Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerance

Federal Register: February 27, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 39)

Rules and Regulations

Page 10390-10396

From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]

DOCID:fr27fe08-6

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 180

EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0857; FRL-8350-3

Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerance

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

SUMMARY: This regulation establishes tolerances for residues of cyfluthrin in or on grass, forage, fodder and hay group 17, forage at 12 ppm; grass, forage, fodder and hay, group 17, hay at 50 ppm; beet, sugar, roots at 0.10 ppm; and beet, sugar, dried pulp at 1.0 ppm.

Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR-4), and Bayer CropScience requested these tolerances under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic

Act (FFDCA).

DATES: This regulation is effective February 27, 2008. Objections and requests for hearings must be received on or before April 28, 2008, and must be filed in accordance with the instructions provided in 40 CFR part 178 (see also Unit I.C. of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION).

ADDRESSES: EPA has established a docket for this action under docket identification (ID) number EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0857. To access the electronic docket, go to http://www.regulations.gov, select ``Advanced

Search,'' then ``Docket Search.'' Insert the docket ID number where indicated and select the ``Submit'' button. Follow the instructions on the regulations.gov website to view the docket index or access available documents. All documents in the docket are listed in the docket index available in regulations.gov. Although listed in the index, some information is not publicly available, e.g., Confidential

Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on the Internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket materials are available in the electronic docket at http://www.regulations.gov, or, if only available in hard copy, at the OPP Regulatory Public Docket in

Rm. S-4400, One Potomac Yard (South Bldg.), 2777 S. Crystal Dr.,

Arlington, VA. The Docket Facility is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m.,

Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The Docket Facility telephone number is (703) 305-5805.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Shaja R. Brothers, Registration

Division (7505P), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental

Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460- 0001; telephone number: (703) 308-3194; e-mail address: brothers.shaja@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

1. General Information

   1. Does this Action Apply to Me?

      You may be potentially affected by this action if you are an agricultural producer, food manufacturer, or pesticide manufacturer.

      Potentially affected entities may include, but are not limited to those engaged in the following activities:

      Crop production (NAICS code 111), e.g., agricultural workers; greenhouse, nursery, and floriculture workers; farmers.

      Animal production (NAICS code 112), e.g., cattle ranchers and farmers, dairy cattle farmers, livestock farmers.

      Food manufacturing (NAICS code 311), e.g., agricultural workers; farmers; greenhouse, nursery, and floriculture workers; ranchers; pesticide applicators.

      Pesticide manufacturing (NAICS code 32532), e.g., agricultural workers; commercial applicators; farmers; greenhouse, nursery, and floriculture workers; residential users.

      This listing is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to provide a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this action. Other types of entities not listed in this unit could also be affected. The North American Industrial Classification System

      (NAICS) codes have been provided to assist you and others in determining whether this action might apply to certain entities. If you have any questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular entity, consult

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      the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.

   2. How Can I Access Electronic Copies of this Document?

      In addition to accessing an electronic copy of this Federal

      Register document through the electronic docket at http:// www.regulations.gov, you may access this Federal Register document electronically through the EPA Internet under the ``Federal Register'' listings at http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr. You may also access a frequently updated electronic version of EPA's tolerance regulations at 40 CFR part 180 through the Government Printing Office's pilot e-CFR site at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr.

   3. Can I File an Objection or Hearing Request?

      Under section 408(g) of FFDCA, any person may file an objection to any aspect of this regulation and may also request a hearing on those objections. You must file your objection or request a hearing on this regulation in accordance with the instructions provided in 40 CFR part 178. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, you must identify docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0857 in the subject line on the first page of your submission. All requests must be in writing, and must be mailed or delivered to the Hearing Clerk as required by 40 CFR part 178 on or before April 28, 2008.

      In addition to filing an objection or hearing request with the

      Hearing Clerk as described in 40 CFR part 178, please submit a copy of the filing that does not contain any CBI for inclusion in the public docket that is described in ADDRESSES. Information not marked confidential pursuant to 40 CFR part 2 may be disclosed publicly by EPA without prior notice. Submit this copy, identified by docket ID number

      EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0857, by one of the following methods:

      Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.

      Follow the on-line instructions for submitting comments.

      Mail: Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) Regulatory Public

      Docket (7502P), Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania

      Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001.

      Delivery: OPP Regulatory Public Docket (7502P),

      Environmental Protection Agency, Rm. S-4400, One Potomac Yard (South

      Bldg.), 2777 S. Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA. Deliveries are only accepted during the Docket's normal hours of operation (8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays). Special arrangements should be made for deliveries of boxed information. The

      Docket Facility telephone number is (703) 305-5805.

2. Petition for Tolerance

   In the Federal Registers of October 27, 2006 (71 FR 63011) (FRL- 8100-2), and May 9, 2007 (72 FR 26372) (FRL-8121-5) EPA issued notices pursuant to section 408(d)(3) of FFDCA, 21 U.S.C. 346a(d)(3), announcing the filing of pesticide petitions (PP) 6E7058 by IR-4, 500

   College Road East, Suite 201 W, Princeton, NJ, 08540; and (PP) 6F7160 by Bayer CropScience, 2.T.W. Alexander Drive, PO Box 12014, Research

   Triangle Park, NC 27709. The petitions requested that 40 CFR 180.436 be amended by establishing tolerances for residues of the insecticide cyfluthrin, cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2- dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, in or on grass, forage at 15 parts per million (ppm) (PP 6E7058); grass, hay at 40 ppm

   (PP 6E7058); beet, sugar, roots at 0.09 ppm (PP 6F7160); and beet, sugar, dried pulp at 11 ppm (PP 6F7160). The notices referenced a summary of the petition prepared by Bayer CropScience, the registrant, which is available to the public in the docket, http:// www.regulations.gov. Comments were received from a private citizen on the notices of filing concerning the tolerances for grass, forage; grass, hay; beet, sugar, roots; and beet, sugar, dried pulp. EPA's response to these comments is discussed in Unit IV.C.

   Based upon review of the data supporting the petition, EPA has revised the commodity and/or tolerance expressions for the proposed petitions. The reason for these changes is explained in Unit IV.C.

3. Aggregate Risk Assessment and Determination of Safety

   Section 408(b)(2)(A)(i) of FFDCA allows EPA to establish a tolerance (the legal limit for a pesticide chemical residue in or on a food) only if EPA determines that the tolerance is ``safe.'' Section 408(b)(2)(A)(ii) of FFDCA defines ``safe'' to mean that ``there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue, including all anticipated dietary exposures and all other exposures for which there is reliable information.'' This includes exposure through drinking water and in residential settings, but does not include occupational exposure.

   Section 408(b)(2)(C) of FFDCA requires EPA to give special consideration to exposure of infants and children to the pesticide chemical residue in establishing a tolerance and to ``ensure that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue....'' These provisions were added to FFDCA by the Food Quality

   Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996.

   Consistent with FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(D), and the factors specified in FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(D), EPA has reviewed the available scientific data and other relevant information in support of this action. EPA has sufficient data to assess the hazards of and to make a determination on aggregate exposure for the petitioned-for tolerance for residues of cyfluthrin on grass, forage, fodder and hay, group 17, forage at 12 ppm; grass, forage, fodder and hay, group 17, hay at 50 ppm; beet, sugar, roots at 0.10 ppm; and beet, sugar, dried pulp at 1.0 ppm. EPA's assessment of exposures and risks associated with establishing the tolerance follows.

   1. Toxicological Profile

      EPA has evaluated the available toxicity data and considered its validity, completeness, and reliability as well as the relationship of the results of the studies to human risk. EPA has also considered available information concerning the variability of the sensitivities of major identifiable subgroups of consumers, including infants and children.

      Toxicologically, the primary target for cyfluthrin/beta-cyfluthrin is the neuromuscular system; other non-specific effects include decreased body weight gain, and decreased food consumption. The observed neuromuscular effects (tremors, gait abnormities, abnormal postural reactions, splaying of limbs and decreases in activity) occurred mainly in oral studies in the dog and the rat. In general, the toxicity data base does not indicate that any major differences in toxicity exist between beta-cyfluthrin and cyfluthrin via the oral route. Data from the inhalation toxicity study showed evidence of clinical signs as well as hypothermia and decreased body weight gains.

      In a postnatal inhalation study in mice, there were clinical signs of neurotoxicity in the pups as well as increased spontaneous motor activity and paresthesia (tingling, burning or prickling - also seen in oral studies).

      In oral developmental studies no increased susceptibility was observed in the rat or rabbit; however, increased susceptibility was observed in inhalation developmental studies. Increased susceptibility was also seen in oral reproduction studies and in a

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      developmental neurotoxicity study on beta-cyfluthrin. The data also demonstrate increased susceptibility of rats and mice to cyfluthrin postnatally.

      The database does not indicate that either cyfluthrin or beta- cyfluthrin induces any endocrine disruption; and, there is no concern of mutagenicity. EPA has classified cyfluthrin/beta-cyfluthrin as ``not likely to be carcinogenic to humans.''

      Specific information on the studies received and the nature of the adverse effects caused by cyfluthrin as well as the no-observed- adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) and the lowest-observed-adverse-effect- level (LOAEL) from the toxicity studies can be found in the Cyfluthrin:

      Human Health Risk Assessment for New Uses on Grasses, Alfalfa, and

      Sugar Beet Seed and Revised Tolerances on Cereal Grain Commodities on pages 54-64 at www.regulations.gov. The referenced document is available in docket EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0857.

   2. Toxicological Endpoints

      For hazards that have a threshold below which there is no appreciable risk, the toxicological level of concern (LOC) is derived from the highest dose at which no adverse effects are observed (the

      NOAEL) in the toxicology study identified as appropriate for use in risk assessment. However, if a NOAEL cannot be determined, the lowest dose at which adverse effects of concern are identified (the LOAEL) is sometimes used for risk assessment. Uncertainty/safety factors (UFs) are used in conjunction with the LOC to take into account uncertainties inherent in the extrapolation from laboratory animal data to humans and in the variations in sensitivity among members of the human population as well as other unknowns. Safety is assessed for acute and chronic risks by comparing aggregate exposure to the pesticide to the acute population adjusted dose (aPAD) and chronic population adjusted dose

      (cPAD). The aPAD and cPAD are calculated by dividing the LOC by all applicable UFs. Short-, intermediate-, and long-term risks are evaluated by comparing aggregate exposure to the LOC to ensure that the margin of exposure (MOE) called for by the product of all applicable

      UFs is not exceeded.

      For non-threshold risks, the Agency assumes that any amount of exposure will lead to some degree of risk and estimates risk in terms of the probability of occurrence of additional adverse cases.

      Generally, cancer risks are considered non-threshold. For more information on the general principles EPA uses in risk characterization and a complete description of the risk assessment process, see http:// www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/1997/November/Day-26/p30948.htm.

      A summary of the toxicological endpoints for cyfluthrin used for human risk assessmentcan be found at http://www.regulations.gov in the

      Cyfluthrin: Human Health Risk Assessment for New Uses of Grasses,

      Alfalfa, and Sugar Beet Seed and Revised Tolerances on Cereal Grain

      Commodities on pages 23 and 24 for docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2006- 0857.

   3. Exposure Assessment 1. Dietary exposure from food and feed uses. In evaluating dietary exposure to cyfluthrin, EPA considered exposure under the petitioned- for tolerances as well as all existing cyfluthrin tolerances in (40 CFR 180.436). EPA assessed dietary exposures from cyfluthrin in food as follows: i. Acute exposure. Quantitative acute dietary exposure and risk assessments are performed for a food-use pesticide, if a toxicological study has indicated the possibility of an effect of concern occurring as a result of a 1-day or single exposure. In estimating acute dietary exposure, EPA used food consumption information from the U.S.

      Department of Agriculture (USDA) 1994-1996 and 1998 Nationwide

      Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). As to residue levels in food, EPA's analysis was based on tolerance level residues, crop field trial data, Pesticide Data Program (PDP) monitoring data, percent crop treated, anticipated residues in animal commodities, and processing factors. ii. Chronic exposure. In conducting the chronic dietary exposure assessment, EPA used the food consumption data from the USDA 1994-1996, and 1998 CSFII. As to residue levels in food, EPA's analysis was based on tolerance level residues, crop field trial data, PDP monitoring data, average percent crop treated, anticipated residues in animal commodities, and processing factors. iii. Cancer. A cancer dietary exposure analysis was not performed because EPA has classified cyfluthrin as being ``not likely to cause cancer in humans.'' iv. Anticipated residue and percent crop treated (PCT) information.

      Section 408(b)(2)(E) of FFDCA authorizes EPA to use available data and information on the anticipated residue levels of pesticide residues in food and the actual levels of pesticide residues that have been measured in food. If EPA relies on such information, EPA must pursuant to FFDCA section 408(f)(1) require that data be provided 5 years after the tolerance is established, modified, or left in effect, demonstrating that the levels in food are not above the levels anticipated. For the present action, EPA will issue such data call-ins as are required by FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(E) and authorized under

      FFDCA section 408(f)(1). Data will be required to be submitted no later than 5 years from the date of issuance of this tolerance.

      Section 408(b)(2)(F) of FFDCA states that the Agency may use data on the actual percent of food treated for assessing chronic dietary risk only if: a. The data used are reliable and provide a valid basis to show what percentage of the food derived from such crop is likely to contain such pesticide residue. b. The exposure estimate does not underestimate exposure for any significant subpopulation group. c. Data are available on pesticide use and food consumption in a particular area, the exposure estimate does not understate exposure for the population in such area. In addition, the Agency must provide for periodic evaluation of any estimates used. To provide for the periodic evaluation of the estimate of PCT as required by FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(F), EPA may require registrants to submit data on PCT.

      The Agency used PCT information for chronic dietary exposures as follows:

      Almond 1%; cabbage 5%; cantaloupe 1%; field corn 5%; cotton 10%; cucumber 1%; pecan 1%; pepper 10%; potato 25%; pumpkin 1%; sorghum 1%; soybean 1%; squash 5%; sugarcane 1%; sunflower 1%; and watermelon 2.5%.

      EPA uses an average PCT for the acute and chronic dietary risk analysis. The average PCT figure for each existing use is derived by combining available federal, state, and private market survey data for that use, averaging by year, averaging across all years, and rounding up to the nearest multiple of 5% except for those situations in which the average PCT is less than one. In those cases