Special Conditions: Eurocopter France (ECF) Model EC225LP Helicopter, Installation of a Search and Rescue (SAR) Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS)
Federal Register, Volume 77 Issue 194 (Friday, October 5, 2012)
Federal Register Volume 77, Number 194 (Friday, October 5, 2012)
Rules and Regulations
Pages 60883-60887
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office www.gpo.gov
FR Doc No: 2012-24676
Page 60883
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Federal Aviation Administration
14 CFR Part 29
Docket No. SW022; Special Conditions No. 29-022A-SC
Special Conditions: Eurocopter France (ECF) Model EC225LP Helicopter, Installation of a Search and Rescue (SAR) Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS)
AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.
ACTION: Amended final special conditions.
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SUMMARY: These special conditions amend and supersede those final special conditions No. 29-022-SC, for the ECF model EC225LP helicopter, which were published in the Federal Register on November 6, 2008 (73 FR 65968). A notice proposing this amendment was published December 20, 2010 (75 FR 79312). This amendment modifies the original final special conditions to address comments received and to clarify the intent of some of the requirements. This helicopter, as modified by ECF, will have novel or unusual design features associated with installing an optional SAR AFCS. The applicable airworthiness regulations do not contain adequate or appropriate safety standards for these design features. These special conditions contain the additional safety standards that the Administrator considers necessary to establish a level of safety equivalent to that established by the existing airworthiness standards.
DATES: Effective Date: The effective date of these special conditions is November 5, 2012.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: FAA, Aircraft Certification Service, Rotorcraft Directorate, Regulations and Policy Group (ASW-111), Attn: Stephen Barbini, 2601 Meacham Blvd., Fort Worth, Texas 76137; telephone (817) 222-5196; facsimile (817) 222-5961.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background and Discussion
On March 27, 2006, ECF applied for a change to Type Certificate (TC) No. H4EU to install an optional SAR AFCS in the model EC225LP helicopter. The model EC225LP is a transport category helicopter certificated to Category A requirements when configured for more than nine passengers and Category A or B requirements when configured for nine or less passengers. This helicopter is also certificated for instrument flight under the requirements of Appendix B to 14 CFR part 29, Amendment 29-47.
The use of dedicated AFCS upper modes, in which a fully coupled autopilot provides operational SAR profiles, is needed for SAR operations conducted over water in offshore areas clear of obstructions. The SAR modes enable the helicopter pilot to fly fully coupled maneuvers, to include predefined search patterns during cruise flight, and to transition from cruise flight to a stabilized hover and departure (transition from hover to cruise flight). The SAR AFCS also includes an auxiliary crew control that allows another crewmember (such as a hoist operator) to have limited authority to control the helicopter's longitudinal and lateral position during hover operations.
Flight operations conducted over water at night may have an extremely limited visual horizon with little visual reference to the surface even when conducted under Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC). Consequently, the certification requirements for SAR modes must meet Appendix B to 14 CFR part 29. While Appendix B to 14 CFR part 29 prescribes airworthiness criteria for instrument flight, it does not consider operations below instrument flight minimum speed (VMINI), whereas the SAR modes allow for coupled operations at low speed, all-azimuth flight to zero airspeed (hover).
Since SAR operations have traditionally been a public use mission, the use of SAR modes in civil operations requires special airworthiness standards (special conditions) to ensure that a level of safety consistent with Category A and Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) certification is maintained. In this regard, 14 CFR part 29 lacks adequate airworthiness standards for AFCS SAR mode certification to include flight characteristics, performance, and installed equipment and systems.
Type Certification Basis
Under 14 CFR 21.101, ECF must show the EC225LP, as changed, continues to meet the applicable provisions of the rules incorporated by reference in TC No. H4EU or the applicable regulations in effect on the date of application for the change. The regulations incorporated by reference in the TC are commonly referred to as the ``original type certification basis.'' The regulations incorporated by reference in H4EU are as follows:
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14 CFR part 29 Amendments 29-1 to 29-25; plus Sec. 29.785 through Amendment 29-28; plus Sec. Sec. 29.963, 29.967, 29.973, 29.975 through Amendment 29-34; plus Sec. Sec. 29.25, 29.865 through Amendment 29-42; plus Sec. Sec. 29.1, 29.2, 29.49, 29.51, 29.53, 29.55, 29.59, 29.60, 29.61, 29.62, 29.64, 29.65, 29.67, 29.73, 29.75, 29.77, 29.79, 29.81, 29.83, 29.85, 29.87, 29.307, 29.337, 29.351, 29.361, 29.391, 29.395, 29.397, 29.401, 29.403, 29.413, 29.427, 29.501, 29.519, 29.547, 29.549, 29.561(c), 29.561(d), 29.563, 29.602, 29.610, 29.613, 29.621, 29.625, 29.629, 29.631, 29.663, 29.674, 29.727, 29.755, 29.775, 29.783, 29.787, 29.803, 29.805, 29.807, 29.809, 29.811, 29.855, 29.861, 29.901, 29.903, 29.908, 29.917, 29.923, 29.927, 29.954, 29.961, 29.965, 29.969, 29.971, 29.991, 29.997, 29.999, 29.1001, 29.1011, 29.1019, 29.1027, 29.1041, 29.1043, 29.1045, 29.1047, 29.1093, 29.1125, 29.1141, 29.1143, 29.1163, 29.1181, 29.1189, 29.1193, 29.1305, 29.1309, 29.1323, 29.1329, 29.1337, 29.1351, 29.1359, 29.1415, 29.1521, 29.1549, 29.1557, 29.1587, A29, B29, C29, D29 through Amendment 29-47; plus 29.1317 through Amendment 29-49.
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14 CFR part 36 Amendment 21 (ICAO Annex 16, Volume 1, Chapter 8).
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Equivalent Safety Findings:
(1) TC2899RD-R-F-01; Sec. 29.1303(j), Vne aural warning.
(2) TC2899RD-R-F-02; Sec. 29.1545(b)(4), Airspeed indicators markings.
(3) TC2899RD-R-F-03; Sec. 29.1549(b), Powerplant instruments markings.
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(4) TC2899RD-R-F-05; Sec. Sec. 29.173, 29.175, Static Longitudinal Stability.
(5) TC2899RD-R-F-06; 14 CFR part 29, Appendix B, paragraph IV; IFR Static Longitudinal Stability--Airspeed stability.
(6) TC2899RD-R-A-01; Sec. 29.807(d)(2), Ditching emergency exits for passengers.
(7) TC2899RD-R-P-01; Sec. 29.923(a)(2), Rotor drive system and control mechanism tests.
In addition to the applicable airworthiness standards and special conditions, the ECF model EC225LP must comply with the noise certification requirements of 14 CFR part 36.
Regulatory Basis for Special Conditions
If the Administrator finds the applicable airworthiness standards (that is, 14 CFR part 29) do not contain adequate or appropriate safety standards for the ECF model EC225LP helicopter because of a novel or unusual design feature, special conditions are prescribed under Sec. 21.16.
The FAA issues special conditions, as defined in Sec. 11.19, under Sec. 11.38, and they become part of the type certification basis under Sec. 21.101.
Special conditions are initially applicable to the model for which they are issued. Should the TC for that model be amended later to include any other model that incorporates the same novel or unusual design feature, or should any other model already included on the same TC be modified to incorporate the same novel or unusual design feature, these special conditions would also apply to the other model.
Novel or Unusual Design Features
The ECF model EC225LP helicopter will incorporate the following novel or unusual design features:
The SAR system is composed of a navigation computer with SAR modes, an AFCS that provides coupled SAR functions, hoist operator control, a hover speed reference system, and two radio altimeters. The AFCS coupled SAR functions include:
(a) Hover hold at selected height above the surface.
(b) Ground speed hold.
(c) Transition down and hover to a waypoint under guidance from the navigation computer.
(d) SAR pattern, transition down, and hover near a target over which the helicopter has flown.
(e) Transition up, climb, and capture a cruise height.
(f) Capture and track SAR search patterns generated by the navigation computer.
(g) Monitor the preselected hover height with automatic increase in collective if the aircraft height drops below the safe minimum height.
These SAR modes are intended to be used over large bodies of water in areas clear of obstructions. Further, use of the SAR modes that transition down from cruise to hover will include operation at airspeeds below VMINI.
The SAR system only entails navigation, flight control, and coupled AFCS operation of the helicopter. The system does not include the extra equipment that may be required for over water flight or external loads to meet other operational requirements.
Discussion of Comments
In response to the final special conditions with request for comments, No. 29-022-SC, published in the Federal Register on November 6, 2008 (73 FR 65968), we received multiple comments from one commenter, AgustaWestland (AW). We responded to the comments and recommendations in the notice of proposed special conditions No. 29-
022A-SC for the ECF model EC225LP helicopter installation of a SAR AFCS, published in the Federal Register on December 20, 2010 (75 FR 79312). Because we agreed with some of AW's comments, the notice proposed to revise the special conditions and clarify the intent of some of the requirements.
We gave the public the opportunity to comment on the amendments to the special conditions, but no additional comments were received in response to the notice of special conditions. Therefore, the amended special conditions are being adopted as proposed.
A summary of the amendments and clarification from the original special conditions published in No. 29-022-SC follows:
Referring to subparagraph (a)(3), which deals with a Go-Around mode, we disagree with AW's interpretation of the requirement, however we recognize the wording may be unclear. We made a change to subparagraph (a)(3) to reflect that the required Go-Around mode is pilot-selectable and the purpose is to interrupt any other coupled mode. We also clarified in subparagraph (a)(2) that this requirement pertains to normal SAR mode sequencing.
With respect to subparagraphs (b)(3) and (b)(4) of the SAR Mode System Architecture, we concurred with AW's recommendations, which is consistent with the requirement of subparagraph (b)(2). Therefore, subparagraphs (b)(3) and (b)(4) are revised to additionally require the actual groundspeed and actual heading to be displayed to the pilot.
In AW's reference to subparagraph (c)(3), we made non-substantive changes to improve the intent of the requirement.
Additional wording was added to subparagraph (f)(1)(i)(C) that provides linkage to the minimum use height (MUH) determination made in subparagraph (c)(3). This change was made for clarification purposes only and is not intended to increase or alleviate the current requirements. We have also defined MUH in subparagraph (c)(3). We do not intend for the SAR AFCS to decouple automatically if the helicopter descends below MUH.
We made some other minor changes to improve and clarify wording, with no substantive increase or decrease to the current requirements, as follows:
In subparagraph (a)(1) we added ``(within the maximum demonstrated wind envelope)'' to highlight that safe and controlled flight is required throughout the wind envelope. Adding this phrase does not change our intent of SAR envelope definition.
We added, ``Pilot-commanded descent below the safe minimum height is acceptable provided the alerting requirements in (b)(7)(i) are sufficient to alert the pilot of this encroachment'' to subparagraph (a)(4). This clarifies that the SAR AFCS is permitted to descend below the stored or pilot-selected safe minimum height only when commanded by the pilot, provided the alerting requirements are sufficient to alert the pilot of the descent.
We modified subparagraph (b)(6) to indicate that the AFCS system must monitor for all deviations and failures, not just those that create a hazard, which was our original intent. The alerting requirement does not change; a pilot alert is still required for all deviations and all failures that require pilot-corrective action.
Clarified subparagraph (b)(7) by adding subparagraph (iii) for normal transitions. This makes the requirement more specific.
We clarified in subparagraph (b)(8) that the hoist operator control has limited authority.
Subparagraph (b)(8)(iii) of the current special condition contains two requirements. We have separated them, so subparagraph (b)(8)(iii) only contains the hoist operator control noninterference requirement and subparagraph (b)(8)(iv) contains the pilot override criteria for the hoist control.
We modified subparagraph (d)(2) by deleting ``danger of'' from the first sentence. This change does not alter the intent of this requirement.
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Subparagraph (d)(3)(iii)(B) was modified to incorporate more general terms to clarify the requirement.
We changed subparagraph (b)(10) to state a functional hazard assessment must address all failure conditions, not just those that represent catastrophic failure conditions. This change makes this SAR special condition requirement consistent with the requirements of Sec. 29.1309.
We changed the second paragraph in subparagraph (e)(1)(ii) to a note. This ``note'' provides information only and is better characterized as a ``note.'' The original wording was always intended to stand as a note, but it was not previously marked as one.
We removed the parenthetical from subparagraph (g)(4) as it is not needed. The intent of this requirement has not changed.
Finally, we clarified subparagraphs (g)(4)(i) and (g)(4)(ii), by changing ``transition,'' ``hover,'' and ``cruise'' to ``transition modes,'' ``hover modes,'' and ``cruise modes,'' respectively. This general wording allows an applicant more flexibility in the use of SAR mode terminology.
Applicability
These special conditions apply to the ECF model EC225LP helicopters. Should ECF apply at a later date for a change to the TC to include another model incorporating the same novel or unusual design feature, these special conditions would apply to that model as well under the provisions of Sec. 21.101(d).
Conclusion
This action affects only certain novel or unusual design features on one model of helicopter. It is not a rule of general applicability.
List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 29
Aircraft, Aviation safety.
The authority citation for these special conditions is as follows:
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44702, 44704.
The Special Conditions
Accordingly, pursuant to the authority delegated to me by the Administrator, the type certification basis for Eurocopter France model EC225LP helicopter, Type Certificate No. H4EU, is amended by removing Special Condition No. 29-022-SC from Docket No. SW022 (published in 73 FR 65968, November 6, 2088) and adding the following special conditions (No. 29-022A-SC) to the type certification basis when the optional Search and Rescue (SAR) Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) is installed:
In addition to the part 29 certification requirements for Category A and helicopter instrument flight (Appendix B), the following additional requirements must be met for certification of the SAR AFCS:
(a) SAR Flight Modes. The coupled SAR flight modes must provide:
(1) Safe and controlled flight in three axes (lateral and longitudinal position/speed and height/vertical speed) at all airspeeds from instrument flight minimum speed (VMINI) to a hover (within the maximum demonstrated wind envelope).
(2) Automatic transition to the helicopter instrument flight (Appendix B) envelope as part of the normal SAR mode sequencing.
(3) A pilot-selectable Go-Around mode that safely interrupts any other coupled mode and automatically transitions to the helicopter instrument flight (Appendix B) envelope.
(4) A means to prevent unintended flight below a safe minimum height. Pilot-commanded descent below the safe minimum height is acceptable provided the alerting requirements in (b)(7)(i) are sufficient to alert the pilot of this descent below safe minimum height.
(b) SAR Mode System Architecture. To support the integrity of the SAR modes, the following system architecture is required:
(1) A system for limiting the engine power demanded by the AFCS when any of the automatic piloting modes are engaged, so full authority digital engine control (FADEC) power limitations, such as torque and temperature, are not exceeded.
(2) A system providing the aircraft height above the surface and final pilot-selected height at a location on the instrument panel in a position acceptable to the FAA that will make it plainly visible to and usable by any pilot at their station.
(3) A system providing the aircraft heading and the pilot-selected heading at a location on the instrument panel in a position acceptable to the FAA that will make it plainly visible to and usable by any pilot at their station.
(4) A system providing the aircraft longitudinal and lateral ground speeds and the pilot-selected longitudinal and lateral ground speeds when used by the AFCS in the flight envelope where airspeed indications become unreliable. This information must be presented at a location on the instrument panel in a position acceptable to the FAA that is plainly visible to and usable by any pilot at their station.
(5) A system providing wind speed and wind direction when automatic piloting modes are engaged or transitioning from one mode to another.
(6) A system that monitors for flight guidance deviations and failures with an appropriate alerting function that enables the flight crew to take appropriate corrective action.
(7) An alerting system must provide visual or aural alerts, or both, to the flight crew under any of the following conditions:
(i) When the stored or pilot-selected safe minimum height is reached.
(ii) When a SAR mode system malfunction occurs.
(iii) When the AFCS changes modes automatically from one SAR mode to another.
Note: For normal transitions from one SAR mode to another, a single visual or aural alert may suffice. For a SAR mode malfunction or a mode having a time-critical component, the flight crew alerting system must activate early enough to allow the flight crew to take timely and appropriate action. The alerting system means must be designed to alert the flight crew in order to minimize crew errors that could create an additional hazard.
(8) The SAR system hoist operator control is considered a flight control with limited authority and must comply with the following:
(i) The hoist operator control must be designed and located to provide for convenient operation and to prevent confusion and inadvertent operation.
(ii) The helicopter must be safely controllable by the hoist operator control throughout the range of that control.
(iii) The hoist operator control may not interfere with the safe operation of the helicopter.
(iv) Pilot and copilot flight controls must be able to smoothly override the control authority of the hoist operator control, without exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or strength, and without the danger of exceeding any other limitation because of the override.
(9) The reliability of the AFCS must be related to the effects of its failure. The occurrence of any failure condition that would prevent continued safe flight and landing must be extremely improbable. For any failure condition of the AFCS which is not shown to be extremely improbable:
(i) The helicopter must be safely controllable and capable of continued safe flight without exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or strength. Additional unrelated probable failures affecting the control system must be evaluated.
(ii) The AFCS must be designed so that it cannot create a hazardous deviation in the flight path or produce hazardous loads on the helicopter during normal operation or in the event
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of a malfunction or failure, assuming corrective action begins within an appropriate period of time. Where multiple systems are installed, subsequent malfunction conditions must be evaluated in sequence unless their occurrence is shown to be improbable.
(10) A functional hazard assessment (FHA) and a system safety assessment must be provided to address the failure conditions associated with SAR operations. For SAR catastrophic failure conditions, changes may be required to the following:
(i) System architecture.
(ii) Software and complex electronic hardware design assurance levels.
(iii) High Intensity Radiated Field (HIRF) test levels.
(iv) Instructions for continued airworthiness.
The assessments must consider all the systems required for SAR operations to include the AFCS, all associated AFCS sensors (for example, radio altimeter), and primary flight displays. Electrical and electronic systems with SAR catastrophic failure conditions (for example, AFCS) must comply with the Sec. 29.1317(a)(4) HIRF requirements.
(c) SAR Mode Performance Requirements.
(1) The SAR modes must be demonstrated in the requested flight envelope for the following minimum sea-state and wind conditions:
(i) Sea State: Wave height of 2.5 meters (8.2 feet), considering both short and long swells.
(ii) Wind: 25 knots headwind; 17 knots for all other azimuths.
(2) The selected hover height and hover velocity must be captured (to include the transition from one captured mode to another captured mode) accurately and smoothly and not exhibit any significant overshoot or oscillation.
(3) For any single failure or any combination of failures of the AFCS that is not shown to be extremely improbable, the recovery must not result in a loss of height greater than half of the minimum use height (MUH) with a minimum margin of 15 feet above the surface. MUH is the minimum height at which any SAR AFCS mode can be engaged.
(4) The SAR mode system must be usable up to the maximum certified gross weight of the aircraft or to the lower of the following weights:
(i) Maximum emergency flotation weight.
(ii) Maximum hover Out-of-Ground Effect (OGE) weight.
(iii) Maximum demonstrated weight.
(d) Flight Characteristics.
(1) The basic aircraft must meet all the part 29 airworthiness criteria for helicopter instrument flight (Appendix B).
(2) For SAR mode coupled flight below VMINI, at the maximum demonstrated winds, the helicopter must be able to maintain any required flight condition and make a smooth transition from any flight condition to any other flight condition without requiring exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or strength, and without exceeding the limit load factor. This requirement also includes aircraft control through the hoist operator's control.
(3) For SAR modes at airspeeds below VMINI, the following requirements of Appendix B to part 29 must be met and will be used as an extension to the IFR certification envelope of the basic aircraft:
(i) Static Longitudinal Stability: The requirements of paragraph IV of Appendix B are not applicable.
(ii) Static Lateral-Directional Stability: The requirements of paragraph V of Appendix B are not applicable.
(iii) Dynamic Stability: The requirements of paragraph VI of Appendix B are replaced with the following two paragraphs:
(A) Any oscillation must be damped and any aperiodic response must not double in amplitude in less than 10 seconds. This requirement must also be met with degraded upper mode(s) of the AFCS. An ``upper mode'' is a mode that utilizes a fully coupled autopilot to provide an operational SAR profile.
(B) After any upset, the AFCS must return the aircraft to the last commanded position within 10 seconds or less.
(4) With any of the upper mode(s) of the AFCS engaged, the pilot must be able to manually recover the aircraft and transition to the normal (Appendix B) IFR flight profile envelope without exceptional skill, alertness, or strength.
(e) One-Engine Inoperative (OEI) Performance Information.
(1) The following performance information must be provided in the Rotorcraft Flight Manual Supplement (RFMS):
(i) OEI performance information and emergency procedures, providing the maximum weight that will provide a minimum clearance of 15 feet above the surface, following failure of the critical engine in a hover. The maximum weight must be presented as a function of the hover height for the temperature and pressure altitude range requested for certification. The effects of wind must be reflected in the hover performance information.
(ii) Hover OGE performance with the critical engine inoperative for OEI continuous and time-limited power ratings for those weights, altitudes, and temperatures for which certification is requested.
Note: These OEI performance requirements do not replace performance requirements that may be needed to comply with the airworthiness or operational standards (Sec. 29.865 or 14 CFR part 133) for external loads or human external cargo.
(f) RFMS.
(1) The RFMS must contain, at a minimum:
(i) Limitations necessary for safe operation of the SAR system to include:
(A) Minimum crew requirements.
(B) Maximum SAR weight.
(C) Engagement criteria for each of the SAR modes to include MUH (as determined in subparagraph (c)(3)).
(ii) Normal and emergency procedures for operation of the SAR system (to include operation of the hoist operator control), with AFCS failure modes, AFCS degraded modes, and engine failures.
(iii) Performance information:
(A) OEI performance and height-loss.
(B) Hover OGE performance information, utilizing OEI continuous and time-limited power ratings.
(C) The maximum wind envelope demonstrated in flight test.
(g) Flight Demonstration.
(1) Before approval of the SAR system, an acceptable flight demonstration of all the coupled SAR modes is required.
(2) The AFCS must provide fail-safe operations during coupled maneuvers. The demonstration of fail-safe operations must include a pilot workload assessment associated with manually flying the aircraft to an altitude greater than 200 feet above the surface and an airspeed of at least the best rate of climb airspeed (Vy).
(3) For any failure condition of the SAR system not shown to be extremely improbable, the pilot must be able to make a smooth transition from one flight mode to another without exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or strength.
(4) Failure conditions that are not shown to be extremely improbable must be demonstrated by analysis, ground testing, or flight testing. For failures demonstrated in flight, the following normal pilot recovery times are acceptable:
(i) Transition modes (Cruise-to-Hover/Hover-to-Cruise) and Hover modes: Normal pilot recognition plus 1 second.
(ii) Cruise modes: Normal pilot recognition plus 3 seconds.
(5) All AFCS malfunctions must include evaluation at the low-speed and
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high-power flight conditions typical of SAR operations. Additionally, AFCS hard-over, slow-over, and oscillatory malfunctions, particularly in yaw, require evaluation. AFCS malfunction testing must include a single or a combination of failures (for example, erroneous data from and loss of the radio altimeter, attitude, heading, and altitude sensors) which are not shown to be extremely improbable.
(6) The flight demonstration must include the following environmental conditions:
(i) Swell into wind.
(ii) Swell and wind from different directions.
(iii) Cross swell.
(iv) Swell of different lengths (short and long swell).
Issued in Fort Worth, Texas, on September 25, 2012.
Kimberly K. Smith,
Manager, Rotorcraft Directorate, Aircraft Certification Service.
FR Doc. 2012-24676 Filed 10-4-12; 8:45 am
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