Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustment

As Enacted ( Federal Register)

Cited authorities 19

Cited in

Published date	07 January 2021
Citation	86 FR 933
Record Number	2020-29181
Section	Rules and Regulations
Court	National Credit Union Administration

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER

contains regulatory documents having general

applicability and legal effect, most of which

are keyed to and codified in the Code of

Federal Regulations, which is published under

50 titles pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 1510.

The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by

the Superintendent of Documents.

Rules and Regulations Federal Register

933

Vol. 86, No. 4

Thursday, January 7, 2021

Public Law 104–134, Sec. 31001(s), 110 Stat.

1321–373 (Apr. 26, 1996). The law is codified at 28

U.S.C. 2461 note.

Public Law 101–410, 104 Stat. 890 (Oct. 5,

1990), codified at 28 U.S.C. 2461 note.

Public Law 114–74, 129 Stat. 584 (Nov. 2, 2015).

129 Stat. 599.

Public Law 114–74, Sec. 701(b)(1), 129 Stat. 584,

599 (Nov. 2, 2015).

81 FR 40152 (June 21, 2016); 81 FR 78028 (Nov.

7, 2016).

Public Law 114–74, Sec. 701(b)(1), 129 Stat. 584,

599 (Nov. 2, 2015).

82 FR 7640 (Jan. 23, 2017).

82 FR 29710 (June 30, 2017).

83 FR 2029 (Jan. 16, 2018); 84 FR 2055 (Feb.

6, 2019); 85 FR 2009 (Jan. 14, 2020).

Public Law 114–74, Sec. 701(b)(1), 129 Stat.

584, 599 (Nov. 2, 2015).

This index is published by the Department of

Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is available

at its website: http://www.bls.gov/cpi/.

Public Law 114–74, Sec. 701(b)(2)(B), 129 Stat.

584, 600 (Nov. 2, 2015).

Public Law 114–74, Sec. 701(b)(1), 129 Stat.

584, 600 (Nov. 2, 2015).

Public Law 114–74, Sec. 701(b)(4), 129 Stat.

584, 601 (Nov. 2, 2015).

See OMB Memorandum M–21–10,

Implementation of Penalty Inflation Adjustments

for 2021, pursuant to the Federal Civil Penalties

Inflation Adjustment Act Improvements Act of 2015

(December 23, 2020).

NATIONAL CREDIT UNION

ADMINISTRATION

12 CFR Part 747

RIN 3133–AF34

Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation

Adjustment

AGENCY

: National Credit Union

Administration (NCUA).

ACTION

: Final rule.

SUMMARY

: The NCUA Board (Board) is

amending its regulations to adjust the

maximum amount of each civil

monetary penalty (CMP) within its

jurisdiction to account for inflation.

This action, including the amount of the

adjustments, is required under the

Federal Civil Penalties Inflation

Adjustment Act of 1990, as amended by

the Debt Collection Improvement Act of

1996 and the Federal Civil Penalties

Inflation Adjustment Act Improvements

Act of 2015.

DATES

: This final rule is effective

January 7, 2021.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT

: Gira

Bose, Staff Attorney, at 1775 Duke

Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, or

telephone: (703) 518–6562.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

I. Legal Background

II. Calculation of Adjustments

III. Regulatory Procedures

I. Legal Background

A. Statutory Requirements

Every Federal agency, including the

NCUA, is required by law to adjust its

maximum CMP amounts each year to

account for inflation. Prior to this being

an annual requirement, agencies were

required to adjust their CMPs at least

once every four years. The previous

four-year requirement stemmed from the

Debt Collection Improvement Act of

1996,

which amended the Federal Civil

Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of

1990.

The current annual requirement stems

from the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015,

which contains the Federal Civil

Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act

Improvements Act of 2015 (the 2015

amendments).

This legislation

provided for an initial ‘‘catch-up’’

adjustment of CMPs in 2016, followed

by annual adjustments. The catch-up

adjustment reset CMP maximum

amounts by setting aside the inflation

adjustments that agencies made in prior

years and instead calculated inflation

with reference to the year when each

CMP was enacted or last modified by

Congress. Agencies were required to

publish their catch-up adjustments in an

interim final rule by July 1, 2016 and

make them effective by August 1, 2016.

The NCUA complied with these

requirements in a June 2016 interim

final rule, followed by a November 2016

final rule to confirm the adjustments as

final.

The 2015 amendments also specified

how agencies must conduct annual

inflation adjustments after the 2016

catch-up adjustment. Following the

catch-up adjustment, agencies must

make the required adjustments and

publish them in the Federal Register by

January 15 each year.

For 2017, the

NCUA issued an interim final rule on

January 6, 2017,

followed by a final

rule issued on June 23, 2017.

For 2018,

2019, and 2020, the NCUA issued a final

rule in each year to satisfy the agency’s

annual requirements.

This final rule

satisfies the agency’s requirement for

the 2021 annual adjustment.

The law provides that the adjustments

shall be made notwithstanding the

section of the Administrative Procedure

Act (APA) that requires prior notice and

public comment for agency

rulemaking.

The 2015 amendments

also specify that each CMP maximum

must be increased by the percentage by

which the consumer price index for

urban consumers (CPI–U)

for October

of the year immediately preceding the

year the adjustment is made exceeds the

CPI–U for October of the prior year.

Thus, for the adjustment to be made in

2021, an agency must compare the

October 2019 and October 2020 CPI–U

figures.

An annual adjustment under the 2015

amendments is not required if a CMP

has been amended in the preceding 12

months pursuant to other authority.

Specifically, the statute provides that an

agency is not required to make an

annual adjustment to a CMP if in the

preceding 12 months it has been

increased by an amount greater than the

annual adjustment required by the 2015

amendments.

The NCUA did not

make any adjustments in the preceding

12 months pursuant to other authority.

Therefore, this rulemaking adjusts the

NCUA’s CMPs pursuant to the 2015

amendments.

B. Application to the 2021 Adjustments

and Office of Management and Budget

Guidance

This section applies the statutory

requirements and the Office of

Management and Budget’s (OMB)

guidance to the NCUA’s CMPs and sets

forth the Board’s calculation of the 2021

adjustments.

The 2015 amendments directed OMB

to issue guidance to agencies on

implementing the inflation

adjustments.

OMB is required to issue

its guidance each December and, with

respect to the 2021 annual adjustment,

did so on December 23, 2020.

For

2021, Federal agencies must adjust the

maximum amounts of their CMPs by the

percentage by which the October 2020

CPI–U (260.388) exceeds the October

2019 CPI–U (257.346). The resulting

increase can be expressed as an inflation

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Id.

Public Law 114–74, 129 Stat. 600 (Nov. 2,

2015).

The table uses condensed descriptions of CMP

tiers. Refer to the U.S. Code citations for complete

descriptions.

Public Law 114–74, Sec. 701(b)(1), 129 Stat.

584, 599 (Nov. 2, 2015).

See 5 U.S.C. 559; Asiana Airlines v. Fed.

Aviation Admin., 134 F.3d 393, 396–99 (D.C. Cir.

1998).

multiplier (1.01182) to apply to each

current CMP maximum amount to

determine the adjusted maximum. The

OMB guidance also addresses

rulemaking procedures and agency

reporting and oversight requirements for

CMPs.

The table below presents the

adjustment calculations. The current

maximums are found at 12 CFR

747.1001, as adjusted by the final rule

that the Board approved in January

2020. This amount is multiplied by the

inflation multiplier to calculate the new

maximum in the far-right column. Only

these adjusted maximum amounts, and

not the calculations, will be codified at

12 CFR 747.1001 under this final rule.

The adjusted amounts will be effective

upon publication in the Federal

violations that occurred on or after

November 2, 2015, the date the 2015

amendments were enacted.

ABLE

—C

ALCULATION OF

AXIMUM

CMP A

DJUSTMENTS

Citation Description and tier

Current maximum ($) Multiplier

Adjusted maximum ($)

(current maximum ×

Multiplier, rounded to

nearest dollar)

12 U.S.C. 1782(a)(3) .......... Inadvertent failure to submit a report or the in-

advertent submission of a false or mis-

leading report.

4,098 ........................... 1.01182 4,146.

12 U.S.C. 1782(a)(3) .......... Non-inadvertent failure to submit a report or

the non-inadvertent submission of a false or

misleading report.

40,979 ......................... 1.01182 41,463.

12 U.S.C. 1782(a)(3) .......... Failure to submit a report or the submission of

a false or misleading report done knowingly

or with reckless disregard.

Lesser of 2,048,915 or

1% of total CU as-

sets.

1.01182 Lesser of 2,073,133 or

1% of total CU as-

sets.

12 U.S.C. 1782(d)(2)(A) ..... Tier 1 CMP for inadvertent failure to submit

certified statement of insured shares and

charges due to the National Credit Union

Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), or inad-

vertent submission of false or misleading

statement.

3,747 ........................... 1.01182 3,791.

12 U.S.C. 1782(d)(2)(B) ..... Tier 2 CMP for non-inadvertent failure to sub-

mit certified statement or submission of

false or misleading statement.

37,458 ......................... 1.01182 37,901.

12 U.S.C. 1782(d)(2)(C) ..... Tier 3 CMP for failure to submit a certified

statement or the submission of a false or

misleading statement done knowingly or

with reckless disregard.

Lesser of 1,872,957 or

1% of total CU as-

sets.

1.01182 Lesser of 1,895,095 or

1% of total CU as-

sets.

12 U.S.C. 1785(a)(3) .......... Non-compliance with insurance logo require-

ments. 127 .............................. 1.01182 129.

12 U.S.C. 1785(e)(3) .......... Non-compliance with NCUA security require-

ments. 297 .............................. 1.01182 301.

12 U.S.C. 1786(k)(2)(A) ..... Tier 1 CMP for violations of law, regulation,

and other orders or agreements. 10,245 ......................... 1.01182 10,366.

12 U.S.C. 1786(k)(2)(B) ..... Tier 2 CMP for violations of law, regulation,

and other orders or agreements and for

recklessly engaging in unsafe or unsound

practices or breaches of fiduciary duty.

51,222 ......................... 1.01182 51,827.

12 U.S.C. 1786(k)(2)(C) ..... Tier 3 CMP for knowingly committing the vio-

lations under Tier 1 or 2 (natural person). 2,048,915 .................... 1.01182 2,073,133.

12 U.S.C. 1786(k)(2)(C) ..... Tier 3 (same) (CU) ........................................... Lesser of 2,048,915 or

1% of total CU as-

sets.

1.01182 Lesser of 2,073,133 or

1% of total CU as-

sets.

12 U.S.C. 1786(w)(5)(A)(ii) Non-compliance with senior examiner post-

employment restrictions. 337,016 ....................... 1.01182 341,000.

15 U.S.C. 1639e(k) ............. Non-compliance with appraisal independence

standards (first violation). 11,767 ......................... 1.01182 11,906.

15 U.S.C. 1639e(k) ............. Subsequent violations of the same ................. 23,533 ......................... 1.01182 23,811.

42 U.S.C. 4012a(f)(5) ......... Non-compliance with flood insurance require-

ments. 2,226 ........................... 1.01182 2,252.

III. Regulatory Procedures

A. Final Rule Under the APA

In the 2015 amendments, Congress

provided that agencies shall make the

required inflation adjustments in 2017

and subsequent years notwithstanding 5

U.S.C. 553,

which generally requires

agencies to follow notice-and-comment

procedures in rulemaking and to make

rules effective no sooner than 30 days

after publication in the Federal

a clear exception to these

requirements.

In addition, as an

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5 U.S.C. 553(b)(3)(B); see Mid-Tex Elec. Co-op.,

Inc. v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 822 F.2d

1123 (D.C. Cir. 1987).

5 U.S.C. 553(b).

5 U.S.C. 603, 604.

NCUA Interpretive Ruling and Policy

Statement 15–1. 80 FR 57512 (Sept. 24, 2015).

5 U.S.C. 553(b)(3)(B).

12 U.S.C. 1786(k)(2)(G)(i).

44 U.S.C. 3507(d); 5 CFR part 1320.

Public Law 105–277, 112 Stat. 2681 (Oct. 21,

1998).

5 U.S.C. 801–808.

5 U.S.C. 804(2).

5 U.S.C. 808.

independent basis, the Board finds that

notice-and-comment procedures would

be impracticable and unnecessary under

the APA because of the largely

ministerial and technical nature of the

rule, which affords agencies limited

discretion in promulgating the rule, and

the statutory deadline for making the

adjustments.

In these circumstances,

the Board finds good cause to issue a

final rule without issuing a notice of

proposed rulemaking or soliciting

public comments. The Board also finds

good cause to make the final rule

effective upon publication because of

the statutory deadline. Accordingly, this

final rule is issued without prior notice

and comment and will become effective

immediately upon publication.

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act

The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

generally requires that when an agency

issues a proposed rule or a final rule

pursuant to the APA

or another law,

the agency must prepare a regulatory

flexibility analysis that meets the

requirements of the RFA and publish

such analysis in the Federal Register.

Specifically, the RFA normally requires

agencies to describe the impact of a

rulemaking on small entities by

providing a regulatory impact analysis.

For purposes of the RFA, the Board

considers FICUs with assets less than

$100 million to be small entities.

As discussed previously, consistent

with the APA,

the Board has

determined for good cause that general

notice and opportunity for public

comment is unnecessary, and therefore

the Board is not issuing a notice of

proposed rulemaking. Rules that are

exempt from notice and comment

procedures are also exempt from the

RFA requirements, including

conducting a regulatory flexibility

analysis, when among other things the

agency for good cause finds that notice

and public procedure are impracticable,

unnecessary, or contrary to the public

interest. Accordingly, the Board has

concluded that the RFA’s requirements

relating to initial and final regulatory

flexibility analysis do not apply.

Nevertheless, the Board notes that this

final rule will not have a significant

economic impact on a substantial

number of small credit unions because

it affects only the maximum amounts of

CMPs that may be assessed in

individual cases, which are not

numerous and generally do not involve

assessments at the maximum level. In

addition, several of the CMPs are

limited to a percentage of a credit

union’s assets. Finally, in assessing

CMPs, the Board generally must

consider a party’s financial resources.

Because this final rule will affect few, if

any, small credit unions, the Board

certifies that the final rule will not have

a significant economic impact on a

substantial number of small entities.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act

The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995

(PRA) applies to rulemakings in which

an agency creates a new paperwork

burden on regulated entities or modifies

an existing burden.

For purposes of

the PRA, a paperwork burden may take

the form of either a reporting or a

recordkeeping requirement, both

referred to as information collections.

This final rule adjusts the maximum

amounts of certain CMPs that the Board

may assess against individuals, entities,

or credit unions but does not require

any reporting or recordkeeping.

Therefore, this final rule will not create

new paperwork burdens or modify any

existing paperwork burdens.

D. Executive Order 13132

Executive Order 13132 encourages

independent regulatory agencies to

consider the impact of their actions on

state and local interests. In adherence to

fundamental federalism principles, the

NCUA, an independent regulatory

agency as defined in 44 U.S.C. 3502(5),

voluntarily complies with the Executive

order. This final rule adjusts the

maximum amounts of certain CMPs that

the Board may assess against

individuals, entities, and federally

insured credit unions, including state-

chartered credit unions. However, the

final rule does not create any new

authority or alter the underlying

statutory authorities that enable the

Board to assess CMPs. Accordingly, this

final rule will not have a substantial

direct effect on the States, on the

connection between the National

Government and the States, or on the

distribution of power and

responsibilities among the various

levels of government. The Board has

determined that this final rule does not

constitute a policy that has federalism

implications for purposes of the

Executive order.

E. Assessment of Federal Regulations

and Policies on Families

The Board has determined that this

final rule will not affect family well-

being within the meaning of Section 654

of the Treasury and General

Government Appropriations Act,

1999.

F. Congressional Review Act

For purposes of the Congressional

Review Act,

the OMB makes a

determination as to whether a final rule

constitutes a ‘‘major’’ rule. If OMB

deems a rule to be a ‘‘major rule,’’ the

Congressional Review Act generally

provides that the rule may not take

effect until at least 60 days following its

publication.

The Congressional Review Act defines

a ‘‘major rule’’ as any rule that the

Administrator of the Office of

Information and Regulatory Affairs of

the OMB finds has resulted in or is

likely to result in (A) an annual effect

on the economy of $100,000,000 or

more; (B) a major increase in costs or

prices for consumers, individual

industries, Federal, State, or local

government agencies or geographic

regions, or (C) significant adverse effects

on competition, employment,

investment, productivity, innovation, or

on the ability of United States-based

enterprises to compete with foreign-

based enterprises in domestic and

export markets.

For the same reasons set forth above,

the Board is adopting the final rule

without the delayed effective date

generally prescribed under the

Congressional Review Act. The delayed

effective date required by the

Congressional Review Act does not

apply to any rule for which an agency

for good cause finds (and incorporates

the finding and a brief statement of

reasons therefor in the rule issued) that

notice and public procedure thereon are

impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary

to the public interest.

The Board believes this final rule is

not a major rule. As required by the

Congressional Review Act, the Board

will submit the final rule and other

appropriate reports to OMB, Congress,

and the Government Accountability

Office for review.

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Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 4 / Thursday, January 7, 2021 / Rules and Regulations

List of Subjects in 12 CFR Part 747

Civil monetary penalties, Credit

unions.

Melane Conyers-Ausbrooks,

Secretary of the Board.

For the reasons stated in the

preamble, the Board amends 12 CFR

part 747 as follows:

PART 747—ADMINISTRATIVE

ACTIONS, ADJUDICATIVE HEARINGS,

RULES OF PRACTICE AND

PROCEDURE, AND INVESTIGATIONS

■1. The authority for part 747

continues to read as follows:

Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1766, 1782, 1784,

1785, 1786, 1787, 1790a, 1790d; 15 U.S.C.

1639e; 42 U.S.C. 4012a; Pub. L. 101–410;

Pub. L. 104–134; Pub. L. 109–351; Pub. L.

114–74.

■2. Revise § 747.1001 to read as

follows:

§ 747.1001 Adjustment of civil monetary

penalties by the rate of inflation.

(a) The NCUA is required by the

Federal Civil Penalties Inflation

Adjustment Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101–

410, 104 Stat. 890, as amended (28

U.S.C. 2461 note)), to adjust the

maximum amount of each civil

monetary penalty (CMP) within its

jurisdiction by the rate of inflation. The

following chart displays those adjusted

amounts, as calculated pursuant to the

statute:

U.S. Code citation CMP description New maximum amount

(1) 12 U.S.C. 1782(a)(3) ................. Inadvertent failure to submit a report or the inadvertent submission of

a false or misleading report. $4,146.

(2) 12 U.S.C. 1782(a)(3) ................. Non-inadvertent failure to submit a report or the non-inadvertent sub-

mission of a false or misleading report. $41,463.

(3) 12 U.S.C. 1782(a)(3) ................. Failure to submit a report or the submission of a false or misleading

report done knowingly or with reckless disregard. $2,073,133 or 1 percent of the

total assets of the credit union,

whichever is less.

(4) 12 U.S.C. 1782(d)(2)(A) ............ Tier 1 CMP for inadvertent failure to submit certified statement of in-

sured shares and charges due to the National Credit Union Share

Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), or inadvertent submission of false or

misleading statement.

$3,791.

(5) 12 U.S.C. 1782(d)(2)(B) ............ Tier 2 CMP for non-inadvertent failure to submit certified statement or

submission of false or misleading statement. $37,901.

(6) 12 U.S.C. 1782(d)(2)(C) ............ Tier 3 CMP for failure to submit a certified statement or the submis-

sion of a false or misleading statement done knowingly or with

reckless disregard.

$1,895,095 or 1 percent of the

total assets of the credit union,

whichever is less.

(7) 12 U.S.C. 1785(a)(3) ................. Non-compliance with insurance logo requirements .............................. $129.

(8) 12 U.S.C. 1785(e)(3) ................. Non-compliance with NCUA security requirements .............................. $301.

(9) 12 U.S.C. 1786(k)(2)(A) ............ Tier 1 CMP for violations of law, regulation, and other orders or

agreements. $10,366.

(10) 12 U.S.C. 1786(k)(2)(B) .......... Tier 2 CMP for violations of law, regulation, and other orders or

agreements and for recklessly engaging in unsafe or unsound

practices or breaches of fiduciary duty.

$51,827.

(11) 12 U.S.C. 1786(k)(2)(C) .......... Tier 3 CMP for knowingly committing the violations under Tier 1 or 2

(natural person). $2,073,133.

(12) 12 U.S.C. 1786(k)(2)(C) .......... Tier 3 CMP for knowingly committing the violations under Tier 1 or 2

(insured credit union). $2,073,133 or 1 percent of the

total assets of the credit union,

whichever is less.

(13) 12 U.S.C. 1786(w)(5)(A)(ii) ...... Non-compliance with senior examiner post-employment restrictions ... $341,000.

(14) 15 U.S.C. 1639e(k) .................. Non-compliance with appraisal independence requirements ................ First violation: $11,906. Subse-

quent violations: $23,811.

(15) 42 U.S.C. 4012a(f)(5) .............. Non-compliance with flood insurance requirements ............................. $2,252.

(b) The adjusted amounts displayed in

paragraph (a) of this section apply to

civil monetary penalties that are

assessed after the date the increase takes

effect, including those whose associated

violation or violations pre-dated the

increase and occurred on or after

November 2, 2015.

[FR Doc. 2020–29181 Filed 1–6–21; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 7535–01–P

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Bureau of Industry and Security

15 CFR Parts 710, 712, and 745

[Docket No. 201211–0336]

RIN 0694–AH94

Chemical Weapons Convention

Regulations and the Export

Administration Regulations: Additions

to Schedule 1(A) of the Annex on

Chemicals to the Chemical Weapons

Convention

AGENCY

: Bureau of Industry and

Security, Commerce.

ACTION

: Final rule.

SUMMARY

: The Bureau of Industry and

Security (BIS) is publishing this final

rule to amend the Chemical Weapons

Convention Regulations (CWCR) and the

Export Administration Regulations

(EAR) to reflect recent additions to

Schedule 1(A) of the Annex on

Chemicals to the Convention on the

Prohibition of the Development,

Production, Stockpiling and Use of

Chemical Weapons and on Their

Destruction, also known as the

Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).

This final rule also amends the

definition of ‘‘production’’ in the CWCR

to clarify the scope of this term as it

applies to declarations regarding the

production of ‘‘Schedule 1,’’ ‘‘Schedule

2,’’ or ‘‘Schedule 3’’ chemicals.

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Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.

Subscribers are able to see the revised versions of legislation with amendments.

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Over 100 Countries

Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more.
Thousands of Data Sources

Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the world’s leading publishers.
Find What You Need, Quickly

Advanced A.I. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research.
Over 2 million registered users

Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.

Subscribers are able to see any amendments made to the case.

You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.

Request your trial

Why Sign-up to vLex?

Over 100 Countries

Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more.
Thousands of Data Sources

Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the world’s leading publishers.
Find What You Need, Quickly

Advanced A.I. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research.
Over 2 million registered users

Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.

Subscribers are able to see a visualisation of a case and its relationships to other cases. An alternative to lists of cases, the Precedent Map makes it easier to establish which ones may be of most relevance to your research and prioritise further reading. You also get a useful overview of how the case was received.

Request your trial

Why Sign-up to vLex?

Over 100 Countries

Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more.
Thousands of Data Sources

Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the world’s leading publishers.
Find What You Need, Quickly

Advanced A.I. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research.
Over 2 million registered users

Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.

Subscribers are able to see the list of results connected to your document through the topics and citations Vincent found.

You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.

Request your trial

Why Sign-up to vLex?

Over 100 Countries

Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more.
Thousands of Data Sources

Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the world’s leading publishers.
Find What You Need, Quickly

Advanced A.I. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research.
Over 2 million registered users

Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.

Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustment

You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.

Why Sign-up to vLex?

Over 100 Countries

Thousands of Data Sources

Find What You Need, Quickly

Over 2 million registered users

You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.

Why Sign-up to vLex?

Over 100 Countries

Thousands of Data Sources

Find What You Need, Quickly

Over 2 million registered users

You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.

Why Sign-up to vLex?

Over 100 Countries

Thousands of Data Sources

Find What You Need, Quickly

Over 2 million registered users

You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.

Why Sign-up to vLex?

Over 100 Countries

Thousands of Data Sources

Find What You Need, Quickly

Over 2 million registered users

You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.

Why Sign-up to vLex?

Over 100 Countries

Thousands of Data Sources

Find What You Need, Quickly

Over 2 million registered users

Why Sign-up to vLex?

Over 100 Countries

Thousands of Data Sources

Find What You Need, Quickly

Over 2 million registered users

You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.

Why Sign-up to vLex?

Over 100 Countries

Thousands of Data Sources

Find What You Need, Quickly

Over 2 million registered users