipes (AOU 2003);

Otus trichopsis (Whiskered Screech-Owl) becomes Megascops trichopsis

(AOU 2003);

Oxyura dominica (Masked Duck) becomes Nomonyx dominicus (AOU 1997, 1998);

Parus atricapillus (Black-capped Chickadee) becomes Poecile atricapillus (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003);

Parus bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) becomes Baeolophus bicolor (AOU 1997, 1998);

Parus carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee) becomes Poecile carolinensis

(AOU 1997, 1998);

Parus gambeli (Mountain Chickadee) becomes Poecile gambeli (AOU 1997, 1998);

Parus hudsonicus (Boreal Chickadee) becomes Poecile hudsonica (AOU 1997, 1998, 2000);

Parus rufescens (Chestnut-backed Chickadee) becomes Poecile rufescens

(AOU 1997, 1998);

Parus sclateri (Mexican Chickadee) becomes Poecile sclateri (AOU 1997, 1998);

Parus wollweberi (Bridled Titmouse) becomes Baeolophus wollweberi (AOU 1997, 1998);

Phalaropus fulicaria (Red Phalarope) becomes Phalaropus fulicarius (AOU 2002);

Polyborus plancus (Crested Caracara) becomes Caracara cheriway (AOU 1993, 1998, 2000);

Porphyrula martinica (Purple Gallinule) becomes Porphyrio martinica

(AOU 2002);

Saurothera vieilloti (Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo) becomes Coccyzus vieilloti (AOU 2006);

Seiurus aurocapillus (Ovenbird) becomes Seiurus aurocapilla (AOU 2003);

Sterna albifrons (Little Tern) becomes Sternula albifrons (AOU 2006);

Sterna aleutica (Aleutian Tern) becomes Onychoprion aleuticus (AOU 2006);

Sterna anaethetus (Bridled Tern) becomes Onychoprion anaethetus (AOU 2006);

Sterna antillarum (Least Tern) becomes Sternula antillarum (AOU 2006);

Sterna caspia (Caspian Tern) becomes Hydroprogne caspia (AOU 2006);

Sterna elegans (Elegant Tern) becomes Thalasseus elegans (AOU 2006);

Sterna fuscata (Sooty Tern) becomes Onychoprion fuscatus (AOU 2006);

Sterna lunata (Gray-backed Tern) becomes Onychoprion lunatus (AOU 2006);

Sterna maxima (Royal Tern) becomes Thalasseus maximus (AOU 2006);

Sterna nilotica (Gull-billed Tern) becomes Gelochelidon nilotica (AOU 2006);

Sterna sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern) becomes Thalasseus sandvicensis

(AOU 2006);

Sula bassanus (Northern Gannet) becomes Morus bassanus (AOU 1989, 1998);

Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced Grassquit) becomes Tiaris olivaceus (AOU 2004); and

Toxostoma dorsale (Crissal Thrasher) becomes Toxostoma crissale (AOU 1985, 1998).

(11) Revise the common (English) and scientific names of seven species to conform with the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the publication(s) supporting the name change:

Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax olivaceus, becomes Cormorant,

Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (AOU 1991, 1998);

Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia, becomes Egret, Intermediate,

Mesophoyx intermedia (Monroe and Sibley 1993);

Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax melanolophus, becomes Night-Heron,

Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus (Monroe and Sibley 1993);

Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus, becomes Omao, Myadestes obscurus

(AOU 1985, 1998);

Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri, becomes Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (AOU 1985, 1998);

Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus, becomes Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta (AOU 1998, 2000); and

Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus, becomes Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (AOU 1997, 1998).

(12) Revise incorrect or invalid scientific names of four species in the alphabetical list to reflect the most recent nomenclatural treatment and to correct inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists:

Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus tridactyla, becomes Rissa trydactyla

(AOU 1998);

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Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus brevirostris, becomes Rissa brevirostris

(AOU 1998);

Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger, becomes Rynchops niger (AOU 1998); and

Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima, becomes Hylocichla mustelina (AOU 1998).

(13) Revise the common (English) name of two species in the alphabetical and taxonomic lists to correct misspellings:

Bittern, Schrenk's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus, becomes Bittern, Schrenck's

(Monroe and Sibley 1993); and

Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus miniatus, becomes Redstart, Slate- throated (AOU 1998).

(14) Revise the scientific names of three species in the taxonomic list to correct misspellings and inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists:

Sialis currucoides (Mountain Bluebird) becomes Sialia currucoides (AOU 1998);

Sialis mexicana (Western Bluebird) becomes Sialia mexicana (AOU 1998); and

Sialis sialis (Eastern Bluebird) becomes Sialia sialis (AOU 1998).

(15) Change the status of one taxon from protected subspecies to non-protected species (because there is no known natural occurrence of the newly recognized species in the United States or its territories).

In accordance with the AOU (1998), the Barbary Falcon has been treated as a subspecies (pelegrinoides) of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in 50 CFR 10.13. We defer to the taxonomic treatment of

Monroe and Sibley (1993) in recognizing F. peregrinus pelegrinoides as a distinct species, Falco pelegrinoides, the Barbary Falcon. This brings our treatment of this taxon into conformity with that adopted by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild

Flora and Fauna (CITES), thereby removing an inconsistency between the

MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) and CITES (50 CFR 23.23) lists. This simple taxonomic change does not add or remove any species from the list:

Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, formerly considered a subspecies of the

Peregrine Falcon, is changed to Falco pelegrinoides, Barbary Falcon

(Monroe and Sibley 1993). TheBarbary Falcon is not subject to the MBTA because its known geographic range lies entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. This does not change the legal status of any other subspecies of the Peregrine

Falcon, all of which will continue to be protected under the MBTA.

We continue to consider all previously recognized subspecies of the

Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) as one species.

As a general practice, we use the AOU as a key source for taxonomic decisions. However, for species that are hunted, we may see a higher level of certainty about taxonomic changes before modifying hunting regulations and management plans, and communicating those changes to the public.

The AOU recently adopted nomenclature that divides the 11 subspecies of the previously-recognized single Canada Goose species into two species groups, Canada Goose and Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii) (AOU 2004). However, we choose to include the four subspecies AOU now considers Cackling Goose in the listing of Canada

Goose, rather than include them in a separate species. Some waterfowl specialists do not agree that the data on which the AOU relied warranted the separation into two species. The AOU recommendation is based on research in large part supported by analysis of mitochondrial

DNA (Van Wagner and Baker 1986, Shields and Wilson 1987, Quinn et al. 1991, Paxinos et al. 2002, Scribner et al. 2003). These studies suggest a difference between Cackling and Canada Geese primarily based on maternally inherited nonrecombinate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We believe the mtDNA analyzed from geese in the geographic areas sampled indicate a substantial evolutionary distance between groups the AOU classifies as Cackling and Canada Geese. However, the nuclear

(recombinant) microsatellite DNA (nuDNA) assessment presented in

Scribner et al. (2003: Fig. 3) suggests either that the nuDNA has not yet sorted (nuDNA takes approximately four times as long to consolidate as does mtDNA [Zink and Barrowclough 2008]), or that this historical division is not being maintained because hybridization is occurring. An assessment of the nuDNA group samples from the North Slope of Alaska

(now considered B. h. taverneri, a subspecies of Cackling Goose, by the

AOU) suggests that this group is most closely paired with samples from

South Central Alaska (B. c. parvipes, considered a subspecies of Canada

Goose by the AOU). These results are consistent with those reported by

Van Wagner and Baker (1990). If Cackling and Canada Geese are hybridizing, it is unclear what the outcome will be. Consequently, FWS is concerned whether the sample size and geographic distribution of specimens obtained for genetic analysis was adequate to determine the extent of hybridization. We suggest additional analysis of samples collected at several potential zones of integration to reduce this uncertainty, including the north slope of Alaska (B. h. taverneri and

  1. c. parvipes), and Arctic Canada (B. h. hutchinsii and B. c. parvipes, and B. h. hutchinsii and B. c. interior). Some of this work is already underway.

Issues related to monitoring and assessment of the proposed two species/Canada Goose complex also need to be resolved to ensure that the continuity in status assessments is maintained. We are also reluctant to begin informing the public, both hunters and non-hunters alike, of the implications of this change until further studies confirm that this separation is warranted. Additional research on Canada/

Cackling Goose taxonomy and breeding distribution is currently being conducted and better techniques for field and harvest identification are in development. We will consider this additional information when it is available, at which time we may reconsider our decision. In any case, we emphasize that, regardless of name, goose subspecies identified as Cackling Goose by the AOU remain protected under the

Migratory Bird Treaty Act as Canada Goose.

For ease of comparison, changes are summarized in the following table (numbers reference the categories treated above). Species whose names have been revised (categories 9-14) appear in both the left-hand column (old name removed) and right-hand column (new name added). To ensure that these two separate actions appear on the same line of the table, we employ brackets to identify old (removed) or new (added) names that are listed in correct alphabetical order elsewhere in the table:

Removed (alphabetically)

Added (alphabetically)

Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris

(4).

Akepa, Loxops coccineus (4).

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Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus (4).

Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi

(4).

Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi (4).

Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei (4).

Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana (4).

Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculate (4).

Albatross, Black-browed,

Thalassarche melanophris (3).

Albatross, Black-footed, Diomedea

Albatross, Black-footed, nigripes (10).

Phoebastria nigripes (10).

Albatross, Laysan, Diomedea immutabilis Albatross, Laysan, Phoebastria

(10).

immutabilis (10).

Albatross, Light-mantled,

Phoebetria palpebrata (3).

Albatross, Short-tailed, Diomedea

Albatross, Short-tailed, albatrus (10).

Phoebastria albatrus (10).

Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta (2).

Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans (2).

Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Diomedea

Albatross, Yellow-nosed, chlororhynchos (10).

Thalassarche chlororhynchos

(10).

Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens (4).

Amakihi, Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis (4).

Amakihi, Oahu, Hemignathus flavus (4).

Anianiau, Magumma parva (4).

Apapane, Himatione sanguinea

(4).

Auklet, Parakeet, Cyclorrhynchus

Auklet, Parakeet, Aethia psittacula (10).

psittacula (10).

Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba (9)........ [see Owl, Barn].

Bean-Goose, Taiga, Anser fabalis (9).

Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris (6).

Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (5).

Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis

Bittern, Yellow, Ixobrychus

(9).

sinensis (9).

Bittern, Schrenk's, Ixobrychus

Bittern, Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (13).

eurhythmus (13).

Bluebird, Eastern, Sialis sialis (14).. Bluebird, Eastern, Sialia sialis (14).

Bluebird, Mountain, Sialis currucoides Bluebird, Mountain, Sialia

(14).

currucoides (14).

Bluebird, Western, Sialis mexicana (14) Bluebird, Western, Sialia mexicana (14).

Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus (3).

Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina (2).

Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis (2).

Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla (2).

see Reed-Bunting, Pallas'

............ Bunting, Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi (9).

Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos (3).

see Reed-Bunting, Common

............. Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus (9).

Bunting, Yellow-breasted,

Emberiza aureola (3).

Bunting, Yellow-throated,

Emberiza elegans (3).

Carib, Purple-throated,

Eulampis jugularis (3).

Caracara, Crested, Polyborus plancus

Caracara, Crested, Caracara

(10).

cheriway (10).

Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris (3).

Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs (2).

Chickadee, Black-capped, Parus

Chickadee, Black-capped, atricapillus (10).

Poecile atricapillus (10).

Chickadee, Boreal, Parus hudsonicus

Chickadee, Boreal, Poecile

(10).

hudsonica (10).

Chickadee, Carolina, Parus carolinensis Chickadee, Carolina, Poecile

(10).

carolinensis (10).

Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Parus

Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, rufescens (10).

Poecile rufescens (10).

see Tit, Siberian

.................... Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta (11).

Chickadee, Mexican, Parus sclateri (10) Chickadee, Mexican, Poecile sclateri (10).

Chickadee, Mountain, Parus gambeli (10) Chickadee, Mountain, Poecile gambeli (10).

Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai

(6).

Cormorant, Little Pied,

Phalacrocorax melanoleucos

(5).

Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax

Cormorant, Neotropic, olivaceus (11).

Phalacrocorax brasilianus

(11).

Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops (2).

Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (5).

Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana (4).

Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi

(5).

Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus (9).... Crow, Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus (9).

Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus saturatus

Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus

(10).

optatus (10).

Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata (2).

Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus (9).... Curlew, Little, Numenius minutus (9).

see Teal, Falcated

................... Duck, Falcated, Anas falcata

(9).

see Oldsquaw

......................... Duck, Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis (9).

Duck, Masked, Oxyura dominica (10)..... Duck, Masked, Nomonyx dominicus

(10).

Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata

(3).

Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (5).

Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha (1).

Egret, Great, Casmerodius albus (10)... Egret, Great, Ardea alba (10).

Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia (11). Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (11).

Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta

(3).

Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata (3).

Falcon, Barbary, Falco peregrinus

Falcon, Red-footed, Falco pelegrinoides (=Falco pelegrinoides)

vespertinus (3).

(15).

Finch, Laysan, Telespiza cantans (4).

Finch, Nihoa, Telespiza ultima

(4).

Page 9291

Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (7).... [see Rosy-Finch].

Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (6).

Flycatcher, Cordilleran,

Empidonax occidentalis (6).

Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa

Flycatcher, Gray-streaked, griseisticta (9).

Muscicapa griseisticta (9).

Flycatcher, La Sagra's,

Myiarchus sagrae (2).

Flycatcher, Narcissus, Muscicapa

Flycatcher, Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina (10).

narcissina (10).

Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus

Flycatcher, Olive-sided, borealis (10).

Contopus cooperi (10).

Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax

Flycatcher, Pacific-slope, difficilis (9).

Empidonax difficilis (9).

Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus (3).

Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis (3).

Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus (3).

Flycatcher, Variegated,

Empidonomus varius (2).

Forest-Falcon, Collared,

Micrastur semitorquatus (3).

Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis (3).

Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned,

Ptilinopus porphyraceus (5).

Fruit-Dove, Many-colored,

Ptilinopus perousii (5).

Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (5).

Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris (3).

Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrula martinica Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrio

(10).

martinica (10).

Gannet, Northern, Sula bassanus (10)... Gannet, Northern, Morus bassanus (10).

Gnatcatcher, California,

Polioptila californica (6).

Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis

Golden-Plover, American, dominica (9).

Pluvialis dominica (9).

Golden-Plover, European,

Pluvialis apricaria (3).

Golden-Plover, Pacific,

Pluvialis fulva (6).

Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis (9)......... [see Bean-Goose, Taiga].

Goose, Hawaiian, Nesochen sandvicensis Goose, Hawaiian, Branta

(10).

sandvicensis (10).

Goose, Lesser White-fronted,

Anser erythropus (3).

Goose, Ross', Chen rossii (9).......... Goose, Ross's, Chen rossii (9).

Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris

Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivacea (10).

olivaceus (10).

Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii (6).

Greenshank, Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer (5).

Grosbeak, Blue, Guiraca caerulea (10).. Grosbeak, Blue, Passerina caerulea (10).

Ground-Dove, Friendly,

Gallicolumba stairi (5).

Ground-Dove, White-throated,

Gallicolumba xanthonura (5).

Gull, Belcher's, Larus belcheri

(2).

Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus

Gull, Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (9).

ridibundus (9).

Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris (1).

Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus (3).

Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus

(3).

Gull, Ross', Rhodostethia rosea (9).... Gull, Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea (9).

Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis (3).

Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter

see Sparrowhawk, Japanese. gularis (9).

Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens (3).

Hawk, Harris', Parabuteo unicinctus (9) Hawk, Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus (9).

Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostris (2).

Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula (9)... [see Owl, Northern Hawk].

Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (5).

Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (6).

Heron, Green-backed, Butorides striatus [see Heron, Green].

(7).

Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra (9). [see Reef-Egret, Pacific].

Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo

(3).

Hoopoe, Upupa epops (9)................ Hoopoe, Eurasian, Upupa epops

(9).

House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbica

House-Martin, Common, Delichon

(10).

urbicum (10).

Hummingbird, Antillean Crested,

Hummingbird, Antillean Crested,

Orthorhynchus cristatus (10).

Orthorhyncus cristatus (10).

Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa (2).

Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila (3).

Hummingbird, Xantus's,

Hylocharis xantusii (3).

Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea (4).

Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific,

Ducula pacifica (5).

Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma

Jay, Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina (9).

ultramarina (9).

Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens (9) [see Scrub-Jay, Florida].

Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea

(4).

Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus

(6).

Kingfisher, Collared,

Todirhamphus chloris (5).

Kingfisher, Micronesian,

Todirhamphus cinnamominus (5).

Kingfisher, Belted, Ceryle alcyon (10). Kingfisher, Belted, Megaceryle alcyon (10).

Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus

Kingfisher, Ringed, Megaceryle

(10).

torquata (10).

Kite, American Swallow-tailed,

Kite, Swallow-tailed, Elanoides

Elanoides forficatus (9).

forficatus (9).

Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus

see Kite, White-tailed. caeruleus (7).

Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (6).

Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus

Kittiwake, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla (12).

trydactyla (12).

Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus

Kittiwake, Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris (12).

brevirostris (12).

see Skylark, Eurasian

................ Lark, Sky, Alauda arvensis (9).

Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Saurothera Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, vieilloti (10).

Coccyzus vieilloti (10).

Page 9292

Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica

(6).

Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica [see Magpie, Black-billed, Pica pica (7).

hudsonia].

Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (6).

Mango, Green-breasted,

Anthracothorax prevostii (3).

Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera (3).

Martin, Southern, Progne elegans (2).

Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris (4).

Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii (2).

Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens (3).

Murrelet, Long-billed,

Brachyramphus perdix (6).

Murrelet, Xantus', Synthliboramphus

Murrelet, Xantus's, hypoleucus (9).

Synthliboramphus hypoleucus

(9).

Night-Heron, Japanese, Nycticorax

Night-Heron, Japanese, goisagi (10).

Gorsachius goisagi (10).

Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax

Night-Heron, Malayan, melanolophus (11).

Gorsachius melanolophus (11).

Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nycticorax Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, violaceus (10).

Nyctanassa violacea (10).

Nightingale-Thrush, Black- headed, Catharus mexicanus

(3).

Nightingale-Thrush, Orange- billed, Catharus aurantiirostris (3).

Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus

Nightjar, Gray, Caprimulgus

(9).

indicus (9).

Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (7).. Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus

(4).

Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis (9)........ [see Duck, Long-tailed].

Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis

(6).

see Thrush, Hawaiian

................. Omao, Myadestes obscurus (11).

Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula (9).. Oriole, Baltimore, Icterus galbula (9).

Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii (6).

Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus

Oriole, Greater Antillean, dominicensis (9).

Icterus dominicensis (9).

Ou, Psittirostra psittacea (4).

Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus (10).... Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla

(10).

see Barn-Owl, Common

................. Owl, Barn, Tyto alba (9).

Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata

(3).

see Hawk-Owl, Northern

............... Owl, Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula (9).

Owl, Snowy, Nyctea scandiaca (10)...... Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiacus

(10).

Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius (3).

Oystercatcher, Eurasian,

Haematopus ostralegus (5).

Palila, Loxioides bailleui (4).

see Swift, Antillean Palm

............ Palm-Swift, Antillean,

Tachornis phoenicobia (9).

Parrotbill, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys (4).

Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow (3).

Petrel, Black-winged,

Pterodroma nigripennis (2).

Petrel, Dark-rumped, Pterodroma

see Petrel, Hawaiian. phaeopygia (7).

Petrel, Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera (5).

Petrel, Great-winged,

Pterodroma macroptera (3).

Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (6).

Petrel, Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax (2).

Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma

Petrel, Juan Fernandez, externa (9).

Pterodroma externa (9).

Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (5).

Petrel, Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris (3).

Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (5).

Petrel, White-necked,

Pterodroma cervicalis (6).

Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus (3).

Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis (2).

Phalarope, Red, Phalaropus fulicaria

Red Phalarope, Phalaropus

(10).

fulicarius (10).

Pigeon, Band-tailed, Columba fasciata

Pigeon, Band-tailed,

(10).

Patagioenas fasciata (10).

Pigeon, Plain, Columba inornata (10)... Pigeon, Plain, Patagioenas inornata (10).

Pigeon, Red-billed, Columba

Pigeon, Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris (10).

flavirostris (10).

Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Columba squamosa

Pigeon, Scaly-naped,

(10).

Patagioenas squamosa (10).

Pigeon, White-crowned, Columba

Pigeon, White-crowned, leucocephala (10).

Patagioenas leucocephala (10).

Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (7).... [see Pipit, American].

Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (6).

see Tree-Pipit, Olive

................ Pipit, Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni (9).

Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis

(2).

Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris (3).

Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius

see Sand-Plover, Greater. leschenaultii (9).

Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus [see Sand-Plover, Lesser].

(9).

Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus (3).

Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma

(4).

see Thrush, Small Kauai

.............. Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri

(11).

see Trogon, Eared

.................... Quetzel, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (9).

Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (5).

Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni

(5).

Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus (2).

Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus

Redstart, Slate-throated, miniatus (13).

Myioborus miniatus (13).

Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza

see Bunting, Reed. schoeniclus (9).

Reed-Bunting, Pallas', Emberiza pallasi [see Bunting, Pallas's].

(9).

Reed-Warbler, Nightingale,

Acrocephalus luscinia (5).

see Heron, Pacific Reef

.............. Reef-Egret, Pacific, Egretta sacra (9).

Page 9293

Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis (3).

Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane (3).

Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis (3).

Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (6).

Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped,

Leucosticte australis (6).

Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned,

Leucosticte tephrocotis (6).

Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus (3).

Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus

Sandpiper, Spoon-billed, pygmeus (9).

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (9).

Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularia

Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis

(10).

macularius (10).

see Plover, Great Sand

............... Sand-Plover, Greater,

Charadrius leschenaultii (9).

see Plover, Mongolian

................ Sand-Plover, Lesser, Charadrius mongolus (9).

Sapsucker, Red-naped,

Sphyrapicus nuchalis (6).

Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia

(2).

Screech-Owl, Eastern, Otus asio (10)... Screech-Owl, Eastern, Megascops asio (10).

Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Otus nudipes Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican,

(10).

Megascops nudipes (10).

Screech-Owl, Western, Otus kennicottii Screech-Owl, Western, Megascops

(10).

kennicottii (10).

Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Otus trichopsis Screech-Owl, Whiskered,

(10).

Megascops trichopsis (10).

see Jay, Scrub

....................... Scrub-Jay, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens (9).

Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (6).

Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (6).

Shearwater, Cape Verde,

Calonectris edwardsii (3).

Shearwater, Streaked,

Calonectris leucomelas (2).

Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus

(2).

Silky-flycatcher, Gray,

Ptilogonys cinereus (3).

Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus (3).

Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger (12)... Skimmer, Black, Rynchops niger

(12).

Skua, Great, Catharacta skua (10)...... Skua, Great, Stercorarius skua

(10).

Skua, South Polar, Catharacta

Skua, South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki (10).

maccormicki (10).

Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis (9). [see Lark, Sky].

Snipe, Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (6).

Sparrow, Five-striped, Amphispiza

Sparrow, Five-striped, quinquestriata (10).

Aimophila quinquestriata (10).

Sparrow, Harris', Zonotrichia querula

Sparrow, Harris's, Zonotrichia

(9).

querula (9).

Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed,

Ammodramus nelsoni (6).

Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus

Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp- caudacutus (9).

tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus

(9).

see Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow

............ Sparrowhawk, Japanese,

Accipiter gularis (9).

Spindalis, Puerto Rican,

Spindalis portoricensis (6).

see Tanager, Stripe-headed

........... Spindalis, Western, Spindalis zena (9).

Spoonbill, Roseate, Ajaia ajaja (10)... Spoonbill, Roseate, Platalea ajaja (10).

Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus

Starling, Chestnut-cheeked, philippensis (9).

Sturnus philippensis (9).

Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus (9). Starling, White-cheeked,

Sturnus cineraceus (9).

Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus (3).

Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris

Stint, Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis (9).

ruficollis (9).

Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus

(3).

Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied,

Fregetta tropica (3).

Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira's,

Oceanodroma matsudairae (5).

Storm-Petrel, Polynesian,

Nesofregata fuliginosa (5).

Storm-Petrel, Ringed,

Oceanodroma hornbyi (3).

Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma

Storm-Petrel, Tristram's, tristrami (9).

Oceanodroma tristrami (9).

Storm-Petrel, White-bellied,

Fregetta grallaria (5).

Swallow, Cave, Hirundo fulva (10)...... Swallow, Cave, Petrochelidon fulva (10).

Swallow, Cliff, Hirundo pyrrhonota (10) Swallow, Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (10).

Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea (3).

Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (5).

Swift, Alpine, Apus melba (3).

Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis

see Palm-Swift, Antillean. phoenicobia (9).

Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura (2).

Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (5).

Swiftlet, White-rumped,

Aerodramus spodiopygius (5).

Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata (3).

Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena [see Spindalis, Western].

(9).

Tattler, Gray-tailed, Heteroscelus

Tattler, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes (10).

brevipes (10).

Tattler, Wandering, Heteroscelus

Tattler, Wandering, Tringa incanus (10).

incana (10).

Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata (9)....... [see Duck, Falcated].

Tern, Aleutian, Sterna aleutica (10)... Tern, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus (10).

Tern, Bridled, Sterna anaethetus (10).. Tern, Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus (10).

Tern, Caspian, Sterna caspia (10)...... Tern, Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia (10).

Tern, Elegant, Sterna elegans (10)..... Tern, Elegant, Thalasseus elegans (10).

Tern, Gray-backed, Sterna lunata (10).. Tern, Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus (10).

Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii (3).

Tern, Gull-billed, Sterna nilotica (10) Tern, Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica (10).

Tern, Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex (2).

Tern, Least, Sterna antillarum (10).... Tern, Least, Sternula antillarum (10).

Tern, Little, Sterna albifrons (10).... Tern, Little, Sternula albifrons (10).

Tern, Royal, Sterna maxima (10)........ Tern, Royal, Thalasseus maximus

(10).

Page 9294

Tern, Sandwich, Sterna sandvicensis

Tern, Sandwich, Thalasseus

(10).

sandvicensis (10).

Tern, Sooty, Sterna fuscata (10)....... Tern, Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus (10).

Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida (3).

Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma dorsale

Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma

(10).

crissale (10).

Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli (6).

Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus (9) Thrush, Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus (9).

Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus

see Omao.

(11).

Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri [see Puaiohi].

(11).

Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima (12)... Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla mustelina (12).

Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus (11)...... [see Chickadee, Gray-headed].

Titmouse, Black-crested,

Baeolophus atricristatus (6).

Titmouse, Bridled, Parus wollweberi

Titmouse, Bridled, Baeolophus

(10).

wollweberi (10).

Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (6).

Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus (11).. Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (11).

Titmouse, Tufted, Parus bicolor (10)... Titmouse, Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor (10).

Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata (3).

Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (6).

Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus (9)....... Towhee, Canyon, Pipilo fuscus

(9).

Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo

Towhee, Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (9).

erythrophthalmus (9).

Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (6).

Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni (9). [see Pipit, Olive-backed].

Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (9). [see Quetzel, Eared].

Turtle-Dove, Oriental,

Streptopelia orientalis (3).

Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius (9).. Vireo, Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius (9).

Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii

(6).

Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (6).

Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris (2).

Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (6).

Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister

(3).

Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla

(8).

citreola (3).

Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (7)... [see Wagtail, Eastern Yellow].

Wagtail, Eastern Yellow,

Motacilla tschutschensis (6).

Warbler, Crescent-chested,

Parula superciliosa (3).

Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus (2).

Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae Warbler, Elfin-woods, Dendroica

(9).

angelae (9).

Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa (2).

Warbler, Lanceolated,

Locustella lanceolata (3).

Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (2).

Warbler, Yellow-browed,

Phylloscopus inornatus (3).

Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros

Warbler, Worm-eating, vermivora (10).

Helmitheros vermivorum (10).

Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca (3).

Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus

Willet, Tringa semipalmata

(10).

(10).

Woodpecker, American Three- toed, Picoides dorsalis (6).

Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (6).

Woodpecker, Great Spotted,

Dendrocopos major (3).

Woodpecker, Lewis', Melanerpes lewis

Woodpecker, Lewis's, Melanerpes

(9).

lewis (9).

Woodpecker, Strickland's, Picoides

see Woodpecker, Arizona. stricklandi (7).

Woodpecker, Three-toed, Picoides

see Woodpecker, American Three- tridactylis (7).

toed.

How Do the Changes Implemented Here Differ From Those Discussed in the

Proposed Rule?

(1) Three species are added to category 2:

Tern, Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex;

Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus; and

Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix.

(2) Six species are added to category 3:

Falcon, Red-footed, Falco vespertinus;

Golden-Plover, European, Pluvialis apricaria;

Storm-Petrel, Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi;

Warbler, Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata;

Warbler, Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus; and

Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca.

(3) A new category 4 is created and 24 species are added to this category:

Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris;

Akepa, Loxops coccineus;

Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus;

Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi;

Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi;

Akohekohe, Palmeria dole;

Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana;

Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculate;

Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens;

Amakihi, Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis;

Amakihi, Oahu, Hemignathus flavus;

Anianiau, Magumma parva;

Apapane, Himatione sanguinea;

Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana;

Finch, Laysan, Telespiza cantans;

Finch, Nihoa, Telespiza ultima;

Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea;

Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea;

Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris;

Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus;

Ou, Psittirostra psittacea;

Palila, Loxioides bailleui;

Parrotbill, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys; and

Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma.

(4) One species is added to category 5:

Reed-Warbler, Nightingale, Acrocephalus luscinia

(5) One species is removed from category 6:

Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchinsii. Recognition as a separate species deferred and will remain as subspecies of Branta canadensis, Canada

Goose.

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(6) One species is added to category 6:

Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris.

(7) One species deleted from category 7 is reinstated:

Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus.

(8) The common name of one species is changed (category 9):

Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis, becomes Bean-Goose, Taiga.

(9) The scientific name of four species is changed (category 3, category 10):

Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans becomes Larus michahellis;

Kingfisher, Belted, Ceryle alcyon becomes Megaceryle alcyon;

Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus becomes Megaceryle torquata; and

Hummingbird, Antillean Crested, Orthorhynchus cristatus becomes

Orthorhyncus cristatus.

(10) The scientific names of six species spelled erroneously in the proposed rule are corrected to conform to the AOU Check-list (1998) and supplements:

Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus becomes Emberiza schoeniclus;

Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similes becomes Myiozetetes similes;

Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiaca becomes Bubo scandiacus;

Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus becomes Contopus caribaeus;

Tanager, Puerto Rican, Neospingus speculiferus becomes Nesospingus speculiferus; and

Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorus becomes Helmitheros vermivorum.

(11) Other editorial changes:

Crake, Paint-billed (category 2)--Louisiana is deleted from, and

Virginia added to, the known range;

Ground-Dove, White-throated (category 5)--American Samoa is deleted from, and Guam and the Northern Marianas are added to, the known range;

Gull, Kelp (category 3)--Indiana and Texas are added to the known range;

Murrelet, Long-billed--moved from category 3 to category 6;

Shrike, Brown (category 2)--California is added to the known range;

Storm-Petrel, Ringed (category 2)--Alaska is deleted from, and

California added to, the known range; and the family Cathartidae, and its included species, is moved from the

Ciconiiformes to the beginning of the Falconiformes, as they were on the 1985 list.

How Is the List of Migratory Birds Organized?

The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: Alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format, similar to that used in modern telephone directories, is most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOU

(1998, 2004) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.

What Species Are Not Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?

The MBTA does not apply to:

(1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or its territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or

Russian Conventions, in accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR 12710

(March 15, 2005) for a partial list of nonnative human-introduced bird species in this category. Note, though, that native species that are introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the U.S. or its territories.

(2) Nonnative human-introduced species that belong to families or groups not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, including Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae (chachalacas), Megapodiidae

(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae

(buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Pteroclididae

(sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), Dicruridae (drongos),

Rhamphastidae (toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), Bucerotidae

(hornbills), Bucorvidae (ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls),

Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae (fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (babblers),

Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings; except as listed in the Japanese Convention), Passeridae (Old World sparrows), Ploceidae

(weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and numerous other families not currently represented in the United States or its territories.

(3) Native species that belong to families or groups represented in the United States, but which are not expressly mentioned by the

Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, including the Megapodiidae

(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys),

Odontophoridae (New World quail), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae

(pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae

(honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarchs), Timaliidae (wrentit), and

Coerebidae (bananaquit). It should be noted that this rule supersedes the 70 FR 12710 notice to the extent that they are inconsistent.

Specifically, the Mexican Convention lists the family Sylviidae (which includes and subfamily Sylviinae) and the family Fringillidae (which includes the subfamily Depanidinae). Thus, all members of these two subfamilies are now included on this list.

Partial lists of the species included in categories 2 and 3 are available at http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/RegulationsPolicies/ mbta/MBTAProtectedNonprotected.html.

Responses to Public Comments

On August 24, 2006, we published in the Federal Register (71 FR 50194) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13. We solicited public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending on October 23, 2006. The comment period was reopened on December 14, 2006 (71 FR 75188), extending the comment period to December 29, 2006. Any comments submitted from October 24, 2006, to the extension date were considered in this final rule.

We received 69 comment letters in response to the proposed rule; 32 letters were from 21 identified agencies, organizations, or private firms (includes 10 separate letters from one firm, and two from an organization). The following text discusses the substantive comments received and provides our responses to those comments.

Comment. The American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife

Resources, and the Office of the Governor of American Samoa objected to the inclusion of 14 species native to American Samoa. They argued a

``complete absence of a scientific basis for inclusion in a treaty based on the concept of ``shared migratory' species'' and ``lack of demonstrated biological need for protection.'' They also felt that the

Service ``did not consider the extent to which the stringent requirement of the new federal regulation will affect the daily activities of our people,'' and emphasized that ``All species proposed for listing are fully protected under Chapter 8, Title 24, of the

American Samoa Administrative Code.''

Response: We recognize and appreciate the positive steps taken by

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the government of American Samoa to protect its native wildlife resources. The Service looks forward to continuing a close working relationship with the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, and pledges to consult with that agency before undertaking any action on any species covered by this rule that might affect the people of

American Samoa.

Our determination that these species merit protection under the

MBTA is based strictly on legal, not biological, considerations. Unlike the Endangered Species Act, the MBTA requires no ``demonstrated biological need for protection.'' Furthermore, the MBTA and implementing regulations provide considerable flexibility for managing bird populations, including establishment of hunting seasons (where deemed appropriate), the control of nuisance bird populations, and the issuance of permits allowing appropriate use by humans.

Applying the protection of the MBTA to these 14 species will not affect the people of American Samoa to any greater or lesser degree than the protection of more than 900 other species of migratory birds affects the residents of the other 13 territories, 50 States, and the

District of Columbia.

We find this action to be consistent with the protection of bird species native to other U.S. territories (i.e., Hawaii prior to

Statehood, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin

Islands) that belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican

Conventions. Under those Conventions, any species that belongs to a covered family is protected anywhere and everywhere that it might occur in the U.S. and its territories, regardless of its biological or migratory status.

We note that each of the 14 species added to the list from American

Samoa belong to one of seven families expressly covered by the Canadian or Mexican Conventions: Anatidae (ducks), Procellariidae (petrels),

Hydrobatidae (storm-petrels), Rallidae (rails), Columbidae (pigeons),

Apodidae (swifts), Alcedinidae (kingfishers). Examples of related species from the Hawaiian Islands that have historically been protected under the MBTA include Hawaiian Duck, Hawaiian Petrel, Tristram's

Storm-Petrel, and Hawaiian Coot.

Finally, we note that several other species of birds native to

American Samoa, notably petrels, shearwaters, tropicbirds, boobies, frigatebirds, shorebirds, and terns and noddies, have long been protected under the MBTA without presenting undue regulatory burdens on the government and residents of American Samoa.

Comment. The Atlantic Flyway Council, Florida Fish and Wildlife

Conservation Commission, South Florida Water Management District,

Everglades National Park, and The Nature Conservancy all raised concerns about adding the Purple Swamphen on grounds that Federal protection would ``compromise efforts to remove'' this species from south Florida, where it has become established in recent years and is now viewed as an ``undesirable exotic.''

Response: We are aware that adding the Purple Swamphen to the list of MBTA-protected species (because of its occurrence as a native species in American Samoa) will have the undesirable consequence of affording similar protection to the introduced population now established in south Florida. We agree that this species ``has the capacity to become a serious invasive problem.''

Fortunately, the MBTA provides mechanisms that allow for the prudent management of species that are causing, or are about to cause, economic or ecological damage. In the case of the Purple Swamphen in south Florida, we believe that a depredation order targeting this species in selected geographic areas will address the concerns raised by the above agencies and organizations. Depredation orders allow specified species of birds to be taken at specified times and places and under specified conditions without need of a Federal permit; they are designed expressly for the types of control actions envisioned in this instance. The Service recognizes the urgency of the problem, and today has finalized a rule allowing control of Purple Swamphens anywhere in the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands that they are found.

Comment. The Atlantic Flyway Council, Florida Fish and Wildlife

Conservation Commission, South Carolina Department of Natural

Resources, Texas Parks and Wildlife, Wisconsin Department of Natural

Resources, Everglades National Park, The Nature Conservancy, a member of the Brevard County (Florid

  1. Board of County Commissioners, and three residents of Palm City, Florida, expressed concerns about adding the Muscovy Duck because of various kinds of damages that the birds have been documented to inflict on private properties.

    Response: The Service has concluded that the Muscovy Duck warrants protection under the MBTA because of the recent northward expansion of wild birds into extreme south Texas, where breeding has been confirmed.

    The unfortunate consequence of this is that all Muscovy Ducks in the

    U.S., regardless of their origin and status, will also receive the protection of the MBTA.

    The Muscovy Duck has a long history of having been intentionally introduced to localities throughout the U.S. Small flocks of domestic or semi-domestic birds are found on farm ponds, in municipal parks, or in zoological parks in captive, semi-captive, and semi-wild conditions.

    Where present, these birds are largely or entirely dependent on human assistance for their survival, especially in the form of food handouts.

    In some parts of the southern U.S. (in Florida, especially), birds have escaped or been released, and have subsequently formed feral populations in close association with humans. In Florida, for example, feral populations have been confirmed breeding and have apparently been self-sustaining for more than 10 years, with breeding now documented in all 67 of Florida's counties.

    Muscovy Ducks can foul backyards, patios, swimming pools, bathing beaches, golf courses, and docks with their droppings. Their aggressive behavior can prevent landowners from using their own properties, or citizens from using public recreation facilities. To alleviate this problem, today we have revised 50 CFR part 21 to prohibit sale of muscovy ducks for hunting, and to authorize a depredation order allowing their removal without a permit in locations in which the species does not occur naturally in the contiguous United States,

    Alaska, and Hawaii, and in U.S. territories and possessions.

    Comment. The American Bird Conservancy and a private individual expressed their concern that the Hawaiian honeycreepers were excluded from the list. They countered the Service's justification for excluding this group by arguing that, ``The fact that the Drepanidinae is not expressly mentioned in the treaties is irrelevant because the taxonomic status of the group has been changed and it now falls under a family that is included under the MBTA, the Fringillidae.''

    Response: Species included in the subfamily Drepanidinae (which includes the Hawaiian honeycreepers) are added to the list under the family Fringillidae. This addition is consistent with the latest edition of the AOU Checklist of North American Birds on matters of taxonomy and also meets the criteria for qualifying as an MBTA- protected species requiring that a species belongs to a family or group of species named in one of the MBTA's

    Page 9297

    underlying Conventions. In addition, Millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris) and Nightingale Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus luscinia) have been added to the list under the Sylviidae family (subfamily

    Sylviinae), another family specifically named in the Mexican Convention of 1936.

    Comment. International Zoological Imports and their legal counsel questioned the inclusion of Eurasian Bullfinch and Hawfinch on the list, citing, for example, beliefs that (a) ``their geographic ranges lie entirely outside the United States and its territories,'' (b) they are ``nonnative,'' and (c) they ``have only an accidental/casual presence in the United States, and accidental/casual birds are not covered by the MBTA.''

    Response: There is ample scientific documentation of the natural occurrence of these species in western Alaska. Given the paucity of observers in western Alaska to record their presence, it seems likely that both species occur there annually, albeit in small numbers.

    Whether these species are regular migrants in the U.S. or merely vagrants is irrelevant. Vagrancy is a natural process inherent to many species of migratory birds and can lead to the development of regular migratory patterns or the establishment of new populations (such as those of the Cattle Egret and the Lesser Black-backed Gull). It was a previous unwritten FWS policy, not the language of the MBTA, that excluded some species of casual or accidental occurrence from inclusion in previous versions of 50 CFR 10.13. This policy mirrored earlier versions of the AOU Check-list, which flagged species of casual or accidental occurrence and did not treat them as regular members of the

    North American avifauna, a practice discontinued with the 5th (1957) edition of the Check-list. Moreover, the policy was never applied uniformly: A few accidental/casual species, such as the, Corn Crake and the Eurasian Lapwing, have long been listed in 50 CFR 10.13, though many others have not. We also note the precedent set by the Japanese and Russian Conventions, which specifically list numerous species of casual or accidental occurrence in the U.S., such as the Chinese Egret and the European Hoopoe.

    In summary, neither the MBTA nor the Conventions explicitly exclude any species of migratory bird because it is casual or accidental in the

    U.S. More to the point, Eurasian Bullfinch and Hawfinch are both specifically listed in the Japanese and Russian Conventions.

    Comment. Opposition to the addition of Common Chaffinch and

    Eurasian Siskin was received from two importers or suppliers of cage birds (International Pet and Supply, International Zoological Imports), five cage bird organizations (American Federation of Aviculture,

    Michiana Bird Society, National Cage Bird Show, National Finch and

    Softbill Society, Society of Parrot Breeders and Exhibitors), and 27 private citizens. In support of their argument, opponents claimed that

    (a) these species are non-native to the U.S.; (b) individuals are present in the wild only as a result of intentional releases or accidental escapes from captivity, and that sightings occur especially near where birds are sold; (c) thousands of breeders are raising these birds in captivity; (d) they have been imported and sold since 1998; and (e) adding them to 50 CFR 10.13 will harm pet bird owners, bird enthusiasts, and breeders, and have a negative financial impact on the pet bird trade.

    Response: The Common Chaffinch is considered to be ``casual in northeastern North American'' south to Maine and Massachusetts, ``where presumably natural vagrants'' (AOU 1998), with ``about a dozen reports, some accepted by local bird record committees, reported between late

    September and late May, from e. Canada, New England, and New Jersey''

    (American Birding Association 2002). It also appears on the official checklists of Maine (Maine Bird Records Committee 2005) and

    Massachusetts (Massachusetts Avian Records Committee 2006) as natural vagrants.

    There is one definitive specimen record (plus a sight report) of the Eurasian Siskin in Alaska, where considered accidental (AOU 1998).

    This species is also included on the official list of Maine birds

    (Maine Bird Records Committee 2005), apparently on the basis of a bird captured in 1962 that showed no signs of having been in captivity

    (Borrer 1963).

    We cannot confirm the opponents' statements that ``thousands of breeders are raising these birds in captivity.'' One dealer reported importing, purchasing, and selling ``large quantities'' of these species ``for the past 15 years;'' while another claimed to have imported more than 4,000 Common Chaffinches and 10,000 Eurasian Siskins in the past decade. But these claims are contradicted by one commenter who noted that ``these birds are bred by very few U.S. hobbyists and others interested in captive breeding. For instance, current available information reveals that in 2003 NFSS [National Finch and Softbill

    Society] annual census reported only two out of eight-hundred NFSS members registered working with the Common Chaffinch and the same two members registered working with the Eurasian Siskin.''

    It is true that there is a long history of importing and selling these species in the U.S. For example, over a six-year period (1969- 1974), 190 Common Chaffinches and 272 Eurasian Siskins were imported into the U.S. (as summarized by McLaren et al. 1989). If figures supplied by dealers are accurate (see preceding paragraph), then imports have increased substantially in recent years.

    It is also true that there have been many intentional releases or accidental escapes of captive individuals of these and other European finches into the wild, as is acknowledge by the AOU (1998) and American

    Birding Association (ABA) (2002). The most notable and recent example was a series of reports from throughout the Great Lakes and New England in spring 2004 of innumerable individuals of numerous European species--including Common Chaffinch and Eurasian Siskin--that had apparently escaped from an import facility near Chicago, Illinois

    (Dinsmore and Silcock 2004). One major importer reported the intentional release or accidental escape of 12,700 (15 percent) of 82,800 individuals of 19 species from one facility during the past decade; this included 1,131 Common Chaffinches and 1,946 European

    Siskins.

    In summary, while there is documented evidence of the intentional release or accidental escape of caged Common Chaffinches and Eurasian

    Siskins, we also find credible evidence to support our contention that both species have occurred in the U.S. as natural vagrants unhindered by human intervention. As with the Eurasian Bullfinch and Hawfinch discussed above, the Common Chaffinch and Eurasian Siskin warrant protection under the MBTA, regardless of their status as casual or accidental vagrants.

    Comment. One commenter cautioned against listing cage-birds bought in Mexico, smuggled across the border, and released in Texas ``just to please those wanting to either raise funds for a refuge, or add to their bird life-list.'' Five species were specifically mentioned in this regard: Masked Tityra, Blue Mockingbird, Orange-billed

    Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush, and Blue Bunting.

    Response: We are keenly aware of the problems posed by the illegal smuggling of birds into the U.S. from Mexico. Both the AOU (1998) and the Texas Ornithological Society (TOS) (Lockwood et al. 2003) go to great lengths to investigate the origins of rare birds reported in

    Texas near the

    Page 9298

    Mexican border and to invalidate any records for which there is evidence of human intervention, such as illegal trafficking or smuggling. We are not aware of any evidence to suggest that the activities alluded to by the commenter have actually taken place. The

    U.S. birding community is relatively small, close-knit, and self- policed, with the vast majority of birders adhering to a voluntary

    ``code of ethics''. If anyone was conducting illegal activities to pad their life-lists or to help raise funds for a refuge, it would most likely become widely known and condemned. Each of the species mentioned by the commentator has been accepted by the AOU and TOS as valid, wild migrants in the U.S. As such, we deem them eligible for inclusion in 50

    CFR 10.13.

    Comment. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources indicated that recognition and protection of the Cackling Goose as distinct from the Canada Goose would create management problems, as it is probably unrealistic to expect hunters to be able to recognize and distinguish between these similar species on the wing. It was requested that the

    Service consider professional discussions that have occurred over the last two years.

    Response: The Service recognizes the management concerns referred to by the commenter, as well as the current lack of uniform agreement among waterfowl specialists. The Service has reviewed many of the professional views concerning the AOU decision to split the Canada

    Goose into two species. The AOU Committee on Classification and

    Nomenclature indicated that additional taxonomic changes may occur as a result of further research on Canada Goose taxonomy (AOU 2004). We will consider new information when it is available. As discussed in the rule, at this time, we will continue to include the Cackling Goose within the listing for the Canada Goose rather than as a separate species.

    Comment. The American Bird Conservancy (ABC) complained that we continue to deny Federal protection to several species that are native to the U.S., or occur in the U.S. as natural vagrants. They specifically mention seven species in this regard: Oriental Pratincole,

    Green Parakeet, Puerto Rican Parrot, Red-crowned Parrot, Puerto Rican

    Tody, Wrentit, and Bananaquit.

    Response: These species do not qualify for protection under the

    MBTA because they (1) belong to families (Glareolidae, Todidae,

    Coerebidae, Psittacidae, Timaliidae, Coerebidae) not covered by either the Canadian or Mexican Conventions, and (2) are not specifically listed in either the Japanese or Russian Conventions. While this treatment may not be logical, as suggested by ABC, it is required by the language of the Conventions underlying the MBTA.

    Comment. The Pacific Flyway Council expressed confusion over the status of the family Timaliidae (including babblers and Wrentit), noting that we had listed it (71 FR 50205) both as an example of a nonnative human-introduced family not protected by the MBTA and also as an example of a native family not specifically mentioned in treaties with Canada, Mexico, or Russia.

    Response: The Timaliidae properly belongs in category 2 as an example of nonnative human-introduced species (the babblers, introduced to Hawaii) not protected by the MBTA. The Timaliidae also properly belongs in category 3 as an example of a native family and species (the

    Wrentit) not specifically mentioned in Conventions with Canada or

    Mexico. This section of the final rule has been re-written for greater clarity.

    Comment. The Pacific Flyway Council recommended that we define

    ``human introduction,'' noting that ``the issue of human-related introductions of species is potentially controversial, and defining the term in the document would clarify the Service's intent and eliminate the need to search for the definition elsewhere.''

    Response: We agree with the desirability of being as specific as possible as to what we mean by ``human introduction'' or ``human- assisted introduction.'' Accordingly, we have added clarifying language to the end of the section entitled ``What Criteria Are Used to Identify

    Individual Species Protected by the MBTA?''

    Comment. One commenter noted that numerous species intentionally introduced to the Hawaiian Islands from the continental U.S. are now protected under the MBTA, even though they are nonnative (examples:

    Cattle Egret, Mourning Dove, Barn Owl, Northern Cardinal, House Finch).

    In many instances, these species are competitors for food, carriers of disease, and predators of native wildlife.

    Response: In contrast to the Endangered Species Act, the MBTA has no provision for excluding a species from protection in designated parts of its range. A species protected by the MBTA is protected anywhere and everywhere that it might occur in the U.S. or its territories, even in localities where they are nonnative and introduced by humans. That being said, we also note that the MBTA provides mechanisms for dealing with situations in which protected species are causing economic damage, creating threats to human health and safety, or may be having a deleterious impact on native wildlife, particularly through issuance of depredation permits or authorization of depredation orders.

    Required Determinations

    Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Order 12866)

    The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has determined that this rule is not significant and has reviewed it under Executive Order 12866. OMB bases its determination upon the following four criteria:

    (

  2. Whether the rule will have an annual effect of $100 million or more on the economy or adversely affect an economic sector, productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of the government.

    (b) Whether the rule will create inconsistencies with other Federal agencies' actions.

    (c) Whether the rule will materially affect entitlements, grants, user fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their recipients.

    (d) Whether the rule raises novel legal or policy issues.

    Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act

    (SBREFA) of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-121)), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

    SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. A small number of caged bird dealers will be affected by this rule. However, we have examined this rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the

    Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have determined that this action does not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This

    Page 9299

    determination is based on the fact that we are simply updating the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions.

    Consequently, we certify that because this rule does not have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small entities, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.

    This rule is not a major rule under the SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)).

    It does not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. a. This rule does not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more. b. This rule will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions. The updating of the list of migratory birds does not significantly affect costs or prices in any sector of the economy. c. This rule will not have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises.

    Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), we have determined the following: a. This rule does not ``significantly or uniquely'' affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not required. b. This rule does not produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under the

    Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.

    Takings

    In accordance with Executive Order 12630, the rule does not have significant takings implications. This rule does not contain a provision for taking of private property. A takings implication assessment is not required.

    Federalism

    This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant preparation of a Federalism assessment under Executive Order 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result from the updating of the list of migratory bird species.

    Civil Justice Reform

    In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the

    Solicitor has determined that the rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order.

    Paperwork Reduction Act

    We examined these regulations under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995. This regulations change has no direct impact on information collection.

    National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    Given that the revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature and does not constitute a Federal action in the context of

    NEPA it is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements, as provided by Department of the Interior Manual 516 DM 2, Appendix 1.10.

    Endangered Species Act (ESA)

    Ninety-six of the species on the List of Migratory Birds are also designated as endangered or threatened in all or some portion of their

    U.S. range under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16

    U.S.C. 1531, et seq.; see 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications arise from the dual listing since the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. Because the rule is strictly administrative in nature, it does not require ESA consultation.

    Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)

    On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions.

    Because this rule only affects the listing of protected species in the

    United States, it is not a significant regulatory action under

    Executive Order 12866, and does not significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.

    Regarding Government-to-Government relationships with Tribes (59 FR 22951) and Executive Order 13175, these revisions to existing regulations are purely administrative in nature. They will have no effect on Federally recognized Tribes or Tribal trust resources.

    References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited is available upon request

    (see ADDRESSES above).

    List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10

    Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation,

    Wildlife.

    Regulation Promulgation 0

    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we amend title 50, chapter

    I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

    PART 10--[AMENDED] 0 1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703-712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l; 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378.-q4 0 2. Revise Sec. 10.13 to read as follows:

    Sec. 10.13 List of Migratory Birds.

    (

  3. Legal authority for this list. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act

    (MBTA) in 16 U.S.C. 703-711, the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a-j. The MBTA implements

    Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:

    (1) Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds,

    August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39

    Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628, as amended;

    (2) Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and

    Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States

    (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912, as amended;

    (3) Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and

    Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972,

    United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and

    (4) Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and

    Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

    (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703, 712.

    (b) Purpose of this list. The purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations designed to enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter, cover most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.

    (c) What species are protected as migratory birds? Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in

    Page 9300

    paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's Check- list of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2007). For species not treated by the AOU Check-list, we generally follow Monroe and Sibley's A World Checklist of Birds (1993).

    (1) Alphabetical listing. Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. It is possible that alphabetical listing by common group names may create confusion in those few instances in which the common (English) name of a species has changed. The species formerly known as the Falcated Teal, for example, is now known as the

    Falcated Duck. To prevent confusion, the alphabetical list has two entries for Falcated Duck: ``DUCK, Falcated'' and ``[TEAL, Falcated

    (see DUCK, Falcated)].'' Other potential ambiguities are treated in the same way.

    ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella

    AKEKEE, Loxops caeruleirostris

    AKEPA, Loxops coccineus

    AKIALOA, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus

    AKIAPOLAAU, Hemignathus munroi

    AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi

    AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei

    ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza montana

    Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata

    ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris

    Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes

    Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis

    Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata

    Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus

    Shy, Thalassarche cauta

    Wandering, Diomedea exulans

    Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos

    ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga

    ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris

    Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani

    AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens

    Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis

    Oahu, Hemignathus flavus

    ANIANIAU, Magumma parva

    APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea

    AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus

    Crested, Aethia cristatella

    Least, Aethia pusilla

    Parakeet, Aethia psittacula

    Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata

    Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea

    AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana

    BARN-OWL, Common (see OWL, Barn)

    BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis

    Tundra, Anser serrirostris

    BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe

    BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae

    BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus

    Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis

    Chinese (see Yellow)

    Least, Ixobrychus exilis

    Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus

    Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis

    BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus anthracinus

    BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus

    Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus

    Rusty, Euphagus carolinus

    Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis

    Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor

    Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus

    Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus

    BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis

    Mountain, Sialia currucoides

    Western, Sialia mexicana

    BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus

    BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica

    BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus

    BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii

    Brown, Sula leucogaster

    Masked, Sula dactylatra

    Red-footed, Sula sula

    BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla

    BRANT, Branta bernicla

    BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola

    BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula

    Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis

    BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina

    Gray, Emberiza variabilis

    Indigo, Passerina cyanea

    Little, Emberiza pusilla

    Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys

    Lazuli, Passerina amoena

    McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus

    Painted, Passerina ciris

    Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi

    Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos

    Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus

    Rustic, Emberiza rustica

    Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis

    Varied, Passerina versicolor

    Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola

    Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans

    BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus

    CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria

    CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway

    CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis

    CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus

    Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis

    CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris

    Gray, Dumetella carolinensis

    CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla coelebs

    CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens

    CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus

    Boreal, Poecile hudsonica

    Carolina, Poecile carolinensis

    Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens

    Gray-headed, Poecile cincta

    Mexican, Poecile sclateri

    Mountain, Poecile gambeli

    CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus carolinensis

    CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus

    COOT, American, Fulica americana

    Caribbean, Fulica caribaea

    Eurasian, Fulica atra

    Hawaiian, Fulica alai

    CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus

    Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus

    Great, Phalacrocorax carbo

    Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos

    Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus

    Olivaceous (see Neotropic)

    Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus

    Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile

    COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus

    Brown-headed, Molothrus ater

    Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis

    CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex

    Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops

    Spotless, Porzana tabuensis

    Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer

    CRANE, Common, Grus grus

    Sandhill, Grus canadensis

    Whooping, Grus americana

    CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana

    Hawaii, Oreomystis mana

    CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra

    White-winged, Loxia leucoptera

    CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos

    Fish, Corvus ossifragus

    Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis

    Mariana, Corvus kubaryi

    Mexican (see Tamaulipas)

    Northwestern, Corvus caurinus

    Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus

    White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus

    CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus

    Common, Cuculus canorus

    Mangrove, Coccyzus minor

    Oriental, Cuculus optatus

    Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus

    CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis

    Eskimo, Numenius borealis

    Eurasian, Numenius arquata

    Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis

    Least (see Little)

    Page 9301

    Little, Numenius minutus

    Long-billed, Numenius americanus

    DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana

    DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus

    DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus

    DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca

    Mourning, Zenaida macroura

    White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi

    White-winged, Zenaida asiatica

    Zenaida, Zenaida aurita

    DOVEKIE, Alle alle

    DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus

    Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus

    DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes

    Falcated, Anas falcata

    Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus

    Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana

    Laysan, Anas laysanensis

    Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis

    Masked, Nomonyx dominicus

    Mottled, Anas fulvigula

    Muscovy, Cairina moschata

    Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa

    Ring-necked, Aythya collaris

    Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis

    Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha

    Tufted, Aythya fuligula

    Wood, Aix sponsa

    DUNLIN, Calidris alpina

    EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus

    Golden, Aquila chrysaetos

    White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla

    EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis

    Chinese, Egretta eulophotes

    Great, Ardea alba

    Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia

    Little, Egretta garzetta

    Plumed (see Intermediate)

    Reddish, Egretta rufescens

    Snowy, Egretta thula

    EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima

    King, Somateria spectabilis

    Spectacled, Somateria fischeri

    Steller's, Polysticta stelleri

    ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica

    Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata

    EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus

    EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica

    FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis

    Peregrine, Falco peregrinus

    Prairie, Falco mexicanus

    Red-Footed, Falco vespertinus

    FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris

    FINCH, Cassin's, Carpodacus cassinii

    House, Carpodacus mexicanus

    Laysan, Telespiza cantans

    Nihoa, Telespiza ultima

    Purple, Carpodacus purpureus

    Rosy (see ROSY-FINCH)

    FLAMINGO, Greater, Phoenicopterus ruber

    FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides

    Northern, Colaptes auratus

    FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens

    Alder, Empidonax alnorum

    Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens

    Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus

    Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons

    Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis

    Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri

    Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer

    Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana

    Gray, Empidonax wrightii

    Gray-spotted (see Gray-streaked)

    Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta

    Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus

    Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii

    La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae

    Least, Empidonax minimus

    Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina

    Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi

    Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi

    Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis

    Piratic, Legatus leucophalus

    Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum

    Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus

    Social, Myiozetetes similis

    Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris

    Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus

    Variegated, Empidonomus varius

    Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus

    Western (see Cordilleran and Pacific-slope)

    Willow, Empidonax traillii

    Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris

    FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus

    FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor

    Lesser, Fregata ariel

    Magnificent, Fregata magnificens

    FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis

    FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus

    Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii

    Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla

    FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis

    GADWALL, Anas strepera

    GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris

    Purple, Porphyrio martinica

    GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus

    GARGANEY, Anas querquedula

    GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps

    Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura

    Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea

    California, Polioptila californica

    GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica

    Black-tailed, Limosa limosa

    Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica

    Marbled, Limosa fedoa

    GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica

    European, Pluvialis apricaria

    Lesser (see American)

    Pacific, Pluvialis fulva

    GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica

    Common, Bucephala clangula

    GOLDFINCH, American, Carduelis tristis

    Lawrence's, Carduelis lawrencei

    Lesser, Carduelis psaltria

    GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis

    Bean, (see BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga)

    Canada, Branta canadensis (including Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii)

    Emperor, Chen canagica

    Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons

    Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis

    Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus

    Ross's, Chen rossii

    Snow, Chen caerulescens

    GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis

    GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major

    Common, Quiscalus quiscula

    Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus

    Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger

    GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis

    GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor

    Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus

    GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii

    Eared, Podiceps nigricollis

    Horned, Podiceps auritus

    Least, Tachybaptus dominicus

    Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps

    Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena

    Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis

    GREENFINCH, Oriental, Carduelis sinica

    GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia

    Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer

    GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus

    Blue, Passerina caerulea

    Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno

    Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus

    Pine, Pinicola enucleator

    Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus

    Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus

    GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina passerina

    Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi

    Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti

    White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura

    GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle

    Pigeon, Cepphus columba

    GULL, Belcher's, Larus belcheri

    Black-headed, Larus ridibundus

    Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris

    Bonaparte's, Larus philadelphia

    California, Larus californicus

    Common Black-headed (see Black-headed)

    Franklin's, Larus pipixcan

    Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus

    Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens

    Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus

    Great Black-backed, Larus marinus

    Heermann's, Larus heermanni

    Herring, Larus argentatus

    Iceland, Larus glaucoides

    Ivory, Pagophila eburnea

    Page 9302

    Kelp, Larus dominicanus

    Laughing, Larus atricilla

    Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus

    Little, Larus minutus

    Mew, Larus canus

    Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis

    Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea

    Sabine's, Xema sabini

    Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus

    Thayer's, Larus thayeri

    Western, Larus occidentalis

    Yellow-footed, Larus livens

    Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis

    GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus

    HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus

    HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes

    HAWK, [Asiatic Sparrow (see SPARROWHAWK, Japanese)]

    Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus

    Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii

    Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens

    Ferruginous, Buteo regalis

    Gray, Buteo nitidus

    Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus

    Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius

    Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus

    Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis

    Roadside, Buteo magnirostris

    Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus

    Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus

    Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus

    Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni

    White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus

    Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus

    HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Cuculus fugax

    HAWK-OWL, Northern (see OWL, Northern Hawk)

    HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea

    Great Blue, Ardea herodias

    Green, Butorides virescens

    Green-backed (see Green)

    Little Blue, Egretta caerulea

    Pacific Reef (see REEF-EGRET, Pacific)

    Tricolored, Egretta tricolor

    HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo

    HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops

    HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbicum

    HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin

    Anna's, Calypte anna

    Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus

    Berylline, Amazilia beryllina

    Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri

    Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae

    Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris

    Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus

    Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis

    Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa

    Calliope, Stellula calliope

    Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila

    Costa's, Calypte costae

    Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer

    Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens

    Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris

    Rufous, Selasphorus rufus

    Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps

    White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis

    Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii

    IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus

    Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber

    White, Eudocimus albus

    White-faced, Plegadis chihi

    IIWI, Vestiaria coccinea

    IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula pacifica

    JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria

    JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa

    JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus

    Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus

    Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus

    JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata

    Brown, Cyanocorax morio

    Gray, Perisoreus canadensis

    Gray-breasted (see Mexican)

    Green, Cyanocorax yncas

    Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina

    Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus

    Scrub (see SCRUB-JAY)

    Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri

    JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis

    Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus

    KAKAWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea

    KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus

    KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius

    Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus

    KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus

    KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans

    Couch's, Tyrannus couchii

    Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus

    Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis

    Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus

    Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris

    Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus

    Western, Tyrannus verticalis

    KINGFISHER, Belted, Megaceryle alcyon

    Collared, Todirhamphus chloris

    Green, Chloroceryle americana

    Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus

    Ringed, Megaceryle torquata

    KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa

    Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula

    KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus

    KITE, [American Swallow-tailed (see Swallow-tailed)]

    Black, Milvus migrans

    Black-shouldered (see White-tailed)

    Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus

    Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis

    Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis

    Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus

    White-tailed, Elanus leucurus

    KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla

    Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris

    KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris

    Red, Calidris canutus

    LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus

    LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris

    Sky, Alauda arvensis

    LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna

    LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti

    LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus

    Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus

    McCown's, Calcarius mccownii

    Smith's, Calcarius pictus

    LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica

    Common, Gavia immer

    Pacific, Gavia pacifica

    Red-throated, Gavia stellata

    Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii

    MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia

    Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli

    MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos

    MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus

    Green, Anthracothorax viridis

    Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii

    MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera

    Caribbean, Progne dominicensis

    Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca

    Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea

    Purple, Progne subis

    Southern, Progne elegans

    MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna

    Western, Sturnella neglecta

    MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser

    Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus

    Red-breasted, Mergus serrator

    MERLIN, Falco columbarius

    MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris

    MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii

    Blue, Melanotis caerulescens

    Northern, Mimus polyglottos

    MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus

    MURRE, Common, Uria aalge

    Thick-billed, Uria lomvia

    MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus

    Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri

    Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris

    Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix

    Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus

    Xantus's, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus

    NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus

    NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax

    Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi

    Malay (see Malayan)

    Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus

    Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea

    NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii

    Common, Chordeiles minor

    Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis

    NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus

    Orange-billed, Catharus

    Page 9303

    aurantiirostris

    NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus ridgwayi

    Gray, Caprimulgus indicus

    Jungle (see Gray)

    Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus noctitherus

    NODDY, Black, Anous minutus

    Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea

    Brown, Anous stolidus

    Lesser (see Black)

    NUKUPUU, Hemignathus lucidus

    NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana

    NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla

    Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea

    Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis

    White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis

    OLDSQUAW (see DUCK, Long-tailed)

    OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis

    OMAO, Myadestes obscurus

    ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis

    Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda

    Baltimore, Icterus galbula

    Black-cowled (see Greater Antillean)

    Black-vented, Icterus wagleri

    Bullock's, Icterus bullockii

    Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis

    Hooded, Icterus cucullatus

    Northern (see Baltimore and Bullock's)

    Orchard, Icterus spurius

    Scott's, Icterus parisorum

    Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus

    OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus

    OU, Psittirostra psittacea

    OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla

    OWL, Barn, Tyto alba

    Barred, Strix varia

    Boreal, Aegolius funereus

    Burrowing, Athene cunicularia

    Elf, Micrathene whitneyi

    Flammulated, Otus flammeolus

    Great Gray, Strix nebulosa

    Great Horned, Bubo virginianus

    Long-eared, Asio otus

    Mottled, Ciccaba virgata

    Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula

    Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus

    Short-eared, Asio flammeus

    Snowy, Bubo scandiacus

    Spotted, Strix occidentalis

    Stygian, Asio stygius

    OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus

    Black, Haematopus bachmani

    Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus

    PALILA, Loxioides bailleui

    PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia

    PARROTBILL, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys

    PARULA, Northern, Parula americana

    Tropical, Parula pitiayumi

    PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus albicollis

    PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

    Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis

    PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow

    Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata

    Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis

    Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca

    Bulwer's, Bulweria bulwerii

    Cook's, Pterodroma cookii

    Dark-rumped (see Hawaiian)

    Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera

    Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera

    Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis

    Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana

    Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax

    Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa

    Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta

    Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata

    Murphy's, Pterodroma ultima

    Phoenix, Pterodroma alba

    Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris

    Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata

    White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis

    White-necked, Pterodroma externa (see Petrel, Juan Fernandez)

    PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus

    Greater, Contopus pertinax

    Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis

    Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris

    PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens

    PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus fulicarius

    Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus

    Wilson's, Phalaropus tricolor

    PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans

    Eastern, Sayornis phoebe

    Say's, Sayornis saya

    PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata

    Plain, Patagioenas inornata

    Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris

    Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa

    White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala

    PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta

    White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis

    PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens

    Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni

    Pechora, Anthus gustavi

    Red-throated, Anthus cervinus

    Sprague's, Anthus spragueii

    Tree, Anthus trivialis

    Water (see American)

    PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis squatarola

    Collared, Charadrius collaris

    Common Ringed, Charadrius hiaticula

    Great Sand (see Sand-Plover, Greater)

    Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius

    Mongolian (see Sand-Plover, Lesser)

    Mountain, Charadrius montanus

    Piping, Charadrius melodus

    Semipalmated, Charadrius semipalmatus

    Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus

    Wilson's, Charadrius wilsonia

    POCHARD, Baer's, Aythya baeri

    Common, Aythya ferina

    POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus

    POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii

    POO-ULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma

    PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri

    PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica

    Horned, Fratercula corniculata

    Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata

    PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium brasilianum

    Northern, Glaucidium gnoma

    PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus

    QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon mystacea

    Key West, Geotrygon chrysia

    Ruddy, Geotrygon montana

    QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus

    RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis

    Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis

    Clapper, Rallus longirostris

    Guam, Gallirallus owstoni

    King, Rallus elegans

    Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus

    Virginia, Rallus limicola

    Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis

    RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus cryptoleucus

    Common, Corvus corax

    RAZORBILL, Alca torda

    REDHEAD, Aythya americana

    REDPOLL, Common, Carduelis flammea

    Hoary, Carduelis hornemanni

    REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus

    REDSTART, American, Setophaga ruticilla

    Painted, Myioborus pictus

    Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus

    REED-BUNTING, Common (see BUNTING, Reed)

    Pallas' (see BUNTING, Pallas's)

    REED-WARBLER, Nightingale, Acrocephalus luscinia

    REEF-EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra

    REEF-HERON, Western, Egretta gularis

    ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx californianus

    ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius

    Clay-colored, Turdus grayi

    Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus

    Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane

    White-throated, Turdus assimilis

    ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus erythrinus

    ROSY-FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata

    Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis

    Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis

    RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia calliope

    RUFF, Philomachus pugnax

    SANDERLING, Calidris alba

    SANDPIPER, Baird's, Calidris bairdii

    Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus

    Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis

    Common, Actitis hypoleucos

    Curlew, Calidris ferruginea

    Green, Tringa ochropus

    Page 9304

    Least, Calidris minutilla

    Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis

    Pectoral, Calidris melanotos

    Purple, Calidris maritima

    Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis

    Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla

    Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata

    Solitary, Tringa solitaria

    Spoonbill (see Spoon-billed)

    Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus

    Spotted, Actitis macularius

    Stilt, Calidris himantopus

    Terek, Xenus cinereus

    Upland, Bartramia longicauda

    Western, Calidris mauri

    White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis

    Wood, Tringa glareola

    SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii

    Lesser, Charadrius mongolus

    SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Sphyrapicus ruber

    Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis

    Williamson's, Sphyrapicus thyroideus

    Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius

    SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila

    Lesser, Aythya affinis

    SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia

    SCOTER, Black, Melanitta nigra

    Surf, Melanitta perspicillata

    White-winged, Melanitta fusca

    SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops asio

    Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes

    Western, Megascops kennicottii

    Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis

    SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens

    Island, Aphelocoma insularis

    Western, Aphelocoma californica

    SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, Haliaeetus pelagicus

    SEEDEATER, White-collared, Sporophila torqueola

    SHEARWATER, Audubon's, Puffinus lherminieri

    Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas

    Buller's, Puffinus bulleri

    Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii

    Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis

    Cory's, Calonectris diomedea

    Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes

    Greater, Puffinus gravis

    Little, Puffinus assimilis

    Manx, Puffinus puffinus

    Pink-footed, Puffinus creatopus

    Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris

    Sooty, Puffinus griseus

    Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas

    Townsend's, Puffinus auricularis

    Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus

    SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata

    SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus

    Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus

    Northern, Lanius excubitor

    SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus

    SISKIN, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus

    Pine, Carduelis pinus

    SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger

    SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua

    South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki

    SKYLARK, Eurasian (see LARK, Sky)

    SMEW, Mergellus albellus

    SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago (rare in western Alaska; also see

    SNIPE, Wilson's)

    Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus

    Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura

    Swinhoe's, Gallinago megala

    Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (the ``common'' snipe hunted in most of the U.S.)

    SOLITAIRE, Townsend's, Myadestes townsendi

    SORA, Porzana carolina

    SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella arborea

    Bachman's, Aimophila aestivalis

    Baird's, Ammodramus bairdii

    Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis

    Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata

    Botteri's, Aimophila botterii

    Brewer's, Spizella breweri

    Cassin's, Aimophila cassinii

    Chipping, Spizella passerina

    Clay-colored, Spizella pallida

    Field, Spizella pusilla

    Five-striped, Aimophila quinquestriata

    Fox, Passerella iliaca

    Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia atricapilla

    Grasshopper, Ammodramus savannarum

    Harris's, Zonotrichia querula

    Henslow's, Ammodramus henslowii

    Lark, Chondestes grammacus

    Le Conte's, Ammodramus leconteii

    Lincoln's, Melospiza lincolnii

    Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni

    Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus

    Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps

    Rufous-winged, Aimophila carpalis

    Sage, Amphispiza belli

    Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus

    Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis

    Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus

    Sharp-tailed (see Nelson's Sharp-tailed and Saltmarsh Sharp- tailed)

    Song, Melospiza melodia

    Swamp, Melospiza georgiana

    Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus

    White-crowned, Zonotrichia leucophrys

    White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis

    Worthen's, Spizella wortheni

    SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, Accipiter gularis

    SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis

    Western, Spindalis zena

    SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja

    STARLING, [Ashy (see White-cheeked)]

    Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis

    Violet-backed (see Chestnut-cheeked)

    White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus

    STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, Heliomaster constantii

    STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus mexicanus

    Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus

    STINT, Little, Calidris minuta

    Long-toed, Calidris subminuta

    Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis

    Rufous-necked (see Red-necked)

    Temminck's, Calidris temminckii

    STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus

    STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana

    STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Oceanodroma homochroa

    Band-rumped, Oceanodroma castro

    Black, Oceanodroma melania

    Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica

    Fork-tailed, Oceanodroma furcata

    Leach's, Oceanodroma leucorhoa

    Least, Oceanodroma microsoma

    Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae

    Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa

    Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi

    Sooty (see Tristram's)

    Tristram's, Oceanodroma tristrami

    Wedge-rumped, Oceanodroma tethys

    White-faced, Pelagodroma marina

    White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria

    Wilson's, Oceanites oceanicus

    SURFBIRD, Aphriza virgata

    SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta cyaneoviridis

    Bank, Riparia riparia

    Barn, Hirundo rustica

    Cave, Petrochelidon fulva

    Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

    Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea

    Northern Rough-winged, Stelgidopteryx serripennis

    Tree, Tachycineta bicolor

    Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina

    SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio

    SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator

    Tundra, Cygnus columbianus

    Whooper, Cygnus cygnus

    SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba

    Antillean Palm (see PALM-SWIFT, Antillean)

    Black, Cypseloides niger

    Chimney, Chaetura pelagica

    Common, Apus apus

    Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus

    Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura

    Vaux's, Chaetura vauxi

    White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris

    White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis

    SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi

    White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius

    TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata

    Page 9305

    Hepatic, Piranga flava

    Puerto Rican, Nesospingus speculiferus

    Scarlet, Piranga olivacea

    Stripe-headed (see SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican and Western)

    Summer, Piranga rubra

    Western, Piranga ludoviciana

    TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes

    Wandering, Tringa incana

    TEAL, Baikal, Anas formosa

    Blue-winged, Anas discors

    Cinnamon, Anas cyanoptera

    Falcated (see DUCK, Falcated)

    Green-winged, Anas crecca

    TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus

    Arctic, Sterna paradisaea

    Black, Chlidonias niger

    Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana

    Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus

    Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia

    Common, Sterna hirundo

    Elegant, Thalasseus elegans

    Forster's, Sterna forsteri

    Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus

    Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii

    Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica

    Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex

    Least, Sternula antillarum

    Little, Sternula albifrons

    Roseate, Sterna dougallii

    Royal, Thalleseus maximus

    Sandwich, Thalleseus sandvicensis

    Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus

    Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida

    White, Gygis alba

    White-winged, Chlidonias leucopterus

    THRASHER, Bendire's, Toxostoma bendirei

    Brown, Toxostoma rufum

    California, Toxostoma redivivum

    Crissal, Toxostoma crissale

    Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre

    Le Conte's, Toxostoma lecontei

    Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre

    Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus

    Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus

    THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola

    Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli

    Blue Rock, Monticola solitarius

    Dusky, Turdus naumanni

    Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus

    Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus

    Hawaiian (see KAMAO, OLOMAO, and OMAO)

    Hermit, Catharus guttatus

    Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus

    Small Kauai (see PUAIOHI)

    Swainson's, Catharus ustulatus

    Varied, Ixoreus naevius

    Wood, Hylocichla mustelina

    TIT, Siberian (see CHICKADEE, Gray-headed)

    TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus

    Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi

    Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi

    Oak, Baeolophus inornatus

    Plain (see Juniper and Oak)

    Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor

    TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata

    TOWHEE, Abert's, Pipilo aberti

    Brown (see California and Canyon)

    California, Pipilo crissalis

    Canyon, Pipilo fuscus

    Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus

    Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus

    Rufous-sided (see Eastern and Spotted)

    Spotted, Pipilo maculatus

    TREE-PIPIT, Olive (see PIPIT, Olive-backed)

    TROGON, [Eared (see QUETZEL, Eared)]

    Elegant, Trogon elegans

    TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon aethereus

    Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda

    White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus

    TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria melanocephala

    Ruddy, Arenaria interpres

    TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis

    VEERY, Catharus fuscescens

    VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps

    VIOLET-EAR, Green, Colibri thalassinus

    VIREO, Bell's, Vireo bellii

    Black-capped, Vireo atricapillus

    Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus

    Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius

    Cassin's, Vireo cassinii

    Gray, Vireo vicinior

    Hutton's, Vireo huttoni

    Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus

    Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus

    Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri

    Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus

    Solitary (see Blue-headed, Cassin's, and Plumbeous)

    Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris

    Warbling, Vireo gilvus

    White-eyed, Vireo griseus

    Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis

    Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons

    Yucatan, Vireo magister

    VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus

    Turkey, Cathartes aura

    WAGTAIL, [Black-backed (see White)]

    Citrine, Motacilla citreola

    Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis

    Gray, Motacilla cinerea

    White, Motacilla alba

    Yellow (see Eastern Yellow)

    WARBLER, Adelaide's, Dendroica adelaidae

    Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis

    Bachman's, Vermivora bachmanii

    Bay-breasted, Dendroica castanea

    Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia

    Black-throated Blue, Dendroica caerulescens

    Black-throated Gray, Dendroica nigrescens

    Black-throated Green, Dendroica virens

    Blackburnian, Dendroica fusca

    Blackpoll, Dendroica striata

    Blue-winged, Vermivora pinus

    Canada, Wilsonia canadensis

    Cape May, Dendroica tigrina

    Cerulean, Dendroica cerulea

    Chestnut-sided, Dendroica pensylvanica

    Colima, Vermivora crissalis

    Connecticut, Oporornis agilis

    Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa

    Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus

    Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae

    Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa

    Golden-cheeked, Dendroica chrysoparia

    Golden-crowned, Basileuterus culicivorus

    Golden-winged, Vermivora chrysoptera

    Grace's, Dendroica graciae

    Hermit, Dendroica occidentalis

    Hooded, Wilsonia citrina

    Kentucky, Oporornis formosus

    Kirtland's, Dendroica kirtlandii

    Lanceolated, Locustella lanceoloata

    Lucy's, Vermivora luciae

    MacGillivray's, Oporornis tolmiei

    Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia

    Mourning, Oporornis philadelphia

    Nashville, Vermivora ruficapilla

    Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus

    Orange-crowned, Vermivora celata

    Palm, Dendroica palmarum

    Pine, Dendroica pinus

    Prairie, Dendroica discolor

    Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea

    Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons

    Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons

    Swainson's, Limnothlypis swainsonii

    Tennessee, Vermivora peregrina

    Townsend's, Dendroica townsendi

    Virginia's, Vermivora virginiae

    Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus

    Wilson's, Wilsonia pusilla

    Wood, Phylloscopus siilatrix

    Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorum

    Yellow, Dendroica petechia

    Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus

    Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata

    Yellow-throated, Dendroica dominica

    WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Seiurus motacilla

    Northern, Seiurus noveboracensis

    WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla garrulus

    Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum

    WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe oenanthe

    WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus

    WHIP-POOR-WILL, Caprimulgus vociferus

    WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, Dendrocygna autumnalis

    Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor

    West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea

    WHITETHROAT, Lesser, Sylvia curruca

    Page 9306

    WIGEON, American, Anas americana

    Eurasian, Anas penelope

    WILLET, Tringa semipalmata

    WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus virens

    Western, Contopus sordidulus

    WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax minor

    Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola

    WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes formicivorus

    American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis

    Arizona, Picoides arizonae

    Black-backed, Picoides arcticus

    Downy, Picoides pubescens

    Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis

    Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons

    Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major

    Hairy, Picoides villosus

    Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis

    Ladder-backed, Picoides scalaris

    Lewis's, Melanerpes lewis

    Nuttall's, Picoides nuttallii

    Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus

    Puerto Rican, Melanerpes portoricensis

    Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus

    Red-cockaded, Picoides borealis

    Red-headed, Melanerpes erythrocephalus

    Strickland's (see Arizona)

    Three-toed (see American Three-toed)

    White-headed, Picoides albolarvatus

    WOODSTAR, Bahama, Calliphlox evelynae

    WREN, Bewick's, Thryomanes bewickii

    Cactus, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus

    Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus

    Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus

    House, Troglodytes aedon

    Marsh, Cistothorus palustris

    Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus

    Sedge, Cistothorus platensis

    Winter, Troglodytes troglodytes

    WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla

    YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa melanoleuca

    Lesser, Tringa flavipes

    YELLOWTHROAT, Common, Geothlypis trichas

    Gray-crowned, Geothlypis poliocephala

    (2) Taxonomic listing. Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily.

    Order ANSERIFORMES

    Family ANATIDAE

    Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE

    Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black-bellied Whistling-Duck

    Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian Whistling-Duck

    Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Whistling-Duck

    Subfamily ANSERINAE

    Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose

    Anser serrirostris, Tundra Bean-Goose

    Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted Goose

    Anser erythropus, Lesser White-fronted Goose

    Chen canagica, Emperor Goose

    Chen caerulescens, Snow Goose

    Chen rossii, Ross's Goose

    Branta bernicla, Brant

    Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose

    Branta canadensis, Canada Goose (including Branta hutchinsii,

    Cackling Goose)

    Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose

    Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan

    Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan

    Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan

    Subfamily ANATINAE

    Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck

    Aix sponsa, Wood Duck

    Anas strepera, Gadwall

    Anas falcata, Falcated Duck

    Anas penelope, Eurasian Wigeon

    Anas americana, American Wigeon

    Anas rubripes, American Black Duck

    Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard

    Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck

    Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck

    Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck

    Anas poecilorhyncha, Spot-billed Duck

    Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck

    Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal

    Anas cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal

    Anas clypeata, Northern Shoveler

    Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked Pintail

    Anas acuta, Northern Pintail

    Anas querquedula, Garganey

    Anas formosa, Baikal Teal

    Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal

    Aythya valisineria, Canvasback

    Aythya americana, Redhead

    Aythya ferina, Common Pochard

    Aythya baeri, Baer's Pochard

    Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck

    Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck

    Aythya marila, Greater Scaup

    Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup

    Polysticta stelleri, Steller's Eider

    Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider

    Somateria spectabilis, King Eider

    Somateria mollissima, Common Eider

    Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin Duck

    Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter

    Melanitta fusca, White-winged Scoter

    Melanitta nigra, Black Scoter

    Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck

    Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead

    Bucephala clangula, Common Goldeneye

    Bucephala islandica, Barrow's Goldeneye

    Mergellus albellus, Smew

    Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded Merganser

    Mergus merganser, Common Merganser

    Mergus serrator, Red-breasted Merganser

    Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck

    Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck

    Order GAVIIFORMES

    Family GAVIIDAE

    Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon

    Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon

    Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon

    Gavia immer, Common Loon

    Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon

    Order PODICIPEDIFORMES

    Family PODICIPEDIDAE

    Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe

    Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed Grebe

    Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe

    Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe

    Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe

    Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe

    Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark's Grebe

    Order PROCELLARIIFORMES

    Family DIOMEDEIDAE

    Thalassarche chlororhynchos, Yellow-nosed Albatross

    Thalassarche cauta, Shy Albatross

    Thalassarche melanophris, Black-browed Albatross

    Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled Albatross

    Diomedea exulans, Wandering Albatross

    Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan Albatross

    Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed Albatross

    Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed Albatross

    Family PROCELLARIIDAE

    Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar

    Pterodroma macroptera, Great-winged Petrel

    Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel

    Pterodroma arminjoniana, Herald Petrel

    Pterodroma ultima, Murphy's Petrel

    Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled Petrel

    Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel

    Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped Petrel

    Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez Petrel

    Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian Petrel

    Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked Petrel

    Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel

    Pterodroma nigripennis, Black-winged Petrel

    Pterodroma cookii, Cook's Petrel

    Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger's

    Page 9307

    Petrel

    Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel

    Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould's Petrel

    Pterodroma rostrata, Tahiti Petrel

    Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer's Petrel

    Bulweria fallax, Jouanin's Petrel

    Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked Shearwater

    Calonectris diomedea, Cory's Shearwater

    Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde Shearwater

    Puffinus creatopus, Pink-footed Shearwater

    Puffinus carneipes, Flesh-footed Shearwater

    Puffinus gravis, Greater Shearwater

    Puffinus pacificus, Wedge-tailed Shearwater

    Puffinus bulleri, Buller's Shearwater

    Puffinus griseus, Sooty Shearwater

    Puffinus tenuirostris, Short-tailed Shearwater

    Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas Shearwater

    Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater

    Puffinus auricularis, Townsend's Shearwater

    Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented Shearwater

    Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon's Shearwater

    Puffinus assimilis, Little Shearwater

    Family HYDROBATIDAE

    Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson's Storm-Petrel

    Pelagodroma marina, White-faced Storm-Petrel

    Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied Storm-Petrel

    Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied Storm-Petrel

    Nesofregetta fuiginosa, Polynesian Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma furcata, Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma hornbyi, Ringed Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach's Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma homochroa, Ashy Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma castro, Band-rumped Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma tethys, Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma matsudairae, Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma melania, Black Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma tristrami, Tristram's Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma microsoma, Least Storm-Petrel

    Order PELECANIFORMES

    Family PHAETHONTIDAE

    Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed Tropicbird

    Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed Tropicbird

    Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed Tropicbird

    Family SULIDAE

    Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby

    Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby

    Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby

    Sula sula, Red-footed Booby

    Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet

    Family PELECANIDAE

    Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American White Pelican

    Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown Pelican

    Family PHALACROCORACIDAE

    Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little Pied Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt's Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic Cormorant

    Family ANHINGIDAE

    Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga

    Family FREGATIDAE

    Fregata magnificens, Magnificent Frigatebird

    Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird

    Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird

    Order CICONIIFORMES

    Family ARDEIDAE

    Botaurus lentiginosus, American Bittern

    Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern

    Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern

    Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck's Bittern

    Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern

    Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron

    Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron

    Ardea alba, Great Egret

    Mesophoyx intermedia, Intermediate Egret

    Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret

    Egretta garzetta, Little Egret

    Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Egret

    Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron

    Egretta thula, Snowy Egret

    Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron

    Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron

    Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret

    Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret

    Ardeola bacchus, Chinese Pond-Heron

    Butorides virescens, Green Heron

    Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned Night-Heron

    Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned Night-Heron

    Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese Night-Heron

    Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan Night-Heron

    Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE

    Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE

    Eudocimus albus, White Ibis

    Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis

    Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis

    Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis

    Subfamily PLATALEINAE

    Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill

    Family CICONIIDAE

    Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru

    Mycteria americana, Wood Stork

    Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES

    Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE

    Phoenicopterus ruber, Greater Flamingo

    Order FALCONIFORMES

    Family CATHARTIDAE

    Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture

    Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture

    Gymnogyps californianus, California Condor

    Family ACCIPITRIDAE

    Subfamily PANDIONINAE

    Pandion haliaetus, Osprey

    Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE

    Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hook-billed Kite

    Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed Kite

    Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite

    Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite

    Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi Kite

    Milvus migrans, Black Kite

    Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle

    Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed Eagle

    Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller's Sea-Eagle

    Circus cyaneus, Northern Harrier

    Accipiter soloensis, Gray Frog-Hawk

    Accipiter gularis, Japanese Sparrowhawk

    Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned Hawk

    Accipiter cooperii, Cooper's Hawk

    Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk

    Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane Hawk

    Buteogallus anthracinus, Common Black-Hawk

    Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris's Hawk

    Buteo magnirostris, Roadside Hawk

    Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk

    Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged Hawk

    Buteo nitidus, Gray Hawk

    Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk

    Buteo swainsoni, Swainson's Hawk

    Buteo albicaudatus, White-tailed Hawk

    Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk

    Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk

    Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk

    Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk

    Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk

    Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle

    Family FALCONIDAE

    Subfamily MICRASTURINAE

    Page 9308

    Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared Forest-Falcon

    Subfamily CARACARINAE

    Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara

    Subfamily FALCONINAE

    Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel

    Falco sparverius, American Kestrel

    Falco vespertinus, Red-footed Falcon

    Falco columbarius, Merlin

    Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby

    Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon

    Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon

    Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon

    Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon

    Order GRUIFORMES

    Family RALLIDAE

    Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow Rail

    Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail

    Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded Rail

    Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail

    Crex crex, Corn Crake

    Rallus longirostris, Clapper Rail

    Rallus elegans, King Rail

    Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail

    Porzana carolina, Sora

    Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake

    Porzana flaviventer, Yellow-breasted Crake

    Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake

    Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail

    Porphyrio martinica, Purple Gallinule

    Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple Swamphen

    Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule

    Gallinula chloropus, Common Moorhen

    Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot

    Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot

    Fulica americana, American Coot

    Fulica caribaea, Caribbean Coot

    Family ARAMIDAE

    Aramus guarauna, Limpkin

    Family GRUIDAE

    Grus canadensis, Sandhill Crane

    Grus grus, Common Crane

    Grus americana, Whooping Crane

    Order CHARADRIIFORMES

    Family CHARADRIIDAE

    Subfamily VANELLINAE

    Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing

    Subfamily CHARADRIINAE

    Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied Plover

    Pluvialis apricaria, European Golden-Plover

    Pluvialis dominica, American Golden-Plover

    Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover

    Charadrius mongolus, Lesser Sand-Plover

    Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater Sand-Plover

    Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover

    Charadrius alexandrinus, Snowy Plover

    Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson's Plover

    Charadrius hiaticula, Common Ringed Plover

    Charadrius semipalmatus, Semipalmated Plover

    Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover

    Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed Plover

    Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer

    Charadrius montanus, Mountain Plover

    Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian Dotterel

    Family HAEMATOPODIDAE

    Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian Oystercatcher

    Haematopus palliatus, American Oystercatcher

    Haematopus bachmani, Black Oystercatcher

    Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE

    Himantopus himantopus, Black-winged Stilt

    Himantopus mexicanus, Black-necked Stilt

    Recurvirostra americana, American Avocet

    Family JACANIDAE

    Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana

    Family SCOLOPACIDAE

    Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE

    Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper

    Actitis hypoleucos, Common Sandpiper

    Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper

    Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper

    Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper

    Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler

    Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler

    Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank

    Tringa melanoleuca, Greater Yellowlegs

    Tringa nebularia, Common Greenshank

    Tringa guttifer, Nordmann's Greenshank

    Tringa semipalmata, Willet

    Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs

    Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper

    Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper

    Bartramia longicauda, Upland Sandpiper

    Numenius minutus, Little Curlew

    Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew

    Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel

    Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed Curlew

    Numenius madagascariensis, Far Eastern Curlew

    Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew

    Numenius americanus, Long-billed Curlew

    Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit

    Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian Godwit

    Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit

    Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit

    Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone

    Arenaria melanocephala, Black Turnstone

    Aphriza virgata, Surfbird

    Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot

    Calidris canutus, Red Knot

    Calidris alba, Sanderling

    Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated Sandpiper

    Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper

    Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint

    Calidris minuta, Little Stint

    Calidris temminckii, Temminck's Stint

    Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint

    Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper

    Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped Sandpiper

    Calidris bairdii, Baird's Sandpiper

    Calidris melanotos, Pectoral Sandpiper

    Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper

    Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper

    Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper

    Calidris alpina, Dunlin

    Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper

    Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper

    Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Spoon-billed Sandpiper

    Limicola falcinellus, Broad-billed Sandpiper

    Tryngites subruficollis, Buff-breasted Sandpiper

    Philomachus pugnax, Ruff

    Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed Dowitcher

    Limnodromus scolopaceus, Long-billed Dowitcher

    Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe

    Gallinago delicata, Wilson's Snipe (the ``common'' snipe hunted in most of the U.S.)

    Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe (rare in western Alaska; also see

    Gallinago delicata)

    Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe

    Gallinago megala, Swinhoe's Snipe

    Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian Woodcock

    Scolopax minor, American Woodcock

    Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE

    Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson's Phalarope

    Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked Phalarope

    Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope

    Family LARIDAE

    Subfamily LARINAE

    Larus atricilla, Laughing Gull

    Larus pipixcan, Franklin's Gull

    Larus minutus, Little Gull

    Larus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull

    Larus philadelphia, Bonaparte's Gull

    Larus heermanni, Heermann's Gull

    Larus cirrocephalus, Gray-hooded Gull

    Larus belcheri, Belcher's Gull

    Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull

    Larus canus, Mew Gull

    Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull

    Larus californicus, California Gull

    Larus argentatus, Herring Gull

    Page 9309

    Larus michahellis, Yellow-legged Gull

    Larus thayeri, Thayer's Gull

    Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull

    Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Gull

    Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull

    Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull

    Larus occidentalis, Western Gull

    Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gull

    Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull

    Larus marinus, Great Black-backed Gull

    Larus dominicanus, Kelp Gull

    Xema sabini, Sabine's Gull

    Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged Kittiwake

    Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged Kittiwake

    Rhodostethia rosea, Ross's Gull

    Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull

    Subfamily STERNINAE

    Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy

    Anous minutus, Black Noddy

    Procelsterna cerulea, Blue-gray Noddy

    Gygis alba, White Tern

    Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern

    Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed Tern

    Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled Tern

    Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern

    Sternula albifrons, Little Tern

    Sternula antillarum, Least Tern

    Phaetusa simplex, Large-billed Tern

    Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed Tern

    Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern

    Chlidonias niger, Black Tern

    Chlidonias leucopterus, White-winged Tern

    Chlidonias hybridus, Whiskered Tern

    Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern

    Sterna hirundo, Common Tern

    Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern

    Sterna forsteri, Forster's Tern

    Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern

    Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern

    Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern

    Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich Tern

    Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern

    Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE

    Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer

    Family STERCORARIIDAE

    Stercorarius skua, Great Skua

    Stercorarius maccormicki, South Polar Skua

    Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine Jaeger

    Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic Jaeger

    Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed Jaeger

    Family ALCIDAE

    Alle alle, Dovekie

    Uria aalge, Common Murre

    Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre

    Alca torda, Razorbill

    Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot

    Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot

    Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed Murrelet

    Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet

    Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz's Murrelet

    Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, Xantus's Murrelet

    Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri's Murrelet

    Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient Murrelet

    Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin's Auklet

    Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet

    Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet

    Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet

    Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet

    Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros Auklet

    Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin

    Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin

    Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin

    Order COLUMBIFORMES

    Family COLUMBIDAE

    Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped Pigeon

    Patagioenas leucocephala, White-crowned Pigeon

    Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed Pigeon

    Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon

    Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed Pigeon

    Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental Turtle-Dove

    Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove

    Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove

    Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove

    Columbina inca, Inca Dove

    Columbina passerina, Common Ground-Dove

    Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy Ground-Dove

    Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped Dove

    Geotrygon chrysia, Key West Quail-Dove

    Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled Quail-Dove

    Geotrygon montana, Ruddy Quail-Dove

    Gallicolumba xanthonura, White-throated Ground-Dove

    Gallicolumba stairi, Friendly Ground-Dove

    Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored Fruit-Dove

    Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana Fruit-Dove

    Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove

    Ducula pacifica, Pacific Imperial-Pigeon

    Order CUCULIFORMES

    Family CUCULIDAE

    Subfamily CUCULINAE

    Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo

    Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo

    Cuculus fugax, Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo

    Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed Cuckoo

    Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo

    Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Black-billed Cuckoo

    Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo

    Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE

    Geococcyx californianus, Greater Roadrunner

    Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE

    Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani

    Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Ani

    Order STRIGIFORMES

    Family TYTONIDAE

    Tyto alba, Barn Owl

    Family STRIGIDAE

    Otus flammeolus, Flammulated Owl

    Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl

    Megascops kennicottii, Western Screech-Owl

    Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl

    Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered Screech-Owl

    Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican Screech-Owl

    Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl

    Bubo scandiacus, Snowy Owl

    Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl

    Glaucidium gnoma, Northern Pygmy-Owl

    Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl

    Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl

    Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl

    Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl

    Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl

    Strix varia, Barred Owl

    Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl

    Asio otus, Long-eared Owl

    Asio stygius, Stygian Owl

    Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl

    Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl

    Aegolius acadicus, Northern Saw-whet Owl

    Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES

    Family CAPRIMULGIDAE

    Subfamily CHORDEILINAE

    Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser Nighthawk

    Chordeiles minor, Common Nighthawk

    Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean Nighthawk

    Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE

    Nyctidromus albicollis, Common Pauraque

    Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common Poorwill

    Caprimulgus carolinensis, Chuck-will's-widow

    Caprimulgus ridgwayi, Buff-collared Nightjar

    Page 9310

    Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor-will

    Caprimulgus noctitherus, Puerto Rican Nightjar

    Caprimulgus indicus, Gray Nightjar

    Order APODIFORMES

    Family APODIDAE

    Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE

    Cypseloides niger, Black Swift

    Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared Swift

    Subfamily CHAETURINAE

    Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift

    Chaetura vauxi, Vaux's Swift

    Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed Swift

    Hirundapus caudacutus, White-throated Needletail

    Aerodramus spodiopygius, White-rumped Swiftlet

    Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana Swiftlet

    Subfamily APODINAE

    Apus apus, Common Swift

    Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift

    Apus melba, Alpine Swift

    Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated Swift

    Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean Palm-Swift

    Family TROCHILIDAE

    Subfamily TROCHILINAE

    Colibri thalassinus, Green Violet-ear

    Anthracothorax prevostii, Green-breasted Mango

    Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean Mango

    Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango

    Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated Carib

    Eulampis holosericeus, Green-throated Carib

    Orthorhyncus cristatus, Antillean Crested Hummingbird

    Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican Emerald

    Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed Hummingbird

    Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared Hummingbird

    Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus's Hummingbird

    Amazilia beryllina, Berylline Hummingbird

    Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied Hummingbird

    Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon Hummingbird

    Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned Hummingbird

    Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated Hummingbird

    Eugenes fulgens, Magnificent Hummingbird

    Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped Starthroat

    Calliphlox evelynae, Bahama Woodstar

    Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer Hummingbird

    Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated Hummingbird

    Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned Hummingbird

    Calypte anna, Anna's Hummingbird

    Calypte costae, Costa's Hummingbird

    Stellula calliope, Calliope Hummingbird

    Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee Hummingbird

    Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed Hummingbird

    Selasphorus rufus, Rufous Hummingbird

    Selasphorus sasin, Allen's Hummingbird

    Order TROGONIFORMES

    Family TROGONIDAE

    Subfamily TROGONINAE

    Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon

    Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzel

    Order UPUPIFORMES

    Family UPUPIDAE

    Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe

    Order CORACIIFORMES

    Family ALCEDINIDAE

    Subfamily HALCYONINAE

    Todirhamphus cinnamominus, Micronesian Kingfisher

    Todirhamphus chloris, Collared Kingfisher

    Subfamily CERYLINAE

    Megaceryle torquata, Ringed Kingfisher

    Megaceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher

    Chloroceryle americana, Green Kingfisher

    Order PICIFORMES

    Family PICIDAE

    Subfamily JYNGINAE

    Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck

    Subfamily PICINAE

    Melanerpes lewis, Lewis's Woodpecker

    Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto Rican Woodpecker

    Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker

    Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn Woodpecker

    Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila Woodpecker

    Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted Woodpecker

    Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied Woodpecker

    Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson's Sapsucker

    Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker

    Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped Sapsucker

    Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted Sapsucker

    Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted Woodpecker

    Picoides scalaris, Ladder-backed Woodpecker

    Picoides nuttallii, Nuttall's Woodpecker

    Picoides pubescens, Downy Woodpecker

    Picoides villosus, Hairy Woodpecker

    Picoides arizonae, Arizona Woodpecker

    Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded Woodpecker

    Picoides albolarvatus, White-headed Woodpecker

    Picoides dorsalis, American Three-toed Woodpecker

    Picoides arcticus, Black-backed Woodpecker

    Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker

    Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker

    Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker

    Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed Woodpecker

    Order PASSERIFORMES

    Family TYRANNIDAE

    Subfamily ELAENIINAE

    Camptostoma imberbe, Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet

    Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish Elaenia

    Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia

    Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE

    Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted Flycatcher

    Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided Flycatcher

    Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee

    Contopus sordidulus, Western Wood-Pewee

    Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee

    Contopus caribaeus, Cuban Pewee

    Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan Pewee

    Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean Pewee

    Empidonax flaviventris, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher

    Empidonax virescens, Acadian Flycatcher

    Empidonax alnorum, Alder Flycatcher

    Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher

    Empidonax minimus, Least Flycatcher

    Empidonax hammondii, Hammond's Flycatcher

    Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher

    Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky Flycatcher

    Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope Flycatcher

    Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran Flycatcher

    Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted Flycatcher

    Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe

    Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe

    Sayornis saya, Say's Phoebe

    Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion Flycatcher

    Subfamily TYRANNINAE

    Page 9311

    Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped Flycatcher

    Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated Flycatcher

    Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting's Flycatcher

    Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested Flycatcher

    Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested Flycatcher

    Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra's Flycatcher

    Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican Flycatcher

    Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee

    Myiozetetes similis, Social Flycatcher

    Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher

    Legatus leucophalus, Piratic Flycatcher

    Empidonomus varius, Variegated Flycatcher

    Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical Kingbird

    Tyrannus couchii, Couch's Kingbird

    Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin's Kingbird

    Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed Kingbird

    Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird

    Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird

    Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray Kingbird

    Tyrannus caudifasciatus, Loggerhead Kingbird

    Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

    Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed Flycatcher

    Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated Becard

    Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra

    Family LANIIDAE

    Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike

    Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Shrike

    Lanius excubitor, Northern Shrike

    Family VIREONIDAE

    Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo

    Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo

    Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo

    Vireo bellii, Bell's Vireo

    Vireo atricapillus, Black-capped Vireo

    Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo

    Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated Vireo

    Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo

    Vireo cassinii, Cassin's Vireo

    Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo

    Vireo huttoni, Hutton's Vireo

    Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo

    Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia Vireo

    Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo

    Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo

    Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered Vireo

    Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo

    Family CORVIDAE

    Perisoreus canadensis, Gray Jay

    Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller's Jay

    Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay

    Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay

    Cyanocorax morio, Brown Jay

    Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida Scrub-Jay

    Aphelocoma insularis, Island Scrub-Jay

    Aphelocoma californica, Western Scrub-Jay

    Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican Jay

    Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon Jay

    Nucifraga columbiana, Clark's Nutcracker

    Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie

    Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie

    Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow

    Corvus brachyrhynchos, American Crow

    Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow

    Corvus leucognaphalus, White-necked Crow

    Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow

    Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow

    Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow

    Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan Raven

    Corvus corax, Common Raven

    Family ALAUDIDAE

    Alauda arvensis, Sky Lark

    Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark

    Family HIRUNDINIDAE

    Subfamily HIRUNDININAE

    Progne subis, Purple Martin

    Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin

    Progne dominicensis, Caribbean Martin

    Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted Martin

    Progne elegans, Southern Martin

    Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin

    Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow

    Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove Swallow

    Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green Swallow

    Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama Swallow

    Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern Rough-winged Swallow

    Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow

    Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff Swallow

    Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow

    Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow

    Delichon urbicum, Common House-Martin

    Family PARIDAE

    Poecile carolinensis, Carolina Chickadee

    Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped Chickadee

    Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee

    Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee

    Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed Chickadee

    Poecile hudsonica, Boreal Chickadee

    Poecile cincta, Gray-headed Chickadee

    Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled Titmouse

    Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse

    Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper Titmouse

    Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse

    Baeolophus atricristatus, Black-crested Titmouse

    Family REMIZIDAE

    Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin

    Family AEGITHALIDAE

    Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit

    Family SITTIDAE

    Subfamily SITTINAE

    Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted Nuthatch

    Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted Nuthatch

    Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch

    Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch

    Family CERTHIIDAE

    Subfamily CERTHIINAE

    Certhia americana, Brown Creeper

    Family TROGLODYTIDAE

    Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Cactus Wren

    Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren

    Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren

    Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina Wren

    Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick's Wren

    Troglodytes aedon, House Wren

    Troglodytes troglodytes, Winter Wren

    Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren

    Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren

    Family CINCLIDAE

    Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper

    Family REGULIDAE

    Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned Kinglet

    Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned Kinglet

    Family SYLVIIDAE

    Subfamily SYLVIINAE

    Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler

    Locustella lanceolata, Lanceolated Warbler

    Acrocephalus luscinia, Nightingale Reed-Warbler

    Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird

    Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Warbler

    Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Wood Warbler

    Phylloscopus fuscatus, Dusky Warbler

    Phylloscopus inornatus, Yellow-browed Warbler

    Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler

    Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat

    Subfamily POLIOPTILINAE

    Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

    Polioptila californica, California Gnatcatcher

    Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed

    Page 9312

    Gnatcatcher

    Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped Gnatcatcher

    Family MUSCICAPIDAE

    Ficedula narcissina, Narcissus Flycatcher

    Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked Flycatcher

    Family TURDIDAE

    Luscinia calliope, Siberian Rubythroat

    Luscinia svecica, Bluethroat

    Luscinia cyane, Siberian Blue Robin

    Monticola solitarius, Blue Rock Thrush

    Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked Bluetail

    Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern Wheatear

    Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat

    Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird

    Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird

    Sialia currucoides, Mountain Bluebird

    Myadestes townsendi, Townsend's Solitaire

    Myadestes myadestinus, Kamao

    Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao

    Myadestes obscurus, Omao

    Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi

    Catharus aurantiirostris, Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush

    Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush

    Catharus fuscescens, Veery

    Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush

    Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell's Thrush

    Catharus ustulatus, Swainson's Thrush

    Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush

    Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush

    Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush

    Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush

    Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare

    Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Robin

    Turdus assimilis, White-throated Robin

    Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed Robin

    Turdus migratorius, American Robin

    Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush

    Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush

    Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush

    Family MIMIDAE

    Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird

    Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black Catbird

    Mimus polyglottos, Northern Mockingbird

    Mimus gundlachii, Bahama Mockingbird

    Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher

    Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher

    Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed Thrasher

    Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire's Thrasher

    Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed Thrasher

    Toxostoma redivivum, California Thrasher

    Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher

    Toxostoma lecontei, Le Conte's Thrasher

    Melanotis caerulescens, Blue Mockingbird

    Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed Thrasher

    Family STURNIDAE

    Sturnus philippensis, Chestnut-cheeked Starling

    Sturnus cineraceus, White-cheeked Starling

    Family PRUNELLIDAE

    Prunella montanella, Siberian Accentor

    Family MOTACILLIDAE

    Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern Yellow Wagtail

    Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail

    Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail

    Motacilla alba, White Wagtail

    Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit

    Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit

    Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit

    Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit

    Anthus rubescens, American Pipit

    Anthus spragueii, Sprague's Pipit

    Family BOMBYCILLIDAE

    Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian Waxwing

    Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar Waxwing

    Family PTILOGONATIDAE

    Ptilogonys cinereus, Gray Silky-flycatcher

    Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla

    Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE

    Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive Warbler

    Family PARULIDAE

    Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman's Warbler

    Vermivora pinus, Blue-winged Warbler

    Vermivora chrysoptera, Golden-winged Warbler

    Vermivora peregrina, Tennessee Warbler

    Vermivora celata, Orange-crowned Warbler

    Vermivora ruficapilla, Nashville Warbler

    Vermivora virginiae, Virginia's Warbler

    Vermivora crissalis, Colima Warbler

    Vermivora luciae, Lucy's Warbler

    Parula superciliosa, Crescent-chested Warbler

    Parula americana, Northern Parula

    Parula pitiayumi, Tropical Parula

    Dendroica petechia, Yellow Warbler

    Dendroica pensylvanica, Chestnut-sided Warbler

    Dendroica magnolia, Magnolia Warbler

    Dendroica tigrina, Cape May Warbler

    Dendroica caerulescens, Black-throated Blue Warbler

    Dendroica coronata, Yellow-rumped Warbler

    Dendroica nigrescens, Black-throated Gray Warbler

    Dendroica chrysoparia, Golden-cheeked Warbler

    Dendroica virens, Black-throated Green Warbler

    Dendroica townsendi, Townsend's Warbler

    Dendroica occidentalis, Hermit Warbler

    Dendroica fusca, Blackburnian Warbler

    Dendroica dominica, Yellow-throated Warbler

    Dendroica graciae, Grace's Warbler

    Dendroica adelaidae, Adelaide's Warbler

    Dendroica pinus, Pine Warbler

    Dendroica kirtlandii, Kirtland's Warbler

    Dendroica discolor, Prairie Warbler

    Dendroica palmarum, Palm Warbler

    Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted Warbler

    Dendroica striata, Blackpoll Warbler

    Dendroica cerulea, Cerulean Warbler

    Dendroica angelae, Elfin-woods Warbler

    Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white Warbler

    Setophaga ruticilla, American Redstart

    Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary Warbler

    Helmitheros vermivorum, Worm-eating Warbler

    Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson's Warbler

    Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird

    Seiurus noveboracensis, Northern Waterthrush

    Seiurus motacilla, Louisiana Waterthrush

    Oporornis formosus, Kentucky Warbler

    Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler

    Oporornis philadelphia, Mourning Warbler

    Oporornis tolmiei, MacGillivray's Warbler

    Geothlypis trichas, Common Yellowthroat

    Geothlypis poliocephala, Gray-crowned Yellowthroat

    Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler

    Wilsonia pusilla, Wilson's Warbler

    Wilsonia canadensis, Canada Warbler

    Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced Warbler

    Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart

    Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated Redstart

    Euthlypis lachrymosa, Fan-tailed Warbler

    Basileuterus culicivorus, Golden-crowned Warbler

    Page 9313

    Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped Warbler

    Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat

    Family THRAUPIDAE

    Nesospingus speculiferus, Puerto Rican Tanager

    Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager

    Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager

    Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager

    Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager

    Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored Tanager

    Spindalis zena, Western Spindalis

    Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican Spindalis

    Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia

    Family EMBERIZIDAE

    Sporophila torqueola, White-collared Seedeater

    Tiaris olivacea, Yellow-faced Grassquit

    Tiaris bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit

    Loxigilla portoricensis, Puerto Rican Bullfinch

    Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive Sparrow

    Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee

    Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee

    Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern Towhee

    Pipilo fuscus, Canyon Towhee

    Pipilo crissalis, California Towhee

    Pipilo aberti, Abert's Towhee

    Aimophila carpalis, Rufous-winged Sparrow

    Aimophila cassinii, Cassin's Sparrow

    Aimophila aestivalis, Bachman's Sparrow

    Aimophila botterii, Botteri's Sparrow

    Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned Sparrow

    Aimophila quinquestriata, Five-striped Sparrow

    Spizella arborea, American Tree Sparrow

    Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow

    Spizella pallida, Clay-colored Sparrow

    Spizella breweri, Brewer's Sparrow

    Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow

    Spizella wortheni, Worthen's Sparrow

    Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned Sparrow

    Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow

    Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow

    Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated Sparrow

    Amphispiza belli, Sage Sparrow

    Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark Bunting

    Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah Sparrow

    Ammodramus savannarum, Grasshopper Sparrow

    Ammodramus bairdii, Baird's Sparrow

    Ammodramus henslowii, Henslow's Sparrow

    Ammodramus leconteii, Le Conte's Sparrow

    Ammodramus nelsoni, Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow

    Ammodramus caudacutus, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow

    Ammodramus maritimus, Seaside Sparrow

    Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow

    Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow

    Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln's Sparrow

    Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow

    Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated Sparrow

    Zonotrichia querula, Harris's Sparrow

    Zonotrichia leucophrys, White-crowned Sparrow

    Zonotrichia atricapilla, Golden-crowned Sparrow

    Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco

    Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco

    Calcarius mccownii, McCown's Longspur

    Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland Longspur

    Calcarius pictus, Smith's Longspur

    Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared Longspur

    Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine Bunting

    Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting

    Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting

    Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated Bunting

    Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted Bunting

    Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting

    Emberiza pallasi, Pallas's Bunting

    Emberiza schoeniclus, Reed Bunting

    Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting

    Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay's Bunting

    Family CARDINALIDAE

    Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimson-collared Grosbeak

    Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern Cardinal

    Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia

    Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow Grosbeak

    Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose-breasted Grosbeak

    Pheucticus melanocephalus, Black-headed Grosbeak

    Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting

    Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak

    Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting

    Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting

    Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting

    Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting

    Spiza americana, Dickcissel

    Family ICTERIDAE

    Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink

    Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Blackbird

    Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored Blackbird

    Agelaius humeralis, Tawny-shouldered Blackbird

    Agelaius xanthomus, Yellow-shouldered Blackbird

    Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark

    Sturnella neglecta, Western Meadowlark

    Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, Yellow-headed Blackbird

    Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird

    Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer's Blackbird

    Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle

    Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle

    Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed Grackle

    Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean Grackle

    Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny Cowbird

    Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird

    Molothrus ater, Brown-headed Cowbird

    Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole

    Icterus dominicensis, Greater Antillean Oriole

    Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole

    Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole

    Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed Oriole

    Icterus bullockii, Bullock's Oriole

    Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole

    Icterus graduacauda, Audubon's Oriole

    Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole

    Icterus parisorum, Scott's Oriole

    Family FRINGILLIDAE

    Subfamily FRINGILLINAE

    Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch

    Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling

    Subfamily CARDUELINAE

    Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch

    Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch

    Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped Rosy-Finch

    Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak

    Carpodacus erythrinus, Common Rosefinch

    Carpodacus purpureus, Purple Finch

    Carpodacus cassinii, Cassin's Finch

    Carpodacus mexicanus, House Finch

    Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill

    Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill

    Carduelis flammea, Common Redpoll

    Carduelis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll

    Carduelis spinus, Eurasian Siskin

    Carduelis pinus, Pine Siskin

    Carduelis psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch

    Carduelis lawrencei, Lawrence's Goldfinch

    Carduelis tristis, American Goldfinch

    Carduelis sinica, Oriental Greenfinch

    Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch

    Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening Grosbeak

    Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Hawfinch

    Subfamily DREPANIDINAE

    Telespiza cantans, Laysan Finch

    Page 9314

    Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch

    Psittirostra psittacea, Ou

    Loxioides bailleui, Palila

    Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui Parrotbill

    Hemignathus virens, Hawaii Amakihi

    Hemignathus flavus, Oahu Amakihi

    Hemignathus kauaiensis, Kauai Amakihi

    Hemignathus ellisianus, Greater Akialoa

    Hemignathus lucidus, Nukupuu

    Hemignathus munroi, Akiapolaau

    Magumma parva, Anianiau

    Oreomystis bairdi, Akikiki

    Oreomystis mana, Hawaii Creeper

    Paroreomyza maculata, Oahu Alauahio

    Paroreomyza flammea, Kakawahie

    Paroreomyza montana, Maui Alauahio

    Loxops caeruleirostris, Akekee

    Loxops coccineus, Akepa

    Vestiaria coccinea, Iiwi

    Palmeria dolei, Akohekohe

    Himatione sanguinea, Apapane

    Melamprosops phaeosoma, Poo-uli

    Dated: February 3, 2010.

    Thomas L. Strickland,

    Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.

    FR Doc. 2010-3294 Filed 2-26-10; 8:45 am

    BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

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