Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants:
Federal Register Volume 76, Number 111 (Thursday, June 9, 2011)
Proposed Rules
Pages 33880-33921
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
FR Doc No: 2011-13912
Page 33879
Vol. 76
Thursday,
No. 111
June 9, 2011
Part III
Department of the Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Endangered
Status, Revised Critical Habitat Designation, and Taxonomic Revision for Monardella linoides ssp. viminea; Proposed Rule
Proposed Rules
Page 33880
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17
Docket No. FWS-R8-ES-2010-0076
RIN 1018-AX18
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Endangered
Status, Revised Critical Habitat Designation, and Taxonomic Revision for Monardella linoides ssp. viminea
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to recognize the recent change to the taxonomy of the currently endangered plant taxon, Monardella linoides ssp. viminea, in which the subspecies was split into two distinct full species, Monardella viminea (willowy monardella) and Monardella stoneana (Jennifer's monardella). Because the original subspecies, Monardella linoides ssp. viminea, was listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended
(Act), we are reviewing and updating the threats analysis that we completed for the taxon in 1998, when it was listed as a subspecies, to determine if any of that analysis has changed based on this revised taxonomy. We are also reviewing the status of the new species,
Monardella stoneana. We propose that Monardella viminea's current listing status should be retained as endangered, and we propose to delist the portion of the old listed taxon that has been split off into the new species, Monardella stoneana, because it does not meet the definition of endangered or threatened under the Act. We also propose to designate critical habitat for Monardella viminea (willowy monardella). Approximately 348 acres (141 hectares) are proposed for designation as critical habitat for M. viminea, in San Diego County,
California. We are not proposing to designate critical habitat for
Monardella stoneana at this time because we do not believe this species warrants listing under the Act. However, should we determine, after review of the best available scientific information and public comment, that Monardella stoneana does warrant listing, we will propose critical habitat for Monardella stoneana, should it be determined to be prudent, in a separate proposed rule.
DATES: We will accept comments received or postmarked on or before
August 8, 2011. We must receive requests for public hearings, in writing, at the address shown in the ADDRESSES section by July 25, 2011.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
(1) Electronically: Go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. In the Keyword box, enter Docket No. FWS-R8-ES- 2010-0076, which is the docket number for this rulemaking. Then, in the
Search panel on the left side of the screen, under the Document Type heading, click on the Proposed Rules link to locate this document. You may submit a comment by clicking on ``Send a Comment or Submission.''
(2) By hard copy: Submit by U.S. mail or hand-delivery to: Public
Comments Processing, Attn: FWS-R8-ES-2010-0076; Division of Policy and
Directives Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax
Drive, MS 2042-PDM; Arlington, VA 22203.
We will not accept e-mail or faxes. We will post all comments on http://www.regulations.gov. This generally means that we will post any personal information you provide us (see the Public Comments section below for more information).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jim Bartel, Field Supervisor, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife Office, 6010
Hidden Valley Road, Suite 101, Carlsbad, CA 92011; telephone 760-431- 9440; facsimile 760-431-5901. If you use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Public Comments
We intend any final action resulting from this proposed rule will be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we request comments or information from other concerned government agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested party concerning this proposed rule. Please note that throughout the remainder of this document we will use the currently recognized names, Monardella viminea, for references to willowy monardella, and Monardella stoneana, for references to Jennifer's monardella. We particularly seek comments concerning:
(1) Specific information regarding our recognition of Monardella viminea and M. stoneana at the species rank, on the segregation of ranges of M. stoneana and M. viminea, and on our proposals that M. viminea should remain listed as endangered and that M. stoneana does not warrant listing under the Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).
(2) Any available information on known or suspected threats and proposed or ongoing development projects with the potential to threaten either Monardella viminea or M. stoneana.
(3) The effects of potential threat factors to both Monardella viminea and M. stoneana that are the basis for a listing determination under section 4(a) of the Act, which are:
(a) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of the species' habitat or range;
(b) Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes;
(c) Disease or predation;
(d) The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or
(e) Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.
(4) Specific information regarding impacts of fire on Monardella viminea or M. stoneana individuals or their habitat.
(5) The reasons why we should or should not designate habitat as
``critical habitat'' under section 4 of the Act for Monardella viminea including whether there are threats to the species from human activity, the degree of which can be expected to increase due to the designation, and whether that increase in threats outweighs the benefit of designation such that the designation of critical habitat may not be prudent.
(6) Specific information on:
(a) The amount and distribution of Monardella viminea or M. stoneana habitat,
(b) What areas, that were occupied at the time of listing (or are currently occupied) and that contain features essential to the conservation of these species, should be included in the designation and why,
(c) Special management considerations or protection that may be needed in critical habitat areas we are proposing, including managing for the potential effects of climate change, and
(d) What areas not occupied at the time of listing are essential for the conservation of the species and why.
(7) Information that may assist us in identifying or clarifying the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of
Monardella viminea.
(8) How the proposed critical habitat boundaries could be refined to more closely or accurately circumscribe the areas identified as containing the
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physical and biological features essential to the conservation of
Monardella viminea.
(9) How we could improve or modify our design of critical habitat units, particularly our criteria for width of essential habitat for
Monardella viminea. We especially request information on West Sycamore
Canyon and Unit 2 (where two groups of M. viminea were not included under the criteria used to draw proposed critical habitat boundaries) and areas such as Elanus, Lopez, and Rose Canyons that we have identified as not meeting the definition of critical habitat.
(10) Information on pollinators of Monardella viminea or M. stoneana that may be essential for the conservation of these species, including information on areas that provide habitat for these pollinators.
(11) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat.
(12) Information on the projected and reasonably likely impacts of climate change on the two species and the proposed critical habitat.
(13) Information on any quantifiable economic costs or benefits of the proposed designation of critical habitat.
(14) Any probable economic, national security, or other relevant impacts of designating any area that may be included in the final designation; in particular, any impacts on small entities or families, and the benefits of including or excluding areas that exhibit these impacts.
(15) Whether any specific areas we are proposing for critical habitat designation for Monardella viminea should be considered for exclusion under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, and whether the benefits of potentially excluding any specific area outweigh the benefits of including that area under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in particular for those lands covered by the County of San Diego Subarea Plan or the City of San Diego Subarea Plan under the Multiple Species Conservation
Program (MSCP). Information on obtaining copies of these plans will be provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Carlsbad Fish and
Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
(16) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and comments.
You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed revised rule by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. We will not accept comments sent by e-mail or fax or to an address not listed in the ADDRESSES section. We will post your entire comment-- including your personal identifying information--on http://www.regulations.gov. You may request at the top of your document that we withhold personal information such as your street address, phone number, or e-mail address from public review; however, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so.
Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting documentation we used in preparing the proposed rule, will be available for public inspection on http://www.regulations.gov (under Docket
Number FWS-R8-ES-2010-0076), or by appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Carlsbad Fish and
Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Public Hearing
The Act provides for one or more public hearings on this proposal, if requested. Requests must be received by the date listed in the DATES section. Such requests must be made in writing and be addressed to the
Field Supervisor at the address provided in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT section. We will schedule public hearings on this proposal, if any are requested, and announce the dates, times, and places of those hearings, as well as how to obtain reasonable accommodations, in the
Federal Register and local newspapers at least 15 days before the hearing.
Background
It is our intent to discuss only those topics directly relevant to our recognition of the taxonomic split of Monardella linoides ssp. viminea into two distinct taxa: Monardella viminea (willowy monardella) and Monardella stoneana (Jennifer's monardella); the retention of M. viminea as endangered; the proposed critical habitat for M. viminea; and our conclusion that M. stoneana is not endangered or threatened.
This proposed rule incorporates new information specific to M. viminea and M. stoneana including species descriptions, distributions, taxonomic rank, and nomenclature. We also provide information on current threats to the two species, potential pollinators, and additional information on soil not included in our listing rule for
Monardella linoides ssp. viminea published in the Federal Register on
October 13, 1998 (63 FR 54938), and our critical habitat designation published in the Federal Register on November 8, 2006 (71 FR 65662).
Previous Federal Action
Monardella linoides ssp. viminea was listed as endangered in 1998
(63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). An account of Federal actions prior to listing may be found in the listing rule (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). On November 9, 2005, we published a proposed rule to designate critical habitat for M. linoides ssp. viminea (70 FR 67956). On
November 8, 2006 (71 FR 65662), we published our final rule designating critical habitat for M. linoides ssp. viminea. On January 14, 2009, the
Center for Biological Diversity filed a complaint in the U.S. District
Court for the Southern District of California challenging our designation of critical habitat for M. linoides ssp. viminea (Center for Biological Diversity v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service and
Dirk Kempthorne, Secretary of the Interior, Case No. 3:09-CV-0050-MMA-
AJB). A settlement agreement was reached with the plaintiffs dated
November 14, 2009, in which we agreed to submit a proposed revised critical habitat designation to the Federal Register for publication by
February 18, 2011, and a final revised critical habitat designation to the Federal Register for publication by February 17, 2012. By order dated February 10, 2011, the district court approved a modification to the settlement agreement that extended the deadline for Federal
Register submission to June 18, 2011, for the proposed revised critical habitat designation. The deadline for submission of a final revised critical habitat designation to the Federal Register remains February 17, 2012.
Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Changes Affecting Monardella linoides ssp. viminea
In 2001, Kelly and Burrascano (2001, p. 4) noted that ``multiple biologists'' had observed differences in the southernmost occurrences of Monardella linoides ssp. viminea. Kelly and Burrascano (2001, p. 4) also stated that Andrew Sanders of the University of California at
Riverside believed the plants were a separate species. Elvin and
Sanders (2003, pp. 425-432) subsequently segregated the southern occurrences of willowy monardella as a distinct taxon and recognized it at the species rank as M. stoneana (see Figure 1). Elvin and Sanders
(2003, p. 430) also returned willowy monardella to its original specific rank as M. viminea. The Service initially disagreed with the segregation and classification of M. stoneana due to lack of sufficient
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supportive evidence presented by Elvin and Sanders (Bartel and Wallace 2004, pp. 1-3), a view continued in our 5-year review (Service 2008, pp. 6-7).
Further genetic investigation of Monardella has recently been conducted using ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats). ISSR is a general term for a genome region between microsatellite loci that can be used for DNA fingerprinting and delimiting species. ISSR analysis can have multiple application uses, including taxonomic studies of closely related species (Prince 2010, pers. comm.). Using ISSRs, Prince (2009, pp. 22-31) performed an extensive survey of Monardella taxa and found that M. stoneana and M. viminea were both more closely related to different subspecies of M. linoides than to each other. These data are supportive of the earlier recognition by the California Department of
Fish and Game (CDFG), California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB), and the California Native Plant Society (CNPS) of M. viminea and M. stoneana as two separate taxa. Moreover, M. viminea and M. stoneana are treated as full species in the recently available online unpublished treatment of Monardella (Brunell et al., in press) that will be published in the forthcoming revision of the Jepson Manual, the standard guide to the flora of California. According to the authors
(Brunell et al., in press), the two species can be morphologically differentiated based on slight differences in leaf width, bract length and width, and flower cluster width. Reportedly, M. viminea and M. stoneana will be similarly treated as separate species in the future treatment of the genus for the Flora of North America project (G.
Wallace, Service 2010, pers. obs.). As a result of the new data and supportive references noted above, we propose to recognize the change in the taxonomic rank and nomenclature of the listed entity as two distinct species, M. viminea and M. stoneana. We have included those proposed changes in the Proposed Regulation Promulgation section of this rule, and we expect to adopt them when we publish a final determination for this action.
When we listed Monardella linoides ssp. viminea, we considered 20 occurrences to be extant in the United States (see Table 1) (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). As of 2008, 9 occurrences were considered to be extirpated, leaving 11 extant occurrences (Service 2008, p. 5). All 9 extirpated occurrences were in central San Diego County, in the range of what is now considered to be M. viminea. Based on updated information from Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Miramar (Kassebaum 2010, pers. comm.), two additional occurrences have since been extirpated, again in the range of M. viminea. Additionally, as a result of taxonomic changes, the two southernmost occurrences were reclassified as M. stoneana after the 2008 5-year review (see Table 1).
Therefore, we believe there are now only seven occurrences of M. viminea, and these seven were extant at the time of listing. We are not aware of any new occurrences of M. viminea, other than those planted in 2007 as a conservation measure to offset impacts associated with the development of the Carroll Canyon Business Park. More information on the four translocated occurrences is discussed in the Geographic Range and Status section below. In addition to two occurrences now considered to be M. stoneana (but considered at listing to be M. linoides ssp. viminea), we now know of an additional 7 occurrences of M. stoneana, all in what was once the southern range of M. linoides ssp. viminea
(Figure 1). We presume those occurrences were extant at the time M. linoides ssp. viminea was listed. The single plant in the M. stoneana occurrence at Otay Lakes (M. stoneana EO 4, former M. viminea EO 28) was extirpated by the 2007 Harris fire. Therefore, we consider eight extant occurrences of M. stoneana.
Table 1--A Description of When Occurrences Were First Recognized by the Service, When They Were First Considered
Extirpated, and Which Occurrences the Service Currently Considers Extant
CNDDB element
Known and
Location
occurrence
extant at
Extant at 2008
Currently number (EO)
listing
5-yr review
extant
Monardella viminea:
Lopez Canyon............................
1
x
x
x
Cemetery Canyon.........................
3
x ............... ...............
Carroll Canyon..........................
4
x ............... ...............
Sycamore Canyon.........................
8
x
x
x
San Clemente Canyon.....................
11
x ............... ...............
San Clemente Canyon.....................
12, 18, 19
x ............... ...............
San Clemente Canyon.....................
13
x ............... ...............
Murphy Canyon...........................
14
x ............... ...............
Murphy Canyon...........................
15
x
x ...............
San Clemente Canyon.....................
16
x ............... ...............
San Clemente Canyon.....................
17
x ............... ...............
West Sycamore Canyon....................
21
x
x
x
Elanus Canyon...........................
24
x
x
x
Carroll Canyon..........................
25
x ............... ...............
Spring Canyon...........................
26
x
x
x
San Clemente Canyon.....................
27
x
x
x
Otay Lakes..............................
28
x
x Now considered
M. stoneana EO4
Sycamore Canyon.........................
29
x
x
x
Miramar NAS.............................
31
x
x ...............
Marron Valley...........................
none
x
x Now considered
M. stoneana EO1
Monardella stoneana:
Marron Valley...........................
1
x
x
x
N.W. Otay Mountain......................
2 ...............
x
x
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N.W. Otay Mountain......................
3 ...............
x
x
Otay Lakes..............................
4
x
x
x
Buschalaugh Cove........................
5 ...............
x ...............
Cottonwood Creek........................
6 ...............
x
x
Copper Canyon...........................
7 ...............
x
x
S. of Otay Mountain.....................
8 ...............
x
x
Tecate Peak.............................
9 ...............
x
x
Sources: CNDDB 1998, 2007, 2010a, 2010b; Service 2008, Kassebaum 2010.
Throughout this document, we refer to previous reports and documents, including Federal Register publications. When evaluating information contained in documents issued prior to the present document, the reader must bear in mind that information may reference
Monardella viminea as M. linoides ssp. viminea and may include statements or data referring to plants or populations now known as M. stoneana.
Only information relevant to actions described in this proposed rule is provided below. For additional information on Monardella viminea, including a detailed description of its life history and habitat, refer to the final listing rule published in the Federal
Register on October 13, 1998 (63 FR 54938), the final rule designating critical habitat published in the Federal Register on November 8, 2006
(71 FR 65662), and the 5-year review completed in March 2008 (Service 2008). Actions described below include status reviews of M. viminea and
M. stoneana, and a proposed revision of the critical habitat designation for M. viminea.
Status Review--Monardella viminea
History of the Action
Federal actions taken prior to listing are described in the listing rule published in the Federal Register on October 13, 1998 (63 FR 54938). On November 9, 2005, we published a proposed rule to designate critical habitat for Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (70 FR 67956). On
November 8, 2006 (71 FR 65662), we published our final rule designating critical habitat for M. linoides ssp. viminea.
As described in the Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Changes Affecting
Monardella linoides ssp. viminea section, genetic investigations conducted since the listing in 1998 and completed after our 2008 5-year review have provided the needed additional support for the recognition of Monardella viminea and M. stoneana as separate taxa at the species rank. This necessitates a review of the listing status of the remaining
M. viminea occurrences and an assessment of the potential listing status of the newly segregated M. stoneana.
Species Description
Monardella viminea is a perennial herb or subshrub in the Lamiaceae
(mint family) with a woody base and aromatic foliage. The waxy, green, hairy stems bear conspicuously gland-dotted linear or lance-shaped leaves, and dense, terminal clusters of white to rose-colored flowers.
The leaves are 0.1-0.2 inch (in) (2-4 millimeters (mm)) wide at the base. The middle flower bracts are 0.4-0.6 in (10-15 mm) long (Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 431). Monardella viminea grows in clumps of 1 to 4 individual plants (Ince and Krantz 2008, p. 2). As the number of plants within a clump cannot be reliably distinguished without exposing the roots, M. viminea is usually counted by clumps rather than as individual plants. Please see the Discussion of the Four Species section of the listing rule (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998) and the
Life History section of the 2005 proposed critical habitat rule (70 FR 67956; November 9, 2005) for more information on this species description.
Habitat
Monardella viminea occurs in coastal sage scrub and riparian scrub in sandy bottoms and on banks of ephemeral washes in canyons where surface water flows for usually less than 48 hours after a rain event
(Scheid 1985, p. 3; Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 430; Kelly and
Burrascano 2006, p. 51). These semi-open washes and drainage areas typically have little to no canopy cover (Reiser 1994, p. 139). The species is commonly found with Eriogonum fasciculatum (California buckwheat) and Baccharis sarothroides (broom baccharis) in habitats characterized by low herbaceous cover and some shrub cover (Scheid 1985, p. 38). It is most commonly found in canyon bottoms, north-facing slopes, and along bends of meandering drainages (Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 426; Rebman and Dossey 2006a, p. 5). Many of these areas maintain water longer than other portions of the drainage, although they do not have long-term standing water (Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 426). At Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Miramar, M. viminea is absent from steeper portions of the canyons and prevalent in secondary stream channels, which suggests M. viminea presence is correlated with reaches where flow is relatively slow-moving or standing water is present
(Rebman and Dossey 2006a, pp. 5-8).
Monardella viminea is found on soils characterized by a high content of coarse sandy grains and sediments and cobble deposits
(Scheid 1985, p. 35). The larger sandy particles that make up M. viminea habitat soils are transported downstream by flood events
(Scheid 1985, p. 36). Soil series that support M. viminea include Stony
Land, Redding Gravelly Loam, Visalia Sandy Loam, and Riverwash (Scheid 1985, p. 35; Rebman and Dossey 2006a, pp. 5-6).
The 5-year review (Service 2008, p. 13) concluded that Monardella viminea requires a natural or managed regime of periodic, small fires.
The coastal sage habitat that M. viminea favors benefits from small or managed fires that clear out dead or encroaching scrub vegetation and reduce nonnative species (Minnich 1983, p. 1290). However, there are two ways in which fire can negatively impact M. viminea habitat: (1) increased frequency of fires of all sizes, which can result in type conversion; or (2) invasion of nonnative grasses into riparian or coastal sage scrub habitats, which can choke out native vegetation, including shrubs associated with M. viminea. Additionally, large or unmanaged fires (sometimes referred to as ``megafires'')
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can be a particular threat to a narrow endemic species like M. viminea because a single megafire could eliminate a large proportion of individual plants within the extant range of the species, although M. viminea is capable of resprouting after fire (Rebman and Dossey 2006b, p. 2). Additional information is needed regarding the role of fire in
M. viminea habitat, particularly within riparian portions of canyons.
Please see our request for information in the Public Comments section above. For more information on and discussion of the species' description and its habitat see the Discussion of the Four Species section of the listing rule (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998) and the
Distribution and Status section of the proposed critical habitat rule
(70 FR 67956; November 9, 2005). However, we ask the reader to keep in mind that plants now treated as M. stoneana and their habitat were included in the discussion at the time those documents were published.
Life History
Very little is known about the germination and establishment of
Monardella viminea. Mature plants flower readily, with inflorescences
(flower heads) persisting for 10 to 12 weeks (Elvin and Sanders 2003, pp. 430-431). Plants are short-lived perennials, producing a new cohort of aerial stems each year from a persisting perennial root structure.
Plants of this species are not known to be rhizomatous (connected by creeping underground stems); however, root masses may become detached over time, resulting in adjacent genetically identical but spatially separate plants. Rebman and Dossey (2006a, p. 10) reported that the peak flowering period at MCAS Miramar is early June to mid-July, with occasional flowering from May through August and, more rarely, into
September.
No pollination studies are known to exist for Monardella viminea; however, other Monardella taxa are visited by butterfly and bee species
(Elvin 2004, p. 2). Bees collected from the closely related M. linoides include wasp-like bees (Hylaeus sp.), mason bees (Osmia spp. or
Chalicodoma spp.), and miner bees (Anthophora spp.) (Hurd 1979, pp. 1762, 1765, 2042, 2073, and 2164). Several observers report European honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus spp.) as frequent visitors to M. viminea flowers (Kelly and Burrascano 2001, p. 7; Kelly and Burrascano 2006, pp. 7-8; Rebman and Dossey 2006a, pp. 10-11).
Wasps and bees from the Bembicine and Andrenid families were collected from M. viminea plants on MCAS Miramar (Kelly and Burrascano 2001, p. 8). Butterflies known to visit M. viminea flowers include painted ladies (Vanessa cardui) (Rebman and Dossey 2006a, p. 11), gray hairstreaks (Strymon melinus), and funereal duskywing skippers (Erynnis funeralis) (University of California, Berkeley, CalPhotos database 2009). Successful sexual reproduction of flowering plants often depends on pollinator abundance and effectiveness (Javorek et al. 2002, p. 350). Therefore, adequate numbers of pollinators and sufficient pollinator movement through the habitat should be considered when assessing likely population distributions and survival, and habitat needs of M. viminea.
Geographic Range and Status
Monardella viminea is a geographically narrow endemic species restricted to three watersheds north of Kearny Mesa in San Diego
County, California (Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 431). The occurrences now considered to be M. viminea are entirely in the northern range of the originally listed entity M. linoides ssp. viminea (Figure 1). The portions of the watersheds where M. viminea occurs are found on lands owned by the Department of Defense at MCAS Miramar, and lands owned by the City of San Diego, lands owned by the County of San Diego, and lands under private ownership. In this proposed critical habitat we use the word ``occurrence'' when describing the location of plants (e.g., in a critical habitat unit). In this context, we are referring to point locations or polygons representing observations of one or more M. viminea individuals. This may include one or more of the ``element occurrences'' (EOs) as described by CDFG in the CNDDB. Proposed critical habitat for M. viminea recognizes the importance of ecosystem processes that create and maintain suitable habitat for this species.
Consequently, in the Critical Habitat sections of this document, our critical habitat units follow linear drainages that may include one or more of the ``element occurrences'' described by CNDDB. Because of the potentially transient nature of suitable habitat for this species, any reach along these drainages may be occupied at a given time. In all other respects in this document, ``element occurrence'' or
``occurrence'' references are those from the cumulative data of the
CNDDB (2010a, EOs 1-31).
Figure 1. Range of Monardella viminea and M. stoneana.
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As of 2008, all eleven known occurrences of Monardella viminea were considered declining in size (this total includes two occurrences known to be extirpated by 2010 and two occurrences now considered M. stoneana), as are four additional transplanted occurrences (see
Transplants below) (Ince and Krantz 2008, p. 9; Service 2008 p. 5). On
MCAS Miramar, the species has declined by 45 percent since the 2002 surveys, from 3,379 individual plants to 1,809 individual plants
(Tierra Data 2011, p. 12). In the past 2 years, multiple clumps of M. viminea that burned in the 2003 Cedar Fire have resprouted (Kassebaum 2010, pers. comm.). The most recent survey of MCAS Miramar, conducted in 2009, found juveniles or seedlings present in all canyons except for
Elanus (Tierra Data 2011, pp. 17-18). Prior to this survey, juveniles were only confirmed present in West Sycamore Canyon (Kassebaum 2010, pers. comm.).
Transplants
In addition to the seven currently remaining natural occurrences, in 2007, Monardella viminea was transplanted to four sites within the historical range of the species as a conservation measure to offset impacts associated with development of the Carroll Canyon Business
Park. Three of the transplanted sites were in Carroll Canyon and the fourth in San Clemente Canyon (Ince 2010, p. 3). Most of the M. viminea
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transplants have experienced low survival rates, generally less than 20 percent, although one Carroll Canyon transplanted occurrence was reported to have a 44 percent survival rate (Service 2003, p. 25; Ince 2010, p. 8).
Summary of Factors Affecting Monardella viminea
Section 4 of the Act and its implementing regulations (50 CFR 424) set forth the criteria for determining whether a species is endangered or threatened under the Act. A species may be determined to be an endangered or threatened species due to one or more of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1) of the Act: (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; and (E) other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence. Listing actions may be warranted based on any of the above threat factors, singly or in combination. Each of these factors for Monardella viminea is discussed below.
A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range
Urbanization/Development
The original listing rule identified urban and residential development as a threat to Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). Prior to 1992, San Diego had grown by ``a factor of 10 over the last 50 years'' (Soule et al. 1992, p. 39). At the time of listing, two large occurrences were located on private property and development proposals existed for one of these two parcels. Since listing, one of those two occurrences has been extirpated due to construction activities: EO 25 from the Carroll
Canyon Business Park (CNDDB 2010a). Additionally, EO 14 in Murphy
Canyon was believed extirpated after listing due to lingering impacts from construction activity near Highway 15 (CNDDB 2010a). Two occurrences at MCAS Miramar have been partially destroyed by road construction since the time of listing.
The Cities of San Diego and Santee have purchased private property as reserve land for Monardella viminea. Most occurrences are now found on land conserved or owned by MCAS Miramar, the City of San Diego, and the County of San Diego. Lands owned by the City and County of San
Diego are covered by the MSCP, which is a habitat conservation plan
(HCP) intended to maintain and enhance biological diversity in the San
Diego region, and to conserve viable populations of endangered, threatened, and key sensitive species and their habitats (including M. viminea). The MSCP plan designates lands to be set aside for biological preserves. However, 20 percent of habitat for M. viminea occurs on privately owned land outside of the reserve areas. This habitat includes M. viminea occurrences in Sycamore and Spring Canyons
(portions of EOs 8 and 26), and a transplanted occurrence where plants were removed for construction of the Carroll Canyon Business Park (Ince and Krantz 2008, p. 1). Any sites outside of the MSCP reserve areas are vulnerable to development; portions of Sycamore Canyon where M. viminea occurs were previously slated for development (Service 2003, pp. 1-23), though the project has been put on hold due to bankruptcy issues, and no development is scheduled (San Diego Business Journal 2011, pp. 1-3).
However, the occurrences discussed above represent only a small proportion of habitat that contains clumps of Monardella viminea.
Seventy percent of land where M. viminea occurs is owned and managed by
MCAS Miramar, and all remaining large occurrences (with more than 100 clumps of M. viminea) are found on MCAS Miramar. All canyon areas on the base are protected from development. Therefore, although urbanization does threaten some occurrences of M. viminea, the threat to the species' habitat is not significant across the range of the species, now or in the foreseeable future.
Sand and Gravel Mining
Sand and gravel mining has broad-scale disruptive qualities to native ecosystems (Kondolf et al. 2002, p. 56). Sand and gravel mining was identified at the time of listing as adversely affecting Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). The larger of two occurrences (340 individuals) found on private land at the time of listing was identified as being threatened by sand and gravel mining, which was a threat that had the potential to eliminate or disrupt these local populations through changes in hydrology and elimination of individual plants. Since listing, all occurrences vulnerable to mining impacts have since been extirpated, either by altered drainage patterns or construction unrelated to mining operations (CNDDB 2010, EOs 3 and 25). Currently, we are not aware of any ongoing mining activities or any plans for future mining activities that would impact the species.
While we may not be fully aware of all potential gravel mining activities on private lands, few M. viminea occurrences are on private land. Therefore, we do not consider sand and gravel mining to currently be a threat to M. viminea, nor a threat in the foreseeable future.
Altered Hydrology
The original listing rule identified altered hydrology as a threat to Monardella linoides ssp. viminea, particularly to portions of the habitat now considered to be in the range of M. viminea (63 FR 54938;
October 13, 1998). Monardella viminea requires a natural hydrological system to maintain the secondary benches and streambeds on which it grows (Scheid 1985, pp. 30-31, 34-35). Upstream development can disrupt this regime, increasing storm runoff which can in turn erode the sandy banks and secondary benches upon which M. viminea grows. Floods also have the potential to wash away plants much larger than M. viminea, as has occurred in Lopez Canyon during heavy runoff following winter storms (Kelly and Burrascano 2001, pp. 2-3). This flood severely impacted the M. viminea occurrences in Lopez Canyon (Kelly and
Burrascano 2006, pp. 65-69). Additionally, areas where altered hydrology caused decreased flows may experience an increase in invasion by nonnative species into creek beds, which can smother seedling and mature plants, and prevent natural growth of M. viminea (Rebman and
Dossey 2006a, p. 12).
Changes in local and regional hydrology have had detrimental effects on Monardella viminea. Increases in surface and subsurface soil moisture (via direct effects to the water table associated with watershed urbanization) and changing streams from ephemeral to perennial adversely affect native plants adapted to a drier
Mediterranean climate (cool moist winters and hot dry summers), such as
M. viminea. Watershed urbanization alters the riparian vegetation community through changes in median and minimum daily discharges, dry season run-off, and flood magnitudes, specifically for Los
Pe[ntilde]asquitos Creek and other locations (White and Greer 2006, pp. 133-136). Nonnative species incursion has been exacerbated by the changing water regime (underground hydrology), and M. viminea has been unable to adapt to the increased soil moisture (Burrascano 2007, pers. comm.).
Since listing, three occurrences have been extirpated due to altered hydrological patterns: Cemetery Canyon, Carroll Canyon, and western
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San Clemente Canyon. All three of these occurrences are on city-owned or private land (CNDDB 2010a, EOs 3, 4, 11). On MCAS Miramar, watersheds on the undeveloped eastern half of the base, where most large occurrences of Monardella viminea are found, appear to have retained their natural hydrological regime (Rebman and Dossey 2006, p. 37). The only canyon on MCAS Miramar with substantial development and a historic occurrence of M. viminea is Rose Canyon. This location has lost all but one individual M. viminea (Rebman and Dossey 2006, p. 37).
Considering synergistic and cumulative effects of these combined hydrological threats, exacerbated by heavy development surrounding several canyons, we expect that altered hydrology will continue to pose a significant threat to habitats that support Monardella viminea, particularly outside the border of MCAS Miramar. We anticipate that this threat will continue into the foreseeable future.
Fire and Type Conversion
The listing rule mentioned that fuel modification to exclude fire could affect Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998); the same is true of the reclassified M. viminea and its habitat.
Otherwise, fire was not considered a severe threat to the species at the time of listing.
Our understanding of fire in fire-dependent habitat has changed since Monardella linoides ssp. viminea was listed in 1998 (Dyer 2002, pp. 295-296). Fire is a natural component for regeneration and maintenance of M. viminea habitat. The species' habitat needs concerning fire seem contradictory: A total lack of fire for long periods is undesirable, because the fires that eventually will occur can be catastrophic; yet re-introduction of fire (either accidentally or purposefully) is also undesirable, because such fires often become catastrophic as a result of previous lack of fire (i.e., megafires).
This conflicting situation has resulted from a disruption of the natural fire regime.
Fire frequency has increased in North American Mediterranean
Shrublands in California since about the 1950s, and studies indicate that southern California has demonstrated the greatest increase in wildfire ignitions, primarily due to an increase in population density beginning in the 1960s, and thus increasing the amount of human-caused fires (Keeley and Fotheringham 2003, p. 240). Increased wildfire frequency and decreased return fire interval, in conjunction with other effects of urbanization, such as increased nitrogen deposition and habitat disturbance due to foot and vehicle traffic, are believed to have resulted in the conversion of large areas of coastal sage scrub to nonnative grasslands in southern California (Service 2003, pp. 57-62;
Brooks et al. 2004, p. 677; Keeley et al. 2005, p. 2109; Marschalek and
Klein 2010, p. 8). This type conversion (conversion of one type of habitat to another) produces a positive feedback mechanism resulting in more frequent fires and increasing nonnative plant cover (Brooks et al. 2004, p. 677; Keeley et al. 2005, p. 2109).
However, threats to the habitat from fire exclusion, which impacts processes that historically created and maintained suitable habitat for
Monardella viminea, may make it even more vulnerable to extinction. The long-term ecological effects of fire exclusion have not been specifically detailed for M. viminea; however, we believe the effects of fire, fire suppression, and fire management in southern California habitats will be similar to that at locations in the Rockies, Cascades, and Sierra Nevada Mountains (Keane et al. 2002, pp. 15-16). Fire exclusion in southern California habitat likely affects: (1) Nutrient recycling, (2) natural regulation of succession via selecting and regenerating plants, (3) biological diversity, (4) biomass, (5) insect and disease populations, (6) interaction between plants and animals, and (7) biological and biogeochemical processes (i.e., soil property alteration) (after Keane et al. 2002, p. 8). Where naturally occurring fire is excluded, species that are adapted to fire (such as M. viminea) are often replaced by nonnative, invasive species that are better suited to the same areas in the absence of fire (Keane et al. 2002, p. 9).
Some fire management is provided by CAL FIRE, which is an emergency response and resource protection department. CAL FIRE creates fire management plans to identify prevention measures that reduce risk, inform and involve the local communities in the area, and provide a framework to diminish potential wildfire losses and implement all applicable fire management regulations and policies (CAL FIRE 2011b;
County of San Diego 2011a). CAL FIRE has signed a document to assist in management of backcountry areas in San Diego County, including Sycamore
Canyon Ranch and its Monardella viminea occurrence (DPR 2009, p. 14;
County of San Diego 2011, p. 1). However, the land protected under this agreement is only two percent of all M. viminea habitat.
Therefore, given the conversion of coastal sage scrub to nonnative grasses and the changing fire regime of southern California, we consider type conversion and the habitat effects of altered fire regime, particularly from increased frequency of fire, to be a significant threat to M. viminea's habitat both now and in the foreseeable future.
Summary of Factor A
Monardella viminea continues to be threatened by habitat loss and degradation by altered hydrological regimes that can result in uncontrollable flood events. Habitat of this species is also threatened by an unnatural fire regime resulting from manmade disturbance and activities, which in turn can cause invasion of the area by nonnative plants. Of the seven natural and four transplanted occurrences, those that are in areas where continued development is expected to occur may experience further alterations to hydrology and fire regimes. These threats to habitat are occurring now and are expected to continue into the foreseeable future.
B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or
Educational Purposes
To our knowledge, no commercial use exists for Monardella viminea.
The listing rule suggested that professional and private botanical collecting could exacerbate the extirpation threat to the species due to botanists favoring rare or declining species (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). However, we are not currently aware of any interest by botanists in collecting M. viminea. Therefore, we do not believe that overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes constitutes a threat to this species now or in the foreseeable future.
C. Disease or Predation
Neither disease nor predation was known to be a threat affecting
Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998) at the time of listing. Volunteers have since noted grazing impacts to occurrences of M. viminea in Lopez Canyon (Kelly and Burrascano 2001, p. 5). However, this occurrence is the only documented location where grazing has occurred, and impacts were minimal. Therefore, based on the best available scientific and commercial information, neither disease nor herbivory constitute threats to M. viminea now or in the foreseeable future.
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D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms
At the time of listing, regulatory mechanisms that provided some protection for Monardella linoides ssp. viminea that apply to
Monardella viminea included: (1) The Act in cases where M. viminea co- occurred with a Federally listed species; (2) the California Endangered
Species Act (CESA); (3) the California Environmental Quality Act
(CEQA); (4) implementation of conservation plans pursuant to
California's Natural Community Conservation Planning Act; (5) land acquisition and management by Federal, State, or local agencies, or by private groups and organizations; and (6) local laws and regulations.
The listing rule analyzed the potential level of protection provided by these regulatory mechanisms (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998).
Currently, Monardella linoides ssp. viminea is listed as endangered under the Act (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). Provisions for its protection and recovery are outlined in sections 4, 7, 9 and 10 of the
Act. This law is the primary mechanism for protecting M. viminea, which, as part of the original listed entity, currently retains protection under the Act. However, the protections afforded to M. viminea under the Act as part of M. linoides ssp. viminea, the currently listed entity, would continue to apply only if we determine to retain listed status for M. viminea. Therefore, for purposes of our analysis, we do not include the Act as an existing regulatory mechanism that protects M. viminea. We do note that M. viminea would likely continue to receive protection indirectly through habitat conservation plans (HCPs) approved under section10 of the Act and Natural Community
Conservation Plans (NCCPs) approved under the State of California that will cover M. viminea even if the species is not Federally listed.
Federal Protections
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
All Federal agencies are required to adhere to the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1970 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) for projects they fund, authorize, or carry out. The Council on
Environmental Quality's regulations for implementing NEPA (40 CFR 1500- 1518) state that in their environmental impact statements agencies shall include a discussion on the environmental impacts of the various project alternatives (including the proposed action), any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided, and any irreversible or irretrievable commitments of resources involved (40 CFR 1502). The NEPA itself is a disclosure law that provides an opportunity for the public to submit comments on a particular project and propose other conservation measures that may directly benefit listed species; however, it does not impose substantive environmental mitigation obligations on Federal agencies. Any such measures are typically voluntary in nature and are not required by the statute. Activities on non-Federal lands are also subject to NEPA if there is a Federal nexus.
Sikes Act
In 1997, section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670a(a)) was revised by the Sikes Act Improvement Act to authorize the Secretary of
Defense to implement a program to provide for the conservation and rehabilitation of natural resources on military installations. To do so, the Department of Defense was required to work with Federal and
State fish and wildlife agencies to prepare an integrated natural resources management plan (INRMP) for each facility with significant natural resources. The INRMPs provide a planning tool for future improvements; provide for sustainable multipurpose use of the resources, including activities such as hunting, fishing, trapping, and non-consumptive uses; and allow some public access to military installations. At MCAS Miramar and other military installations, INRMPs provide direction for project development and for the management, conservation, and rehabilitation of natural resources, including M. viminea and its habitat.
Approximately 70 percent of the remaining habitat for Monardella viminea occurs within MCAS Miramar. The Marine Corps completed an INRMP
(2006-2010) with the advice of the Service (Gene Stout and Associates 2006, p. ES-2). The 2011-2014 INRMP is expected to be published by the military in the upcoming weeks. This new INRMP continues to benefit the species by spatially and temporally protecting known populations on
MCAS Miramar, most of which are not fragmented. Over 99 percent of all
M. viminea occurrences on the base occur in Type I or II management areas, where conservation of listed species, including M. viminea, is a priority (Gene Stout and Associates 2006, pp. 5-2, 5-5). MCAS Miramar manages invasive species, a significant threat to M. viminea, in compliance with Executive Order 13112, which states that Federal agencies must provide for the control of invasive species (Gene Stout and Associates 2006, p. 7-3). Invasive species management is a must- fund project to be carried out annually, following guidelines established in the National Invasive Species Management Plan (Gene
Stout and Associates 2006, p. 7-7). This plan mandates control measures for invasive species through a combination of measures including pesticides and mechanical removal (National Invasive Species Council 2001, p. 37), thus providing a benefit by addressing type conversion that results following fires (see Factor A above). It also provides wildland fire management, including creation of fuelbreaks, a prescribed burning plan, and research on the effects of wildfire on local habitat types (Gene Stout and Associates 2006, pp. 7-8--7-9). As a result, MCAS Miramar is addressing threats related to the potential stress of fire on individual plants (see Factor E). Despite the benefits to M. viminea provided through the INRMP, the species continues to decline on MCAS Miramar, due likely to the synergistic effects of flood, reduced shrub numbers, and exotic species encroachment (type conversion) following the 2003 Cedar wildfire
(Tierra Data 2011, p. 26).
State and Local Regulations
California's Native Plant Protection Act (NPPA) and Endangered Species
Act (CESA)
Under provisions of NPPA (Division 2, chapter 10 section 1900 et seq. of the California Fish and Game Code (CFG code)) and CESA
(Division 3, chapter 1.5, section 2050 et seq. of CFG code), the CDFG
Commission listed Monardella linoides ssp. viminea as endangered in 1979. Currently, the State of California recognizes the State-listed entity as M. viminea.
Both the CESA and NPPA include prohibitions forbidding the ``take'' of State endangered and listed species (Chapter 10, Section 1908 and
Chapter 1.5, Section 2080, CFG code). With regard to prohibitions of unauthorized take under NPPA, landowners are exempt from this prohibition for plants to be taken in the process of habitat modification. When landowners are notified by the State that a rare or endangered plant is growing on their land, the landowners are required to notify CDFG 10 days in advance of changing land use in order to allow salvage of listed plants. Sections 2081(b) and (c) of CESA allow
CDFG to issue incidental take permits for State-listed threatened species if:
(1) The authorized take is incidental to an otherwise lawful activity;
(2) The impacts of the authorized take are minimized and fully mitigated;
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(3) The measures required to minimize and fully mitigate the impacts of the authorized take are roughly proportional in extent to the impact of the taking of the species, maintain the applicant's objectives to the greatest extent possible, and are capable of successful implementation;
(4) Adequate funding is provided to implement the required minimization and mitigation measures and to monitor compliance with and the effectiveness of the measures; and
(5) Issuance of the permit will not jeopardize the continued existence of a State-listed species.
The relationship between the NPPA and CESA has not been clearly defined under state law. The NPPA, which has been characterized as an exception to the take prohibitions of CESA, exempts a number of activities from regulation including: clearing of land for agricultural practices or fire control measures; removal of endangered or rare plants when done in association with an approved timber harvesting plan, or mining work performed pursuant to Federal or State mining laws, or by a public utility providing service to the public; or when a landowner proceeds with changing the use on their land in a manner that could result in take, provided the landowner notifies CDFG at least 10 days in advance of the change. These exemptions indicate that CESA and
NPPA may be inadequate to protect Monardella viminea and its habitat, including from activities such as development/urbanization, altered hydrology or fuel modification.
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) (Public Resources
Code 21000-21177) and the CEQA Guidelines (California Code of
Regulations, Title 14, Division 6, Chapter 3, Sections 15000-15387) require State and local agencies to identify the significant environmental impacts of their actions and to avoid or mitigate those impacts, if feasible. The CEQA applies to projects proposed to be undertaken or requiring approval by State and local government agencies, and the lead agency must complete the environmental review process required by CEQA, including conducting an initial study to identify the environmental impacts of the project and determine whether the identified impacts are significant; if significant impacts are determined, then an environmental impact report must be prepared to provide State and local agencies and the general public with detailed information on the potentially significant environmental effects
(California Environmental Resources Evaluation System 2010).
``Thresholds of Significance'' are comprehensive criteria used to define environmental significant impacts based on quantitative and qualitative standards and include impacts to biological resources such as candidate, sensitive, or special status species in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the CDFG or the Service; or any riparian habitat or other sensitive natural community identified in local or regional plans, policies, regulations, or by the CDFG or
Service (CEQA Handbook, Appendix G, 2010). Defining these significance thresholds helps ensure a ``rational basis for significance determinations'' and provides support for the final determination and appropriate revisions or mitigation actions to a project in order to develop a mitigated negative declaration rather than an environmental impact report (Governor's Office of Planning and Research 1994, p. 5).
Under CEQA, projects may move forward if there is a statement of overriding consideration. If significant effects are identified, the lead agency has the option of requiring mitigation through changes in the project or to decide that overriding considerations make mitigation infeasible (CEQA section 21002). Protection of listed species through
CEQA is, therefore, dependent upon the discretion of the lead agency involved.
California's Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) Act
The NCCP program is a cooperative effort between the State of
California and numerous private and public partners with the goal of protecting habitats and species. An NCCP identifies and provides for the regional or area-wide protection of plants, animals, and their habitats, while allowing compatible and appropriate economic activity.
The program began in 1991, under the State's NCCP Act (CFG Code 2800- 2835). The primary objective of the NCCP program is to conserve natural communities at the ecosystem scale while accommodating compatible land uses (http://www.dfg.ca.gov/habcon/nccp/). Regional NCCPs provide protection to Federally listed species, and often unlisted species, by conserving native habitats upon which the species depend. Many NCCPs are developed in conjunction with HCPs prepared pursuant to the Act.
The City and County of San Diego Subarea Plans under the MSCP are discussed below.
City of San Diego and County of San Diego Subarea Plans under the
Multiple Species Conservation Plan (MSCP)
The MSCP is a sub-regional HCP and NCCP made up of several subarea plans that have been in place for more than a decade. Under the umbrella of the MSCP, each of the 12 participating jurisdictions is required to prepare a subarea plan that implements the goals of the
MSCP within that particular jurisdiction. The sub-regional MSCP covers 582,243 ac (235,625 ha) within the county of San Diego. Habitat conservation plans and multiple species conservation plans approved under section 10 of the Act are intended to protect covered species by avoidance, minimization, and mitigation of impacts.
The MSCP Subarea Plan for the City of San Diego includes Monardella viminea (denominated as M. linoides ssp. viminea) as a covered species.
The City's subarea plan designates land to be set aside for a biological preserve (City of San Diego 1997, p. 1-1). As of January 2011, less than 20 percent of all M. viminea occurrences were in the
City of San Diego MSCP plan area (Service 2008, p. 10); the majority of the other occurrences are on lands owned by MCAS Miramar, with small numbers of clumps occurring on private and county-owned lands. Almost all occurrences that occur within the City of San Diego's MSCP Subarea
Plan area have been protected in MSCP reserves and are annually monitored (City of San Diego 2010, p. 1). However, the management plan for the City of San Diego MSCP Subarea Plan has not been finalized; thus long-term management and monitoring provisions for this plant are not in place. Although management needs are frequently identified for
M. viminea, the actions are not carried out on a regular basis to decrease threats to the plants, such as presence of nonnative vegetation and altered hydrology.
Within the City of San Diego MSCP Subarea Plan, further protections are afforded by the Environmentally Sensitive Lands ordinance (ESL).
The ESL provides protection for sensitive biological resources
(including Monardella viminea and its habitat), by ensuring that development occurs ``in a manner that protects the overall quality of the resources and the natural and topographic character of the area, encourages a sensitive form of development, retains biodiversity and interconnected habitats, maximizes physical and visual public access to and along the shoreline, and reduces hazards due to flooding in specific areas
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while minimizing the need for construction of flood control facilities,'' thus providing protection against alteration of hydrology, a significant threat to M. viminea. The ESL was designed to act as an implementing tool for the City of San Diego Subarea Plan
(City of San Diego 1997, p. 98).
The County of San Diego MSCP Subarea Plan covers 252,132 ac
(102,035 ha) of unincorporated county lands in the southwestern portion of the MSCP plan area. Only two percent of Monardella viminea habitat occurs on County lands. The entirety of this habitat is included within the Sycamore Canyon Preserve established under the County of San Diego
MSCP Subarea Plan. In 2009, a management plan was published for the preserve, with monitoring anticipated to begin in 2013. The plan specifically addresses M. viminea through removal of nonnative vegetation, habitat restoration, and implementation of a managed fire regime with a priority of protecting biological resources (DPR 2009, pp. 71, 76-77). Additionally, the plan mandates management to address the ``natural history of the species and to reduce the risk of catastrophic fire,'' possibly including prescribed fire (DPR 2009, p. 71); these measures address the stressor of fire on individual plants
(Factor E) and the threat of type conversion due to frequent fire
(Factor A).
Summary of Factor D
In determining whether Monardella viminea should be retained as a listed species under the Act, we analyze the adequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms without regard to current protections afforded under the Act. The majority (greater than 70 percent) of M. viminea occurrences are on MCAS Miramar. The base has developed and is implementing an INRMP under the Sikes Act to protect these occurrences
(Factor E) and is addressing threats from type conversion due to frequent fire (Factor A). However, notwithstanding the benefit to M. viminea provided by the INRMP, the synergistic effects of flood, reduced shrub numbers, frequent fire, and nonnative species encroachment are resulting in a decline of M. viminea on the base
(Factor E). While the INRMP does not eliminate threats to the species from megafire, we do not believe megafire impacts are susceptible to a regulatory fix.
The majority of Monardella viminea occurrences outside of MCAS
Miramar are located within land owned by the City of San Diego, and they receive protection under the City of San Diego's MSCP Subarea
Plan, which was approved under CESA and NCCP Act. The City of San
Diego's MSCP Subarea plan provides protective mechanisms for M. viminea for proposed projects; these protective mechanisms are intended to address potential impacts that could threaten the species, such as development or actions that could result in altered hydrology. One such plan was developed for the city-owned land within West Sycamore Canyon.
This land, a total of 21 ac (9 ha), was included within the development project entitled Sycamore Estates. This plan included monitoring of M. viminea occurrences within West Sycamore Canyon and provisions to prevent altered hydrology to areas containing M. viminea through construction of mechanisms such as silt fences to prevent erosion and subsequent alteration of channel structure (T&B Planning Consultants 2001, pp. 136, 166). However, Sycamore Estates was never completed (see
Factor A), and no monitoring has taken place in West Sycamore Canyon.
Therefore, the plan addressing construction on Sycamore Estates is not currently protecting M. viminea.
The City of San Diego Subarea Plan also includes provisions for monitoring and management through development of location-specific management plans for preserve land. However, the City of San Diego MSCP
Subarea Plan has not developed final monitoring and management plans for M. viminea. As a result, even though occurrences of M. viminea are monitored on a yearly basis and management needs for M. viminea habitat are identified, conservation measures to ameliorate immediate and significant threats to the species from nonnative species and alteration of hydrology are not actively being implemented because the management plans are not yet in place. With regards to lands covered by the County of San Diego MSCP Subarea Plan (two percent of the species' habitat), regulatory mechanisms are in place to conserve and manage
Monardella viminea.
Despite the protections afforded to Monardella viminea under the
Sikes Act through the INRMP for MCAS Miramar and the protections afforded under the City of San Diego and County of San Diego plans, we conclude that existing regulatory mechanisms at this time are inadequate to alleviate the threats to this species in the absence of the protections afforded by the Act.
E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its Continued Existence
Trampling
Trampling was identified as a threat to Monardella linoides ssp. viminea in the listing rule (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). Trampling of M. viminea occurs via human travel through the habitat of the species. This factor has not been quantified, and to date is only suspected to be a threat to M. viminea via direct mortality and increasing rates of erosion (Service 2008, p. 11). Trampling on private lands cannot currently be controlled and could impact populations located on private lands; however, few occurrences are located on private lands, and we have no evidence of trampling-related mortality.
Therefore, we do not consider trampling to be a significant threat across the range of the species.
Nonnative Plant Species
The listing rule identifies nonnative plants as a threat to
Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998); this threat is ongoing for the occurrences of the listed entity now considered to be M. viminea. San Diego County habitats have been altered by invasion of nonnative species (Soule et al. 1992, p. 43).
Nonnative grasses, which frequently out-compete native species for limited resources and grow more quickly, can smother seedling and mature M. viminea and prevent natural growth (Rebman and Dossey 2006a, p. 12). Nonnative plants also have the potential to lower water tables and alter rates of sedimentation and erosion by altering soil chemistry, nutrient levels, and the physical structure of soil. As such, they can often out-compete native species such as M. viminea
(Kassebaum 2007, pers. comm.). Nonnative plants also alter frequencies, size, and intensity of fires (flame duration and length, soil temperature during a fire, and after-effects of long-term porosity and soil glassification, in which high heat causes silica particles in the soil to fuse together to form an impermeable barrier) (Vitousek et al. 1997, pp. 8-9; Arno and Fielder 2005, p. 19).
When the processes of natural disturbance, such as fire regime and normal storm flow events, are altered, native and nonnative plants can overcome otherwise suitable habitat for Monardella viminea (Kassebaum 2007, pers. comm.). At least four occurrences of M. viminea are believed to have been extirpated since listing due in part to invasion of native and nonnative plant species (CNDDB 2010a; EOs 11, 12, 13, and 15). Nonnative plants are present throughout all canyons on MCAS
Miramar where M. viminea occurs, occupying areas that might instead be colonized by M. viminea seedlings (Tierra Data 2011, p. 29). Areas heavily invaded by nonnative grasses have fewer adult M. viminea plants than areas
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free from invasion, or feature adult plants that have been reduced in size after the encroachment of nonnative species (Tierra Data 2011, p. 29). Additionally, one occurrence monitored by the City of San Diego has undergone a rapid increase in nonnative plant cover, climbing from 26 percent in 2008 to 71 percent in 2010 (City of San Diego 2008, p. 1;
City of San Diego 2010, p. 11).
Due to the absence or alteration of the natural disturbance processes within the range of Monardella viminea that has caused competition for space and nutrients, increased fire intensity, and extirpation of M. viminea occurrences since listing, we consider nonnative plant species to be a significant factor threatening the continued existence of the species, both now and in the foreseeable future.
Small Population Size and Restricted Range
The listing rule identified the restricted range and small population size of Monardella linoides ssp. viminea as threats. These conditions increase the possibility of extinction due to chance events, such as floods, fires, or drought, beyond the natural variability of the ecosystem (Lande 1993, p. 912; 60 FR 40549, August 9, 1995). Chance or stochastic events have occurred in the range of M. viminea, and it is very possible that these events may continue to make M. viminea vulnerable to extinction, because of M. viminea's small numbers and limited range. Of the 20 occurrences of M. viminea known at the time of listing, 5 had fewer than 100 individuals. None of the smallest five populations were protected at the time of listing, and all have since been extirpated due to competition with nonnative grasses, construction, or unknown reasons (CNDDB 2010). As stated earlier, only 7 natural occurrences remain. Currently, despite their protection on reserve lands, many of the largest occurrences with multiple clumps and the healthiest-looking leaves and flowers are still declining in number.
In particular, small population size makes it difficult for
Monardella viminea to persist while sustaining the impacts of fire, altered hydrologic regimes, and competition with nonnative plants.
Prior to the 2008 5-year review, monitoring of the MCAS Miramar occurrences indicated that the population had declined significantly for unknown reasons that could not be clearly linked to the cumulative impacts of fire, herbivory, or hydrological regimes (Rebman and Dossey 2006a, p. 14). Since the 2006 surveys by Rebman and Dossey at MCAS
Miramar, plants damaged in the 2003 fire have resprouted from the root.
Despite the fact that plants have resprouted, biological monitors at
MCAS Miramar report that the decline continues and the cause is unknown, with 45 percent of the population on MCAS Miramar lost since 2002 (Kassebaum 2010, pers. comm.; Tierra Data 2011, p. 12). No empirical information is readily available to estimate the rate of population decrease or time to extinction for M. viminea; however, its habitat and population have decreased since the time of listing.
Therefore, based on the best available scientific information, we consider that small population size and the declining trend of M. viminea exacerbate the threats attributable to other factors.
Fire
Although the habitat occupied by Monardella viminea is dependent upon some form of disturbance to reset succession processes (such as periodic fire and scouring floods), we considered whether megafire events have the potential to severely impact or eliminate populations by killing large numbers of individual plants, their underground rhizomes (stems), and the soil seed bank. Also, severe fire could leave the soil under hydrophobic conditions, in which the soil becomes water- repellant, often resulting in plants receiving an inadequate amount of water (Agee 1996, pp. 157-158; Keane et al. 2002, p. 8; Keeley 2001, p. 87; Arno and Fiedler 2005, p. 19).
Recently, San Diego County has been impacted by multiple large fire events, a trend that is expected to continue. A model by Snyder et al.
(2002, p. 9-3) suggests higher average temperatures for every month in every part of California, which would create drier, more combustible fuel types. Also, Miller and Schlegel (2006, p. 6) suggest that Santa
Ana conditions (characterized by hot dry winds and low humidity) may significantly increase during fire season under global climate change scenarios. Small escaped fires have the potential to turn into large fires due to wind, weather conditions of temperature and humidity, lack of prescribed fires to control fuels, invasive vegetation, and inadequate wildfire control/prevention. For example, the October 2007
Harris fire in San Diego County burned 20,000 acres (ac) (8,094 hectares (ha)) within 4 hours of ignition (California Department of
Forestry 2008, p. 57). Another fire near Orange, California, turned into a large size-class fire in less than 12 hours, and an unattended campfire set off the June 2007 Angora fire near Lake Tahoe in northern
California, which spread 4 miles (6.4 kilometers) in its first 3 hours, and burned over 3,000 ac (1,214 ha) (USDA 2007, p. 1).
A narrow endemic such as Monardella viminea could be especially sensitive to megafire events. One large fire could impact all or a large proportion of the entire area where the species is found, as occurred in the 2003 Cedar Fire, where 98 percent of occurrences on
MCAS Miramar and M. viminea clumps in the privately owned portions of
Sycamore Canyon burned. However, despite the overlap of the Cedar Fire with M. viminea occurrences on MCAS Miramar, the decline of the burned occurrences of M. viminea was not as severe as initially expected, as plants were later able to resprout from the root. Additionally, new juveniles and seedlings documented by the 2009 survey occurred primarily on lands burned by the 2003 Cedar Fire (Tierra Data 2011, p. 16).
Given the increased frequency of megafires within Southern
California ecosystems, and the inability of regulatory mechanisms to prevent or control megafire, we find that megafire does have the potential to impact occurrences of Monardella viminea. However, given
M. viminea's persistence through past fires and its ability to recover from direct impact by fires, we do not find that megafire is a significant threat to individual M. viminea plants now, nor is likely to become a significant threat in the foreseeable future. However, as noted in the Factor A discussion above, we do find that type conversion due to altered fire regime and megafire are threats to the habitat that supports M. viminea.
Climate Change
A broad consensus exists among scientists that the earth is in a warming trend caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (IPCC 2007). Researchers have documented climate-related changes in California (Croke et al. 1998, pp. 2128, 2130; Breshears et al. 2005, p. 15144). Predictions for California indicate prolonged drought and other climate-related changes will continue in the future
(Field et al. 1999, pp. 8-10; Lenihen et al. 2003, p. 1667; Hayhoe et al. 2004, p. 12422; Breshears et al. 2005, p. 15144; Seager et al. 2007, p. 1181; IPCC 2007, p. 9). Models are not yet powerful enough to predict what will happen in localized regions, such as southern
California, but many scientists believe warmer, wetter winters and warmer, drier summers will occur within the next century (Field et al. 1999, pp. 2-3, 20). The impacts on
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species like Monardella viminea, which depend on specific hydrological regimes, may be more severe (Graham 1997, p. 2).
Since approximately the time of listing in 1998, an extended drought in the region (San Diego County Water Authority 2010, p. 2) created unusually dry habitat conditions. From 2000 to 2009, at one of the closer precipitation gauges to the species' range (Lake Cuyamaca,
San Diego County, California), 8 of 10 years had precipitation significantly below normal (San Diego County Water Authority 2010, p. 2). This extended drought has cumulatively affected moisture regimes, riparian habitat, and vegetative conditions in and around suitable habitat for Monardella viminea, and thus increased the stress on individual plants. As stated above, predictions indicate that future climate change may lead to similar, if not more severe, drought conditions.
The predicted future drought could impact the dynamic of the streambeds where Monardella viminea grows. Soil moisture and transportation of sediments by downstream flow have been identified as key habitat features required by M. viminea. The species is characterized as being associated with areas of standing water after rainfall (Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 426). Monitors for the City of San
Diego have observed decreased plant health and increased dormancy of
Monardella species in years with low rainfall (City of San Diego 2003, p. 3; City of San Diego 2004, p. 3). Specific analyses of population trends as correlated to rainfall are difficult due to inconsistent plant count methods (City of San Diego 2004, p. 67).
Additionally, drier conditions may result in increased fire frequency. As discussed under Factors A and E, this could make the ecosystems in which Monardella viminea currently grows more vulnerable to the threats of subsequent erosion and invasive species. In a changing climate, conditions could change in a way that would allow both native and nonnative plants to invade the habitat where M. viminea currently occurs (Graham 1997, p. 10).
While we recognize that climate change and increased drought associated with climate change are important issues with potential effects to listed species and their habitats, the best available scientific information does not currently give evidence specific enough for us to formulate accurate predictions regarding its effects to particular species, including Monardella viminea. Therefore, we do not consider global climate change a current threat to M. viminea, now or in the foreseeable future.
Summary of Factor E
Based on a review of the best available scientific and commercial data regarding trampling, nonnative plant species, megafire, climate change, and small population size and restricted range, we found that nonnative plant species pose a significant threat to Monardella viminea. Additionally, the small population size and restricted range of M. viminea could exacerbate threats to the species. We found no other evidence that trampling or other natural or manmade factors pose a significant threat to M. viminea, either now or in the foreseeable future. We conclude based on the best available scientific information that M. viminea could be affected by fire impacts associated with the death of individual plants; however, we do not consider this a significant threat to the continued existence of the species. Finally with regard to the direct and indirect effects of climate change on individual M. viminea plants and its habitat, we have no information at this point to demonstrate that predicted climate changes poses a significant threat to the species either now or in the foreseeable future.
Proposed Determination--Monardella viminea
We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial information available regarding the past, present, and future threats to Monardella viminea. As described above, we find that threats attributable to Factor A (The Present or Threatened Destruction,
Modification, or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range) represent significant threats to M. viminea, particularly through severe alteration of hydrology in Carroll, Lopez, and San Clemente Canyons.
Additionally, type conversion and habitat degradation due to frequent fire represent a significant and immediate threat to the species across its range. We also find that, in the absence of the Act, other existing regulatory mechanisms as described under Factor D would not provide protections adequate to alleviate threats to M. viminea. Finally, we find that threats attributable to Factor E (Other Natural or Manmade
Factors Affecting Its Continued Existence) represent significant threats to the species throughout its range, including impacts from nonnative plant species invading canyons where M. viminea exists.
Additionally, the small population size of M. viminea could exacerbate the threats to the species. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of flood, reduced shrub numbers, frequent fire, and nonnative species encroachment pose an increased risk to the species, resulting in continued population decline such as that seen on MCAS Miramar in recent years.
When the species was listed in 1998, there were 18 extant occurrences of what we now consider to be Monardella viminea; currently, there are only 7 known natural occurrences of M. viminea.
All seven of these occurrences have continued to decline since listing and since the most recent (2008) 5-year review. Since the recent taxonomic revision of Monardella linoides ssp. viminea into two separate species, we now know that both the number of clumps and the limited geographic range of M. viminea are substantially less than originally thought, as two of the occurrences at time of listing are now considered to be M. stoneana. As discussed above, natural occurrences of M. viminea occur in only six watersheds in a very limited area of San Diego County. Transplanted occurrences occur in two additional canyons; however, over the past 3 years, survival of three of the transplanted sites is below 20 percent, with the fourth at only 44 percent (Ince 2010, p. 8). Additionally, the most recent surveys from MCAS Miramar, which holds the majority of the largest occurrences, have shown a rapid decline of the species over the past 7 years (Tierra
Data 2011, p. 12).
The Act defines an endangered species as any species that is ``in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range'' and a threatened species as any species ``that is likely to become endangered throughout all or a significant portion of its range within the foreseeable future.'' Given the rapid population decline
(particularly the decline of 45 percent of the population on MCAS
Miramar since 2002), the species' limited range and small population size, and continuing significant threats, we find that Monardella viminea is in danger of extinction throughout its range. Therefore, endangered status under the Act continues to be warranted for M. viminea.
Status Review--Monardella stoneana
Species Description
Monardella stoneana is a perennial herb or subshrub in the
Lamiaceae (mint family) with a woody base and aromatic leaves. The sparsely pubescent multiple stems bear sparsely gland-dotted broadly lanceolate to lance-ovate leaves, and dense, terminal clusters of pale
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pink flowers. The leaves are 0.6-1.2 in (15-30 mm) long by 0.2-0.4 in
(4-10 mm) wide, and the middle flower bracts are 0.3-0.4 in (7-10 mm) long (Elvin and Sanders 2003, pp. 426, 431-432). Monardella stoneana often grows together in clumps of one to four individual plants. As the number of plants within a clump cannot be reliably distinguished without exposing the roots, the species is usually counted by clumps rather than as individual plants.
Habitat
Monardella stoneana occurs in cypress forest and chaparral habitats on banks of ephemeral washes in canyons where surface water flows for usually less than 48 hours after a rain event (Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 430; SANDAG 1995). It is often found with Baccharis sarothroides
(broom baccharis) and Cupressus (cypress) species (CNDDB 2010b). It is most commonly found in canyon bottoms and north-facing slopes, and along bends of meandering drainages (Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 426).
Many of the streams where M. stoneana grows hold water for up to several months during the rainy season (Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 426). Monardella stoneana is found on rockier substrate than M. viminea, often between spaces in stones or boulders along the creek bed
(Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 426; City of San Diego 2005, p. 3; City of
San Diego 2008, p. 4).
The chaparral habitat that Monardella stoneana favors benefits from small or managed fires that clear out dead or encroaching scrub vegetation and reduce nonnative species (Minnich 1983, p. 1290).
Chaparral is more resistant to fire than coastal sage scrub, due to strong recruitment and effective germination after repeated fire events
(Keeley 1987, p. 439; Tyler 1995, p. 1009). As with M. viminea, there are two ways in which fire can negatively impact M. stoneana. First, an increased frequency of fires of all sizes can result in type conversion or invasion of nonnative grasses into chaparral habitats that can choke out native vegetation, including shrubs associated with M. stoneana.
This is a habitat-based effect. Second, large or unmanaged fires
(megafire) can be a particular threat to a narrow endemic species like
M. stoneana because a single megafire could eliminate a large proportion of individual plants within the extant range of the species.
Rebman and Dossey (2006b, p. 2) reported that M. viminea is capable of resprouting after fire; we expect the same to be true of M. stoneana.
Additional information is needed on the role of fire in M. stoneana habitat, particularly within riparian portions of canyons, and the effects of fire on clumps of M. stoneana. Please see our request for information in the Public Comments section above.
Life History
Very little is known about the germination and establishment of
Monardella stoneana. Mature plants of the closely related M. viminea flower readily, with inflorescences persisting for 10 to 12 weeks
(Elvin and Sanders 2003, pp. 430-431). Plants are short-lived perennials producing a new cohort of aerial stems each year from a persisting perennial root structure. Plants of this species are not known to be rhizomatous; however, root masses may become separated over time, resulting in adjacent genetically identical but separate plants.
No pollination studies are known to exist for Monardella stoneana; however, other Monardella taxa are visited by butterfly and bee species
(Elvin 2003, p. 2). Bees collected from the closely related M. linoides include wasp-like bees (Hylaeus sp.), mason bees (Osmia spp. or
Chalicodoma spp.), and miner bees (Anthophora spp.) (Hurd 1979, pp. 1762, 1765, 2042, 2073, and 2164). Successful reproduction of flowering plants depends on pollinator abundance and effectiveness (Javorek et al. 2002, p. 350). Therefore, pollinator movement and availability should be considered when assessing likely population distributions and survival, and habitat needs of M. stoneana.
Geographic Range and Status
Monardella stoneana is a geographically narrow endemic restricted to southwestern San Diego County, in the United States, and to northern portions of Baja California, Mexico (Figure 1). All eight extant occurrences and one extirpated occurrence (Table 1) are found in the vicinity of Otay Mesa, Otay Mountain, and Tecate Peak (CNDDB 2010b).
Monardella stoneana occurs on lands owned by the BLM, the City of San
Diego, the State of California, the CDFG, and lands under private ownership. The use of the word occurrence, as described in the
Geographic Range and Status section for M. viminea, also applies to M. stoneana.
A total of two occurrences now considered Monardella stoneana were known and extant at the time of listing (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). According to the most recent report from the CNDDB, eight occurrences of M. stoneana are currently extant, with additional clumps easily visible in Mexico just across the border from California (CNDDB 2010b, EOs 7, 8). Due to the rarity of juveniles of this species and the closely related M. viminea, and the fact that most occurrences were discovered less than 5 years after listing, we believe all occurrences were extant at the time of listing.
There is little information available on the population trends of most Monardella stoneana occurrences since listing. Only two EOs receive regular monitoring, EO 1 (Marron Valley) and EO 5 (Buschalaugh
Cove). The Buschalaugh Cove occurrence, located on land owned by the
City of San Diego, declined from two clumps in 2004 to one clump in 2006, and then no clumps in 2008 (City of San Diego 2004, p. 3; City of
San Diego 2006, p. 8; City of San Diego 2008, p. 2). The last remaining clump at this occurrence was burned as a result of the 2007 Harris Fire and has not been located by monitors since that time (City of San Diego 2008, p. 2; City of San Diego 2009, p. 2; City of San Diego 2010, p. 256). The Marron Valley occurrence, also located on land owned by the
City of San Diego, appears to have declined slightly from 120 individuals in 2002, to 95 in 2010 (City of San Diego 2010a, p. 238;
City of San Diego 2010b, p. 2). However, the City of San Diego acknowledges that its monitoring methods are not always consistent across years (City of San Diego 2005, pp. 2-3), so the differences could be an artifact of inconsistencies in monitoring. Since 2005, the population has remained steady at 95 plants (City of San Diego 2010b, p. 2).
Little information is available on the other occurrences. Reports from the CNDDB state that the Otay Lakes occurrence declined from 200 clumps in 1989, to 25 plants in 2005 (EO 4; CNDDB 2010b, p. 4); these are the only two surveys we are aware of for this occurrence. According to the CNDDB, all other occurrences are still extant (CNDDB 2010b). No surveys have been conducted in Mexico; the only known occurrences in
Mexico are those visible across the border, as discussed above.
Summary of Factors Affecting Monardella stoneana
As stated above in the Summary of Factors Affecting Monardella viminea section, the original listing rule for the M. linoides ssp. viminea contained a discussion of these five factors, as did the 2008 5-year review. However, the reader must bear in mind that both of these documents included discussions regarding M. linoides ssp. viminea, without separation, or recognition of M. stoneana or M. viminea. Below, each of
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the five listing factors is discussed for M. stoneana specifically.
A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range
Urbanization/Development
The original listing rule identified urban development as one of the most important threats to Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). However, the urbanization and development threats described in the 1998 listing rule apply only to those occurrences now attributable to M. viminea.
Monardella stoneana occurs almost entirely on publicly owned land managed by the BLM (approximately 34 percent), CDFG (approximately 55 percent), or City of San Diego (approximately 7 percent). These occurrences are protected from habitat destruction or modification due to urban development because they are conserved and managed within the
BLM's Otay Mountain Wilderness or the City of San Diego's and CDFG's preserves under the MSCP; this contrasts with M. viminea occurrences conserved by the City of San Diego that do not have management plans
(see also Factor D discussion below and Factor D discussion for M. viminea).
The Monardella stoneana occurrences located on the two sections of land owned by the City of San Diego have been set aside for conservation purposes and are undevelopable. The one occurrence located on private land at the Otay Lakes site is contained within lands set aside as part of the Otay Ranch Preserve, and thus protected from development. Based on the lack of threats from development on land currently occupied by M. stoneana, we do not believe that urban development is a threat to this species now, nor will it be in the foreseeable future, within the United States. While we are not aware of any proposed development in areas occupied by M. stoneana in Mexico, we are also not aware of the extent of the species' distribution in
Mexico. Thus, the best scientific evidence does not support urbanization as a significant threat to M. stoneana in Mexico.
Sand and Gravel Mining
Sand and gravel mining activities were identified as threats to
Monardella linoides ssp. viminea in the 1998 listing rule and the recent 5-year review (63 FR 54938, October 13, 1998; Service 2008). As was the case for urban development, the threats described in the 1998 listing rule apply only to those occurrences now attributable to M. viminea. We are not aware of any historical mining that has impacted occurrences of M. stoneana, nor are we aware of any plans for future mining activities that may impact the species. Therefore, we believe that sand and gravel mining activities do not pose a threat to the continued persistence of M. stoneana.
Altered Hydrology
The original listing rule identified altered hydrology as a threat to Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998).
Monardella viminea depends on a natural hydrological system to maintain the secondary alluvial benches and streambeds on which it grows (Scheid 1985, pp. 30-31, 34-35); we believe the closely related M. stoneana does as well. Upstream development can disrupt this regime by increasing storm runoff, which can result in erosion of stream banks and rocky cobble upon which M. stoneana grow. Floods also have the potential to wash away plants much larger than M. stoneana, as has occurred with M. viminea in Lopez Canyon (Kelly and Burrascano 2001, pp. 2-3). On the other hand, decreased flows increase the possibility of invasion by nonnative species into the creek bed, which can smother seedling and mature plants and disrupt growth processes (Rebman and
Dossey 2006a, p. 12).
Habitat characteristics for Monardella stoneana have not been described in detail, but, as with M. viminea, alteration of hydrology may disrupt the natural processes and habitat characteristics that support M. stoneana. However, M. stoneana reportedly ``most often grows among boulders, stones, and in cracks of the bedrock of these intermittent streams in rocky gorges'' (Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 429), which suggests the habitat of M. stoneana may be largely resistant to erosion events. More importantly, given the lack of urban development in the Otay area where the majority of the plants occur, substantial alteration of hydrology has not occurred to date and is not expected to occur in the foreseeable future, and is thus not a threat to M. stoneana.
Fire and Type Conversion
As discussed under Factor A for Monardella viminea, our understanding of the role of fire in fire-dependent habitat has changed since the time of listing, and the intensity of wildfire and frequency of megafires has increased compared to historical regimes. However, M. stoneana is associated with different habitat types than M. viminea.
While M. viminea occurs in coastal sage scrub and riparian scrub, M. stoneana is found primarily in chaparral habitats.
Chaparral is more resistant to fire than coastal sage scrub, due to strong recruitment and effective germination after repeated fire events
(Keeley 1987, p. 439; Tyler 1995, p. 1009). Chaparral is considered a crown-fire ecosystem, meaning ecosystems which ``have endogenous mechanisms for recovery that include resprouting from basal burrs and long-lived seed banks that are stimulated to germinate by fire'' (Keane et al. 2008, p. 702). These ecosystems are also resilient to high- intensity burns (Keeley et al. 2008, p. 1545).
The fire regime in Baja California, Mexico, where some Monardella stoneana occurs, has not undergone the same fire suppression activities that have occurred in the United States. Some researchers claim that the fire regime of chaparral growing in Baja California is thus not affected by megafires due to a lack of fire suppression activities
(Minnich and Chou 1997, Minnich 2001). Nevertheless, Keeley and Zedler
(2009, p. 86) believe that the fire regime in Baja California still mirrors that of Southern California, similarly consisting of ``small fires punctuated at periodic intervals by large fire events''
Therefore, we expect that impacts from fire in Baja California will be similar to that in San Diego County.
Despite the resiliency of chaparral ecosystems to fire events, chaparral, like coastal sage scrub, has been experiencing type conversion in many areas in southern California. As with coastal sage scrub, chaparral habitat is also being invaded by nonnative species
(Keeley 2006, p. 379). Nonnative grasses sprout more quickly after a fire than chaparral species; this process is exacerbated by increased fire intervals (Keeley 2001, pp. 84-85).
However, monitoring data from the MSCP Rare Plant Field Surveys by the City of San Diego indicate that type conversion is not taking place in chaparral habitats surrounding occurrences of Monardella stoneana.
For the past decade, the City of San Diego has been monitoring the occurrences of M. stoneana on City lands, documenting their general habitats and assessing disturbances and threats. In the City of San
Diego 2006 report, the Otay Lakes occurrence of M. stoneana (one clump comprised of two individuals) was reported as having ``fair to good'' habitat, with monitors noting that threats occurred, such as encroachment of tamarisk (Tamarisk spp.) and other nonnative plants (10 percent cover), and immigrant trails
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(City of San Diego 2006, p. 8). This occurrence was lost after the 2006 survey, as described in the Geographic Range and Status section of this proposed rule. Although the 2008 and 2010 survey reports for the Otay
Lakes site describe habitat disturbances such as type conversion due to fire frequency and invasive species (particularly nonnative grasses)
(City of San Diego 2008, p. 2; City of San Diego 2010, p. 5), the surveys also indicate that the percent cover of native species has increased from 2008 to 2010 (from 23 to 42 percent), while the percent cover of nonnative species has increased (from 30 to 44 percent) (City of San Diego 2008, p. 1; City of San Diego 2010; p. 5). The most recent survey report (2010) described the habitat at this site as ``fair to good'' (City of San Diego 2010, p. 254).
For the Marron Valley site, the MSCP Rare Plant Field Surveys conducted by the City of San Diego recorded 95 individuals of
Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (now M. stoneana) in its 2006 survey report, which was unchanged in survey results from 2008 to 2010 (City of San Diego 2006, p. 1; City of San Diego 2008, p. 1; City of San
Diego 2009, p.1; City of San Diego, p. 5). Habitat at the Marron Valley site was characterized as ``fair to good'' for 2008 through 2010 (City of San Diego 2008, p. 2; City of San Diego 2010, p. 11). As with the
Otay Lakes location, type conversion due to frequent fire (Factor A) and invasion of nonnative grasses was described as a disturbance/ stressor to the M. stoneana habitat (City of San Diego 2008, p. 2; City of San Diego 2009, p. 2). Nonetheless, recent surveys indicate that the percent ground cover by native species at the Marron Valley site (EO 1) has increased from 2008 to 2010 (from 26 to 32 percent), while the percent ground cover by nonnative species has also increased (from 15 to 22 percent) (City of San Diego 2008, p. 1; City of San Diego 2010; p. 5). While no habitat assessment surveys are available for other M. stoneana occurrences on Otay Mountain or near Tecate Peak, we would expect the results to be similar to those from the Marron Valley and
Otay Lakes occurrences, as they occur in the same or similar habitat types (SANDAG 1995).
Zedler et al. (1983, p. 816) concluded that short-interval fires on
Otay Mountain will lead to an increase in herbs and subshrubs given their observation that the ``common pattern after chaparral fires, like that of 1979 [on Otay Mountain], is for native and introduced annual herbs to dominate for the 1st yr and then gradually decline as the cover of shrub and subshrubs inceases [sic].'' Additionally, monitoring data for Monardella stoneana has not recorded the same rapid increases in nonnative vegetation as have occurred in habitat where M. viminea grows (City of San Diego 2008, p. 1; City of San Diego 2009; p. 1).
While several M. viminea occurrences have been extirpated due to invasion of nonnative vegetation (see Factor A discussion for M. viminea above), no occurrences of M. stoneana have been similarly affected.
Nonetheless, fire is still a stressor to Monardella stoneana habitat and many other sensitive habitats throughout southern
California. To this end, on land owned and managed by the CDFG and BLM, which contain approximately 88 percent of all occurrences of M. stoneana, fire management is provided by CAL FIRE. CAL FIRE is an emergency response and resource protection department. The CAL FIRE protects lives, property, and natural resources from fire, and it protects and preserves timberlands, wildlands, and urban forests. The
CAL FIRES's varied programs work together to plan protection strategies incorporating concepts of the National Fire Plan, the California Fire
Plan, individual CAL FIRE Unit Fire Plans, and Community Wildfire
Protection Plans (CWPPs). Fire Plans outline the fire situation within each CAL FIRE Unit, and CWPPs do the same for communities (CAL FIRE 2011a, p. 1; County of San Diego 2011a). Each plan identifies prevention measures to reduce risks, informs and involves the local communities in the area, and provides a framework to diminish potential wildfire losses and implement all applicable fire management regulations and policies (CAL FIRE 2011b; County of San Diego 2011a).
Planning includes other State, Federal, and local government agencies as well as Fire Safe Councils (CAL FIRE 2011a, p. 1). Cooperative efforts via contracts and agreements between State, Federal, and local agencies are essential to respond to wildland fires (CAL FIRE 2011a, p. 1). Because of these types of cooperative efforts, fire engines and crews from many different agencies may respond at the scene of an emergency (CAL FIRE 2011a, p. 1); however, CAL FIRE typically takes the lead with regard to planning for megafire prevention, management, and suppression, and CAL FIRE is in charge of incident command during a wildfire.
The San Diego County Fire Authority (SDCFA), local governments, and
CAL FIRE cooperatively protect 1.42 million ac (0.6 million ha) of land with 54 fire stations throughout San Diego County (County of San Diego 2011b, p. 1). Wildfire management plans and associated actions can help to reduce the impacts of type conversion due to frequent fire on natural resources, including M. stoneana.
Therefore, based on the best available scientific and commercial information, type conversion due to more frequent fire does not pose a threat to M. stoneana or its associated plant communities now or in the foreseeable future. The stress of frequent fire on M. stoneana is further alleviated by management actions undertaken by CAL FIRE. More intense fire, however, could pose a threat to individual clumps of M. stoneana; impacts to clumps of M. stoneana from intense fire events are discussed below under Factor E.
Summary of Factor A
We evaluated several factors with the potential to destroy, modify, or curtail Monardella stoneana's habitat or range, including urban development, sand and gravel mining, type conversion due to frequent fire, and altered hydrology. Based on our review of the best available scientific and commercial information, we conclude that M. stoneana is not threatened by the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range, either now or in the foreseeable future.
B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or
Educational Purposes
To our knowledge, no commercial use exists for Monardella stoneana.
The 1998 listing rule for Monardella linoides ssp. viminea suggested that professional and private botanical collecting could exacerbate the extirpation threat to the subspecies due to botanists favoring rare or declining species (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). However, we are not currently aware of any interest by botanists in collecting M. stoneana.
Therefore, we do not believe that overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes constitutes a threat to this species, either now or in the foreseeable future.
C. Disease or Predation
Neither disease nor predation was known to be a threat affecting
Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998) at the time of listing. Data from the CNDDB (CNDDB 2010b) list grazing as a potential threat for the M. stoneana occurrence located on the Otay
Ranch Preserve (EO 4). However, we have no other information quantifying the extent of this grazing and its impact on this occurrence. Therefore, based on the best available
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scientific and commercial information, neither disease nor herbivory constitutes a threat to M. stoneana, either now or in the foreseeable future.
D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms
At the time of listing, regulatory mechanisms identified as providing some level of protection for Monardella linoides ssp. viminea included: (1) The Act in cases where M. linoides ssp. viminea co- occurred with a Federally listed species; (2) California Endangered
Species Act (CESA), as the species was listed as endangered in
California in 1979; (3) the California Environmental Quality Act
(CEQA); (4) implementation of conservation plans pursuant to
California's Natural Community Conservation Planning Act; (5) local laws and regulations; and (6) enforcement of Mexican laws (63 FR 54938;
October 13, 1998). The listing rule provided an analysis of the potential level of protection provided by these regulatory mechanisms
(63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). With the proposed separation of M. viminea from M. stoneana, we have re-evaluated current protective regulatory mechanisms for M. stoneana, as discussed below. However, as with M. viminea, protections afforded to M. stoneana under the Act as part of M. linoides ssp. viminea, the currently listed entity, would continue to apply only if we determine to retain listed status for M. stoneana. Therefore, for purposes of our analysis, we do not include the Act as an existing regulatory mechanism that protects M. stoneana.
We do note that M. stoneana would likely continue to receive protection indirectly through habitat conservation plans approved under section 10 of the Act and Natural Community Conservation Plans (NCCPs) approved under the State of California that will cover M. stoneana even if the species is not Federally listed.
Federal Regulations
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
All Federal agencies are required to adhere to the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1970 for projects they fund, authorize, or carry out. The Council on Environmental Quality's regulations for implementing NEPA (40 CFR 1500-1518) state that in their environmental impact statements agencies shall include a discussion on the environmental impacts of the various project alternatives (including the proposed action), any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided, and any irreversible or irretrievable commitments of resources involved (40 CFR 1502). NEPA itself is a disclosure law that provides an opportunity for the public to submit comments on a particular project and propose other conservation measures that may directly benefit listed species; however, it does not impose substantive environmental mitigation obligations on Federal agencies. Any such measures are typically voluntary in nature and are not required by the statute. Activities on non-Federal lands are also subject to NEPA if there is a Federal nexus.
Wilderness Act and Federal Land Policy and Management Act
Monardella stoneana is a BLM-designated sensitive species (BLM 2010, p. 8). BLM-designated sensitive species are those species requiring special management consideration to promote their conservation and reduce the likelihood and need for future listing under the Act. This status makes conservation of M. stoneana a management priority in the Otay Mountain Wilderness, in which approximately 34 percent of M. stoneana occurs.
The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA) (43
U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) governs the management of public lands under the jurisdiction of the BLM. The legislative goals of FLPMA are to establish public land policy; to establish guidelines for its [BLM's] administration; and to provide for the management, protection, development, and enhancement of the public lands. While FLPMA generally directs that public lands be managed on the basis of multiple use, the statute also directs that such lands be managed to ``protect the quality of scientific, scenic, historical, ecological, environmental, air and atmospheric, water resource, and archeological values; * * * [ to] preserve and protect certain public lands in their natural condition; [and to] * * * provide food and habitat for fish and wildlife * * * .'' (43 U.S.C. 1701(a)(8)). Although the BLM has a multiple-use mandate under the FLPMA which allows for grazing, mining, and off-road vehicle use, the BLM also has the ability under the FLPMA to establish and implement special management areas such as Areas of
Critical Environmental Concern, wilderness areas, research areas, and so forth. BLM's South Coast Resource Management Plan covers the San
Diego County area.
The Otay Mountain Wilderness Act (1999) (Pub. L. 106-145) and BLM management policies provide protection for all Monardella stoneana occurring within the Otay Mountain Wilderness. The Otay Mountain
Wilderness Act provides that the Otay Mountain designated wilderness area (i.e., Otay Mountain Wilderness; 18,500 ac (7,486 ha)) will be managed in accordance with the provisions of the Wilderness Act of 1964
(16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.). The Wilderness Act of 1964 strictly limits the use of wilderness areas, imposing restrictions on vehicle use, new developments, chainsaws, mountain bikes, leasing, and mining, in order to protect the natural habitats of the areas, maintain species diversity, and enhance biological values. Lands acquired by BLM within the Otay Mountain Wilderness boundaries become part of the designated wilderness area and are managed in accordance with all provisions of the Wilderness Act and regulations pertaining to the Wilderness Act.
The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Service, the BLM, the County of San Diego, the City of San Diego, SANDAG, and the CDFG, was issued in 1994 in conjunction with the development of the County of
San Diego Subarea Plan under the MSCP for cooperation in habitat conservation planning and management (BLM 1994, pp. 1-8), and applies to the Otay Mountain Wilderness because it falls entirely within the boundary of this subarea plan. The MOU (BLM 1994, p. 3) details BLM's commitment to manage lands to ``conform with'' the County of San Diego
Subarea Plan, which in turn requires protection of M. stoneana (see
Habitat Conservation Plans section below). Additionally, pursuant to the MOU, private lands acquired by BLM will be evaluated for inclusion within the designated wilderness area, and if the lands do not meet wilderness qualifications, these lands would be included in the MSCP conservation system (BLM 1994, p. 3). Therefore, protections provided by the County of San Diego Subarea Plan under the MSCP (see Habitat
Conservation Plans section below) also apply to the Otay Mountain
Wilderness.
Protections for Monardella stoneana are also included in the BLM's draft of the South Coast Resource Management Plan (SCRMP). Fire management activities occur on Otay Mountain as part of the BLM's current (1994) South Coast Resource Management Plan. In addition, at some point in the future on an as-needed basis, additional brush clearing and other fuels modifications, including burning, may occur.
The BLM is collaborating with the Service to revise the South Coast
Resource Management Plan, which covers the Otay Mountain Wilderness.
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The draft revised plan specifically includes a goal of restoring fire frequency to 50 years through fire prevention or suppression and prescribed burns; once an area has not burned for 50 years, the plan allows for annual prescribed burning of up to 500 ac (200 ha) in the
Otay Mountain Wilderness (BLM 2010, pp. 4-171--4-172). We believe the management regime undertaken by BLM under the SCRMP is adequate to protect the species and its habitat from the threat of type conversion due to frequent fire (Factor A).
State and Local Regulations
Native Plant Protection Act (NPPA) and California Endangered Species
Act (CESA)
Under provisions of NPPA (Division 2, chapter 10 section 1900 et seq. of the CFG code) and CESA (Division 3, chapter 1.5, section 2050 et seq. of the CFG code), the CDFG Commission listed Monardella linoides ssp. viminea as endangered in 1979. Currently, the State of
California recognizes the State-listed entity as M. viminea. No such recognition is afforded M. stoneana under CESA. Though not listed under
CESA, the CDFG does recognize M. stoneana as a rare and imperiled plant
(lists S1.2 and 1B.2).
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) (Public Resources
Code 21000-21177) and the CEQA Guidelines (California Code of
Regulations, Title 14, Division 6, Chapter 3, Sections 15000-15387) requires State and local agencies to identify the significant environmental impacts of their actions and to avoid or mitigate those impacts, if feasible. CEQA applies to projects proposed to be undertaken or requiring approval by State and local government agencies, and the lead agency must complete the environmental review process required by CEQA, including conducting an Initial Study to identify the environmental impacts of the project and determine whether the identified impacts are significant; if significant impacts are determined, then an Environmental Impact Report must be prepared to provide State and local agencies and the general public with detailed information on the potentially significant environmental effects
(California Environmental Resources Evaluation System, 2010).
``Thresholds of Significance'' are comprehensive criteria used to define environmentally significant impacts based on quantitative and qualitative standards and include impacts to biological resources such as candidate, sensitive, or special status species in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the CDFG or the Service; or any riparian habitat or other sensitive natural community identified in local or regional plans, policies, regulations or by the CDFG or
Service (CEQA Handbook, Appendix G, 2010). Defining these significance thresholds helps ensure a ``rational basis for significance determinations'' and provides support for the final determination and appropriate revisions or mitigation actions to a project in order to develop a mitigated negative declaration rather than an Environmental
Impact Report (Governor's Office of Planning and Research, 1994, p. 5).
Under CEQA, projects may move forward if there is a statement of overriding consideration. If significant effects are identified, the lead agency has the option of requiring mitigation through changes in the project or to decide that overriding considerations make mitigation infeasible (CEQA section 21002). Protection of listed species through
CEQA is, therefore, dependent upon the discretion of the lead agency involved.
Otay Mountain Ecological Reserve
Fifty-five percent of Monardella stoneana occurrences are found on the Otay Mountain Ecological Reserve, which is owned by the State of
California and managed by CDFG. The Reserve is managed in a manner consistent with protections applying to the Otay Mountain Wilderness
Area (T. Nelson 2011, pers. comm.). In the case of Otay Mountain
Ecological Reserve, those measures include protection from development, watershed alteration, and fire management. Fire management prevents stress on M. stoneana habitat due to type conversion caused by too frequent fires (Factor A).
The Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) Act
The NCCP program is a cooperative effort between the State of
California and numerous private and public partners with the goal of protecting habitats and species. An NCCP identifies and provides for the regional or area-wide protection of plants, animals, and their habitats, while allowing compatible and appropriate economic activity.
The program began in 1991 under the State's NCCP Act (CFG Code 2800- 2835). The primary objective of the NCCP program is to conserve natural communities at the ecosystem scale while accommodating compatible land uses (http://www.dfg.ca.gov/habcon/nccp/). Regional NCCPs provide protection to Federally listed species by conserving native habitats upon which the species depend. Many NCCPs are developed in conjunction with HCPs prepared pursuant to the Act. The City and County of San
Diego Subarea Plans under the MSCP are discussed below under the discussion of the Act.
San Diego Multiple Species Conservation Plan (MSCP)
Monardella linoides ssp. viminea is a covered species under the San
Diego Multiple Species Conservation Program (MSCP) (City of San Diego 1997, Table 3-5). The most recent revision of the Rare Plant Monitoring
Review lists M. stoneana as a covered species and recognized narrow endemic (McEachern et al. 2007, p. 33). The MSCP is a regional conservation plan covering 582,000 acres in southwestern San Diego
County and is designed to protect sensitive species and habitats within the boundaries of the plan. The MSCP covers 582,243 ac (235,625 ha) and 12 jurisdictions. Each jurisdiction is responsible for developing its own subarea plan to implement the regional MSCP within that jurisdiction.
Known occurrences of Monardella stoneana located within the City of
San Diego Subarea Plan under the MSCP include the occurrence just east of Buschalaugh Cove on the lower Otay Reservoir (EO 5) and a portion of the occurrence in an unnamed tributary of Cottonwood Creek east of
Marron Valley (EO 6). The City of San Diego MSCP Subarea Plan requires preservation of 100 percent of the occurrences on city-owned lands in the Otay area. City-owned lands represent a total of 7 percent of habitat for the species. Additional impact avoidance and other measures are required under the City's plan to protect narrow endemic species, such as M. stoneana, and the subarea plan includes area-specific management directives designed to maintain long-term survival in the planning area (Service 1997, pp. 104-105). Under the City of San Diego
Subarea Plan, impacts to narrow endemic plants, including M. stoneana, inside the MHPA (Multi-Habitat Protection Area) will be avoided.
Additionally, the City has completed a fire management plan for the
Marron Valley area. This plan outlines as major goals the reduction of too-short fire return intervals. It also provides for protection of native plant community structure and biodiversity, including protection for M. stoneana and the canyon where it is found (EO 1) (Tierra Data 2006, pp. 4-1-4-2).
The County of San Diego Subarea Plan covers 252,132 ac (102,035 ha) in
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the southwestern portion of the County's unincorporated lands, and is implemented in part by the Biological Mitigation Ordinance (BMO). As discussed in the Wilderness Act and Federal Land Policy and Management
Act section above, protections provided by the County of San Diego
Subarea Plan under the MSCP also apply to the Otay Mountain Wilderness, and thus are discussed here. The County of San Diego Subarea plan outlines the specific criteria and requirements for projects within the
MSCP subarea plan's boundaries to alleviate threats from development and increased fire frequency (see MSCP, County of San Diego Subarea
Plan (2007) and County of San Diego Biological Mitigation Ordinance
(Ord. Nos. 8845, 9246) 1998). The BMO requires that all impacts to narrow endemic plant species, including Monardella stoneana, be avoided to the maximum extent practicable (City of San Diego 2007, p. 11). All projects within the County's MSCP subarea plan boundaries must comply with both the MSCP requirements and the County's policies under CEQA.
The private land on Otay Mountain where Monardella stoneana is known to occur is part of Otay Ranch; this land is zoned as ``Open
Space'' by the County of San Diego and identified as part of the County of San Diego's preserve for the MSCP. Only 4 percent of M. stoneana habitat occurs on private land. This land is also covered by the Otay
Ranch Phase 2 Resource Management Plan (Otay Ranch 2002), approved by the County in 2002. This plan provides for the phased conservation and development of lands in southern San Diego County. A large portion of land is identified for conservation and will be dedicated as associated development occurs. The Otay Ranch Phase 2 Management Plan provides protection for 100 percent of M. stoneana occurring on the preserve
(Otay Ranch 2002, p. 144) and includes provisions to manage the 4 percent of M. stoneana habitat that is on private land in a way that will benefit this species (Otay Ranch 2002, pp. 18-19, 52-53).
Additionally, the County of San Diego Resource Protection Ordinance
(RPO) (County of San Diego 2007) applies to unincorporated lands in the
County, both within and outside of the MSCP subarea plan boundaries.
The RPO identifies restrictions on development to reduce or eliminate impacts to natural resources, including wetlands, wetland buffers, floodplains, steep slope lands, and sensitive habitat lands. Sensitive habitat lands are those that support unique vegetation communities or those that either are necessary to support a viable population of sensitive species (such as M. stoneana), are critical to the proper functioning of a balanced natural ecosystem, or serve as a functioning wildlife corridor (County of San Diego, 2007, p. 3). They can include areas that contain maritime succulent scrub, southern coastal bluff scrub, coastal and desert dunes, calcicolous scrub, and maritime chaparral, among others. Impacts to RPO sensitive habitat lands are only allowed when all feasible measures have been applied to reduce impacts and when mitigation provides an equal or greater benefit to the affected species (County of San Diego, 2007, p. 13).
Summary of Factor D
On City and County lands occupied by Monardella stoneana or containing its habitat, we believe the County of San Diego Resource
Protection Ordinance, the Biological Mitigation Ordinance, and the
Subarea plans for the City and County of San Diego provide mechanisms to conserve M. stoneana in association with new development or other proposed projects, and they provide mechanisms for the creation of biological reserves. The County of San Diego subarea plan provides protective mechanisms for the small percentage of M. stoneana on private land for new development or other proposed projects, and includes provisions for monitoring and management through development of location-specific management plans. Unlike for habitat containing M. viminea, the City of San Diego has developed final monitoring and management plans for M. stoneana. Conservation measures addressing stressors from type conversion due to frequent fire are thus identified, and are being carried out at the Marron Valley occurrence, which is the only city-owned land where M. stoneana is extant. However, as only a small percentage of M. stoneana occurs on city-owned lands, these actions on their own, although providing a benefit to the one occurrence on city-owned land, are not enough to protect the species as a whole.
On land owned and managed by the CDFG and BLM, which contain approximately 88 percent of all occurrences of Monardella stoneana, fire management is provided by CAL FIRE, and further protection of natural resources on state lands is provided by management conducted consistent with the Wilderness Act.
Based on our review of the best available scientific and commercial information, we conclude M. stoneana is not threatened by inadequate existing regulatory mechanisms. Federal, State, and local regulatory mechanisms help to reduce wildfire impacts, primarily to property and human safety; they do not adequately protect M. stoneana from direct mortality caused by megafires. However, the impact of megafire on wildlands is not a threat that is susceptible to elimination by regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, we do not find existing regulations inadequate to protect M. stoneana, now or in the foreseeable future.
E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its Continued Existence
Trampling
Trampling was identified as a threat to Monardella linoides ssp. viminea in the original listing rule (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998).
Trampling by pedestrians may result in damage or death to M. stoneana plants. The City of San Diego MSCP previously identified Off-Highway
Vehicle (OHV) activity and disturbance from illegal immigrant activity as a major management issue (City of San Diego 1997, p. 52). All M. stoneana clusters occur in close proximity to the Mexico border, where historically many illegal immigrants cross on foot. Monitoring reports previously noted immigrant trails through M. stoneana habitat at the
Otay Lakes location (City of San Diego 2006, p. 8). However, the recent border fence construction and other enforcement activities in the Otay
Mountain Wilderness area have reduced illegal immigrant traffic (Ford 2010, p. 1), and thus potential impacts of trampling at the Otay Lakes,
Marron Valley, and Otay Mountain locations. So while there may be some impacts due to trampling to individual plants, it is unlikely to occur at levels that would affect the status of the species. Based on the best scientific information, we believe that trampling (human disturbance activities) does not pose a significant risk to the persistence of M. stoneana now or in the foreseeable future.
Nonnative Plant Species
The listing rule identifies nonnative plants as a threat to
Monardella linoides ssp. viminea (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998). San
Diego County habitats have been altered by invasion of nonnative species (Soule et al. 1992, p. 43). Nonnative grasses, which frequently grow more quickly than native species, can smother seedling and mature
M. viminea and prevent natural growth (Rebman and Dossey 2006a, p. 12).
The same effect is likely for M. stoneana. Monitors for the City of San
Diego MSCP recorded invasive plants at the Marron Valley location in the 2008 and
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2009 survey reports (City of San Diego 2008, p. 2; City of San Diego 2009, p. 1). At the Otay Lakes location, the invasive plant tamarisk was documented in 2006 (City of San Diego 2006, p. 8), and nonnative grasses were documented in 2008 and 2009 (City of San Diego 2008, p. 2;
City of San Diego 2009, p. 2).
However, despite the presence of nonnative plants in the range of
Monardella stoneana, monitoring reports have not recorded the same level of invasion by nonnative grasses that has occurred in the vicinity of M. viminea. As discussed under Factor A, the percent ground cover of nonnative and native plant species has increased between 2008 and 2010 at both Otay Lakes and Marron Valley. Additionally, the number of individual plants of M. stoneana at Marron Valley has not changed since 2006 (City of San Diego 2006, p. 1; City of San Diego 2008, p. 1;
City of San Diego 2009, p. 1; City of San Diego 2010, p. 11). These observations are consistent with the observation of Minnich and Bahre
(1995, p. 17) that generally, the ground cover of all herbaceous plants, including that of nonnative grasses, was absent or consisted of thinly scattered plants within the chaparral along the California-Baja
California boundary. Furthermore, these monitored occurrences have not undergone the same increase in nonnative vegetation recorded at M. viminea occurrences in Sycamore Canyon and on MCAS Miramar. Therefore, based on the best available scientific information, we find that nonnative species do not constitute a threat to the continued existence of M. stoneana.
Small Population Size
The original listing rule identified the restricted range and small population size of Monardella linoides ssp. viminea as a threat as it increases the possibility of extinction due to chance events such as floods, fires, or drought, outside the natural variability of the ecosystem (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998; Lande 1993, p. 912). With the split of M. linoides ssp. viminea into two entities, the magnitude of this threat would likely increase; however, we note that several additional M. stoneana occurrences have been discovered. Similarly,
Prince (2009, p. 2) suggests that multiple undiscovered occurrences of
M. stoneana may exist in the vicinity of Tecate Peak. This area has not been extensively surveyed, as it is difficult to access. Additional habitat may exist in Mexico; however, we are unaware of any surveys confirming the presence or absence of M. stoneana in Mexico, apart from plants seen directly across the border. Based on information in our files, these are the only occurrences in Mexico of which we are aware.
However, suitable habitat and landscape conditions exist in Mexico, close to the current range of the species in the United States.
Of the 20 known occurrences of Monardella linoides ssp. viminea at the time of listing, only 2 were later considered to be M. stoneana.
Subsequent surveys have identified additional occurrences, and M. stoneana is currently known from approximately eight occurrences in the
Otay Mountains area (CNDDB 2010b). The number of plants in Mexico is unknown and has been minimally investigated. Plants across the border in Mexico are visible from at least two occurrences south of Otay
Mountain, but these occurrences have not been formally surveyed.
Additionally, the most recent survey for this area was in 2005 (CNDDB 2010a), so the continued existence of these Mexico occurrences and the number of clumps present cannot be confirmed.
Any decrease in occurrences may result in decreased reproductive opportunities and genetic exchange between canyons through pollination.
However, effects from this threat may be less severe if more occurrences exist in Mexico than are currently known. However, we do not consider small population size alone sufficient to meet the information threshold indicating that the species warrants listing. In the absence of information identifying threats to the species and linking those threats to the rarity of the species, the Service does not consider rarity or small populations alone to be a threat. For example, the habitat supporting M. viminea faces significant threats from the impacts of fire, altered hydrologic regimes, and competition with nonnative plants. As discussed above, M. stoneana does not face such threats. A species that has always had small population sizes or been rare, yet continues to survive, is likely well equipped to continue to exist into the future. Many naturally rare species have persisted for long periods within small geographic areas, and many naturally rare species exhibit traits that allow them to persist despite their small population sizes. Monardella stoneana appears to have persisted for over two decades in the two occurrences known since the 1970s and 1980s, respectively (CNDDB 2010b; EOs 1 and 4); this is in contrast to M. viminea occurrences, many of which have undergone population declines during the same time period. The other seven occurrences were discovered in 2003 or later, so long-term data are not available; one of those seven occurrences has since been extirpated (EO 5). Monardella stoneana has not experienced a significant population decline since listing, nor have multiple occurrences been extirpated.
One of two occurrences monitored by the City of San Diego (EO 1) has remained stable throughout the past decade of monitoring, though one occurrence (EO 5) containing one clump was extirpated (although the EO 5 occurrence contained a maximum of only two clumps since monitoring began in 2000). This is in contrast to M. viminea, which has experienced a loss of several populations since listing. Consequently, the fact that this species is rare and has small populations does not indicate that it is in danger of extinction now or in the foreseeable future. Therefore, though small population size may pose a threat to M. stoneana, it is not alone enough to cause the extinction of the species within the foreseeable future.
Fire
As discussed under Factor E for Monardella viminea, fire can impact individual plants. This is especially true of megafire events that cannot be controlled or ameliorated through management efforts. A narrow endemic such as M. stoneana could be especially sensitive to megafire events. One large fire could impact all or a large proportion of the entire area where the species is found, as occurred for M. viminea in the 2003 Cedar fire. However, as discussed in Factor E for
M. viminea, the decline of the burned occurrences of M. viminea was not as severe as initially expected. We expect that M. stoneana would experience the same ability to sprout from the roots, as it is closely related to M. viminea.
Furthermore, despite the increased frequency of fire, M. stoneana has persisted through all large fires in the region. The GIS fire boundaries show that each occurrence of M. stoneana has been burned at least once in the past decade. In the past two decades, 8 of 9 EOs burned two or more times, and 4 occurrences burned three or more times.
The only reports of damage are from EO 5, which lost its one remaining plant, and EO 4, which was ``damaged'' in a recent (unspecified) fire, but not extirpated (CNDDB 2010b). In the occasion that a fire impacts all of the occurrences, we anticipate that the effects to M. stoneana individuals would be comparable to M. viminea, where the best available information show individuals are recovering from having 98 percent of the occurrences on MCAS Miramar being burned in the 2003 Cedar Fire.
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Given the increased frequency of megafires within Southern
California ecosystems, and the inability of regulatory mechanisms to prevent or control megafire, we find that megafire does have the potential to impact occurrences of Monardella stoneana. However, given the species' persistence through past fires, and the ability of a closely related species to recover from direct impact by fires, we do not expect that megafire is a significant threat to individual M. stoneana plants now, nor is likely to become a threat in the foreseeable future.
Climate Change
As noted above in our status determination for Monardella viminea, a broad consensus exists among scientists that the earth is in a warming trend caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (IPCC 2007). Researchers have documented climate-related changes in California (Croke et al. 1998, pp. 2128, 2130; Breshears et al. 2005, p. 15144). Predictions for California indicate prolonged drought and other climate-related changes will continue in the future
(e.g., Field et al. 1999, pp. 8-10; Lenihen et al. 2003, p. 1667;
Hayhoe et al. 2004, p. 12422; Breshears et al. 2005, p. 15144; Seager et al. 2007, p. 1181; IPCC 2007, p. 9). Models are not yet powerful enough to predict what will happen in localized regions such as southern California and northern Baja California, but many scientists believe warmer, wetter winters and warmer, drier summers will occur within the next century (Field et al. 1999, pp. 2-3, 20). The impacts on species like M. stoneana, which depend on specific hydrological regimes, may be more severe (Graham 1997, p. 2).
Since approximately the time of listing in 1998, an extended drought in the region (San Diego County Water Authority 2010, p. 2) created unusually dry habitat conditions. From 2000 to 2009, at one of the closer precipitation gauges to the Monardella stoneana occurrences
(Lake Cuyamaca, San Diego County, California), 8 of 10 years had precipitation significantly below normal (San Diego County Water
Authority 2010, p. 2). This extended drought has cumulatively affected moisture regimes, riparian habitat, and vegetative conditions in and around suitable habitat for M. stoneana, increasing the stress on individual plants. As stated above, future climate changes may lead to similar, if not more severe, conditions.
The predicted drought could impact the dynamics of the streambeds where Monardella stoneana grows. Soil moisture and transportation of sediments by downstream flow have been identified as key habitat features required by M. stoneana. The species is characterized as being associated with areas of standing water after rainfall (Elvin and
Sanders 2003, p. 426). Monitors for the City of San Diego have observed decreased plant health and increased dormancy of Monardella species in years with low rainfall (City of San Diego 2003, p. 3; City of San
Diego 2004, p. 3). Specific analyses of population trends as correlated to rainfall are difficult due to inconsistent plant count methods (City of San Diego 2004, p. 67).
While drier conditions associated with climate change may result in increased fire frequency within some plant communities as discussed under Factor A, the effect of more arid conditions is not known on chaparral, the plant community associated with Monardella stoneana.
According to Minnich and Bahre (1997, p. 20), fires in the chaparral of northern Baja California, Mexico, are smaller and more frequent than those observed across the border in southern California. Nonetheless, despite these differences in the present fire regimes within chaparral in California and Mexico, Minnich and Bahre (1997, p. 20) concluded that their ``repeat photographs of the monument markers, field samples, repeat aerial photography, and fire history maps show that chaparral succession is similar across the international boundary between Jacumba
in California
and Tecate [in Mexico] and that chaparral succession along the border is similar to that found elsewhere in California.''
Except for a statistically significant correlation that early autumn rains cut short the fire season at its peak, Keeley and Fotheringham
(2003, p. 235) did not find patterns between rainfall and burning for chaparral and coastal sage shrublands. As a result, increased aridity may have little effect on chaparral.
Preliminary information for Monardella stoneana does show that the effects of climate change on chaparral may be less than the effects on coastal sage scrub (see Climate Change section for M. viminea above).
While we recognize that climate change and increased drought associated with climate change are important issues with potential effects to listed species and their habitats, the best available scientific evidence does not give specific evidence for us to formulate accurate predictions regarding climate change's effects to particular species, including M. stoneana, at this time. Therefore, we do not consider global climate change a current threat to M. stoneana, either now or in the foreseeable future.
Summary of Factor E
We found no evidence that other natural or manmade factors pose a significant threat to M. stoneana. Based on a review of the best available scientific and commercial data, trampling and nonnative invasive plant species are not a significant threat. We conclude based on the best available scientific information that M. stoneana could be affected temporarily by fire impacts associated with the death of individual plants; however, we do not consider this a threat to the continued existence of the species. Small population size could exacerbate other threats, but as there are none, this is not a factor; small population size in itself does not cause M. stoneana to be warranted for listing. In addition, BLM conducts ongoing management that provides a benefit to M. stoneana. Finally, with regard to the direct and indirect effects of climate change on individual M. stoneana plants, we have no information at this point to demonstrate that predicted climate changes pose a significant threat to the species now or in the foreseeable future.
Proposed Determination--Monardella stoneana
We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial information available regarding the past, present, and future threats to Monardella stoneana. Unlike M. viminea, M. stoneana has not undergone a dramatic decline in population size. While megafire and small population size may impact M. stoneana, these factors do not pose a threat to the continued existence of the species. Apart from those factors, we found no significant threats to M. stoneana related to
Factors A, B, C, D, or E, as described above. We find that the best available information for Factor A (The Present or Threatened
Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range), including information on the potential effects of urban development, sand and gravel mining, type conversion due to frequent fire, and altered hydrology, indicates that listing M. stoneana as endangered or threatened under the Act is not warranted based on the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range. To the extent that M. stoneana may be experiencing localized impacts, analysis of recent and current surveys of M. stoneana habitat in the Otay Mountain locations indicate that its habitat is
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under protective status and remains in relatively good condition, with active management and monitoring activities. We found no available information concerning Factors B (Overutilization) and C (Disease or
Predation) to indicate that listing M. stoneana as endangered or threatened under the Act is warranted. We find that the best available information concerning Factor D (Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory
Mechanisms) indicates that listing the M. stoneana as endangered or threatened under the Act is not warranted based on inadequacy of existing regulations. We find that the best available information concerning Factor E (Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its
Continued Existence) indicates that trampling and nonnative plants are not currently threats to the continued existence of M. stoneana, nor are they expected to be in the foreseeable future. We do not consider
M. stoneana's small population size in and of itself a threat such that the species warrants listing, nor is it expected to be in the foreseeable future. A species like M. stoneana that has always had small population sizes or been rare, yet continues to survive, is likely well equipped to continue to exist into the future.
Additionally, unlike M. viminea, M. stoneana has not undergone a dramatic decline in population size. We have no information to demonstrate that predicted climate changes will result in a significant threat to the species now or in the foreseeable future. Even though M. stoneana could be affected by megafire, we do not believe that megafire poses a significant threat to the existence of the species now or in the foreseeable future.
In conclusion, we have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial information available regarding the past, present, and future threats faced by Monardella stoneana. Our review of the information pertaining to the five threat factors does not support a conclusion that threats of sufficient imminence, intensity, or magnitude exist--either singly or in combination--to the extent that the species is in danger of extinction, or likely to become so within the foreseeable future, throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Therefore, based on the best available scientific information, we find M. stoneana does not warrant listing at this time. However, if we receive new information that alters our analysis, we will revisit and re-evaluate the status of M. stoneana. We are specifically seeking public comment on this determination. Please refer to the ADDRESSES section of this rule for information on where to submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed rule.
Critical Habitat--Monardella viminea
Due to the taxonomic split of Monardella linoides ssp. viminea into two distinct taxa (Monardella viminea (willowy monardella) and
Monardella stoneana (Jennifer's monardella); see Taxonomic and
Nomenclatural Changes Affecting Monardella linoides ssp. viminea section above), and our conclusions that M. viminea is endangered and
M. stoneana is not warranted for listing, we are proposing revising critical habitat for M. viminea. If we subsequently determine based on the best available information that M. stoneana should be listed, we will propose critical habitat, if prudent, for M. stoneana.
Background
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
(1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those physical or biological features:
(a) Essential to the conservation of the species and
(b) That may require special management considerations or protection; and
(2) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.
Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means to use and the use of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided pursuant to the Act are no longer necessary. Such methods and procedures include, but are not limited to, all activities associated with scientific resources management such as research, census, law enforcement, habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live trapping, and transplantation, and, in the extraordinary case where population pressures within a given ecosystem cannot be otherwise relieved, may include regulated taking.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act through the requirement that Federal agencies insure, in consultation with the Service, that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. The designation of critical habitat does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Such designation does not allow the government or public to access private lands. Such designation does not require implementation of restoration, recovery, or enhancement measures by non-Federal landowners. Where a landowner seeks or requests Federal agency funding or authorization for an action that may affect a listed species or critical habitat, the consultation requirements of section 7(a)(2) would apply, but even in the event of a destruction or adverse modification finding, the obligation of the Federal action agency and the landowner is not to restore or recover the species, but to implement reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.
For inclusion in a critical habitat designation, the habitat within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it was listed must contain physical and biological features which are essential to the conservation of the species and which may require special management considerations or protection. Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the best scientific and commercial data available, those physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species (such as space, food, cover, and protected habitat), focusing on the principal biological or physical constituent elements (primary constituent elements) within an area that are essential to the conservation of the species (such as roost sites, nesting grounds, seasonal wetlands, water quality, tide, soil type). Primary constituent elements are the elements of physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.
Under the Act, we can designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species. We designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical area occupied by a species only when a designation limited to its range would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species. When the best available scientific data do not demonstrate that the conservation needs of the species require such additional areas, we will not designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing. An area currently occupied by
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the species, but that was not occupied at the time of listing may, however, be essential to the conservation of the species and may be included in the critical habitat designation.
Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available.
Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered
Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and
General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality
Guidelines, provide criteria, establish procedures, and provide guidance to ensure our decisions are based on the best scientific data available. They require our biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of the best scientific data available, to use primary and original sources of information as the basis for recommendations to designate critical habitat.
When we are determining which areas should be designated as critical habitat, our primary source of information is generally the information developed during the listing process for the species.
Additional information sources may include the recovery plan for the species, articles in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by States and counties, scientific status surveys and studies, biological assessments, the species' most recent 5-year
Review, or other unpublished materials and expert opinion or personal knowledge.
Habitat is dynamic, and species may move from one area to another over time. Climate change will be a particular challenge for biodiversity because the interaction of additional stressors associated with climate change and current stressors may push species beyond their ability to survive (Lovejoy 2005, pp. 325-326). The information currently available on the effects of global climate change and increasing temperatures does not make sufficiently precise estimates of the location and magnitude of the effects to enable us to accurately predict its impacts on the narrow habitat range of Monardella viminea, which is limited to the western portion of central San Diego County. We are also not currently aware of any climate change information specific to the habitat of M. viminea that would indicate what areas may become important to the species in the future. Therefore, we are unable to determine what additional areas, if any, may be appropriate to include in the critical habitat for this species to address the effects of climate change.
We recognize that critical habitat designated at a particular point in time may not include all of the habitat areas that we may later determine are necessary for the recovery of the species. For these reasons, a critical habitat designation does not signal that habitat outside the designated area is unimportant or may not be required for recovery of the species. Areas that are important to the conservation of the species, both inside and outside the critical habitat designation, will continue to be subject to: (1) Conservation actions implemented under section 7(a)(1) of the Act, (2) regulatory protections afforded by the requirement in section 7(a)(2) of the Act for Federal agencies to insure their actions are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened species, and (3) the prohibitions of section 9 of the Act if actions occurring in these areas may affect the species. Federally funded or permitted projects affecting listed species outside their designated critical habitat areas may still result in jeopardy findings in some cases. These protections and conservation tools will continue to contribute to recovery of this species. Similarly, critical habitat designations made on the basis of the best available information at the time of designation will not control the direction and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans (HCPs), or other species conservation planning efforts if new information available at the time of these planning efforts calls for a different outcome.
Proposed Critical Habitat Designation for Monardella viminea
Physical and Biological Features
In accordance with sections 3(5)(A)(i) and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas within the geographical area occupied at the time of listing to designate as critical habitat, we consider the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the species which may require special management considerations or protection. These include, but are not limited to:
(1) Space for individual and population growth and for normal behavior;
(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or physiological requirements;
(3) Cover or shelter;
(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing (or development) of offspring; and
(5) Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are representative of the historical, geographical, and ecological distributions of a species.
We derive the specific physical and biological features required for Monardella viminea from studies of this species' habitat, ecology, and life history as described below. We also reviewed monitoring reports from private firms, the City of San Diego, Friends of Los
Pe[ntilde]asquitos Canyon, the Service, and MCAS Miramar; technical reports; the CNDDB (CNDDB 2010a, EOs 1-31.); Geographic Information
System (GIS) data (such as species occurrence data, soil data, land use, topography, aerial imagery, and ownership maps); correspondence to the Service from recognized experts; and other information as available. Additional information can be found in the final listing rule published in the Federal Register on October 13, 1998 (63 FR 54938).
The primary constituent elements required for Monardella viminea are derived from the physical and biological needs of this species as described in the Background section for M. viminea in the beginning of this proposal, the previous critical habitat rule (71 FR 65662;
November 8, 2006), the final listing rule (63 FR 54938; October 13, 1998), and below. The areas in this proposed critical habitat contain or support the soil types, potential insect pollinators, and vegetation associated with M. viminea occupancy, and include areas adjacent to plants (or plant clumps) necessary to maintain associated physical processes, such as suitable hydrological regime, and biotic associations, such as pollination. These areas provide suitable space, water, minerals, and other physiological needs for reproduction and growth of M. viminea. We have determined that M. viminea requires the physical and biological features described below:
Space for Individual and Population Growth and for Normal Behavior
Habitats that provide space for growth and persistence of
Monardella viminea include: (1) Washes in coastal sage scrub or riparian scrub vegetation; (2) terraced secondary benches, channel banks, and stabilized sand bars; (3) soils with a high content of coarse-grained sand and low content of silt and clay; and (4) open ground cover, less than half of which is herbaceous vegetation cover
(Scheid 1985, pp. 30-35; Service 1998, p. 54938; Elvin and Sanders 2003,
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pp. 426, 430; Kelly and Burrascano 2006, p. 51).
Food, Water, Air, Light, Minerals, or Other Nutritional or
Physiological Requirements
Monardella viminea is most often found on the first above-water sandbar in intermittent streambeds, where water runs for 24 to 48 hours after heavy rain events (Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 430; Kelly and
Burrascano 2006, p. 51). It can also be found within the streambed if flow is infrequent enough and the soil is stable (Scheid 1985, pp. 3, 38-39). The most robust M. viminea individuals tend to occur in wide, open canyons with broad channels and secondary benches, as opposed to narrow, graded canyons (Kassebaum 2010, pers. comm.).
Monardella viminea plants are found on soil where subsurface layers stay relatively moist throughout the year and where water accumulates after rainstorms, such as north-facing slopes or canyon bottoms (Elvin and Sanders 2003, pp. 426, 430). Plants with inadequate soil moisture dry out during summer months and do not survive (Kelly and Burrascano 2006, p. 5). The species does not occur on soils that are permanently wet (Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 425). Monardella viminea occurrences have been lost from areas where wetter soils result in an increase in density of surrounding vegetation (Kelly and Burrascano 2001, p. 4).
Monardella viminea most generally occurs on soil types with high sand content, often characterized by sediment and cobble deposited by flood events (Scheid 1985, p. 35; Rebman and Dossey 2006a, pp. 5-6).
Natural Resources Conservation Service soil series where M. viminea is known to occur includes (but may not be limited to): Stony Land,
Redding Gravelly Loam, Visalia Sandy Loam, and Riverwash (Rebman and
Dossey 2006a, p. 6).
Cover or Shelter
Monardella viminea requires open to semi-open canopies of coastal sage and riparian scrub with limited herbaceous understory. Monardella viminea plants usually occur in areas with an average of 75 percent ground cover, of which approximately 65 percent is woody cover, and less than 10 percent is herbaceous cover (Scheid 1985, pp. 32, 37-38).
Herbaceous cover, such as annual grasses, can grow in greater density than native riparian and chaparral species, and through resource competition and shading, herbaceous cover would likely prevent natural growth and reproduction of M. viminea (Rebman and Dossey 2006a, p. 12); therefore, suitable habitat for the species is not dominated by herbaceous cover.
Sites for Breeding, Reproduction, and Rearing (or Development) of
Offspring
Monardella viminea is visited by numerous bees and butterflies, and is likely pollinated by a diverse array of insects, each of which have their own habitat requirements (see Life History section for M. viminea above); however, we are currently unaware of which insect species pollinate M. viminea. Pollinators facilitate mixing of genes within and among plant populations, without which inbreeding and reduced fitness may occur (Widen and Widen 1990, p. 191). Native sand wasps within the range of M. viminea, such as those from the Bembicine family, require sandy areas, such as dunes or sandy washes, to nest, while solitary bees from the Andrenidae family nest in upland areas (Kelly and
Burrascano 2001, p. 8). Native bees typically are more efficient pollinators than introduced European honeybees (Javorek et al. 2002, p. 345). Therefore, populations serviced by a higher proportion of native pollinator species are likely to maintain higher reproductive output and persist for more generations than populations served by fewer native pollinators or with pollination limitations of any kind (Javorek et al. 2002, p. 350). Pollinators also require space for individual and population growth; therefore, adequate habitat should be preserved for pollinators in addition to the habitat necessary for M. viminea plants.
In this proposed critical habitat, we acknowledge the importance of pollinators to M. viminea. However, we do not include pollinators and their habitats as a primary constituent element (PCE), because: (1)
Meaningful data on specific pollinators and their habitat needs are lacking; and (2) we were not able to quantify the amount of habitat needed for pollinators, given the lack of information on the specific pollinators of M. viminea.
Habitats Protected From Disturbance or Representative of the
Historical, Geographical, and Ecological Distributions of the Species
The long-term conservation of Monardella viminea is dependent on several factors including, but not limited to, maintenance of areas necessary to sustain natural ecosystem components, functions, and processes (such as full sun exposure and natural hydrologic regimes); and sufficient adjacent suitable habitat for vegetative reproduction, population expansion, and pollination.
Open or semi-open rocky, sandy alluvium on terraced floodplains, benches, stabilized sandbars, channel banks, and sandy washes along ephemeral streams, washes, and floodplains are needed for individual and population growth of Monardella viminea (Scheid 1985, pp. 30-31, 34-35). Within those areas, M. viminea requires adequate sunlight to grow. Woody overgrowth is common and can help to maintain adequate soil moisture, but areas crowded with herbaceous understory may not provide adequate light for M. viminea.
The 2008 5-year review (Service 2008, p. 7) concluded that
Monardella viminea requires a natural hydrological regime to maintain or create suitable habitat conditions. This hydrological regime maintains the floodplains, benches, and sandbars where M. viminea grows. Characteristics of riparian channels and seasonal stream flow determine timing, pattern, and depth of deposition of alluvial materials and formation of sandbars and channel banks, which in turn determine location of plants within the streambed, and suitable habitat to support individuals and clumps of M. viminea (Scheid 1985, pp. 30-31 and 36-37). Decreases in flows, which would otherwise scour annual grasses and seeds from the area, result in increased cover of nonnative grasses, and decreased light and moisture availability for M. viminea.
Rapidly growing nonnative grasses can smother seedling and mature M. viminea and prevent natural growth (Rebman and Dossey 2006a, p. 12).
Additionally, increased flows can result in erosion that may alter floodplains and erode banks, channel bars, and sandy washes where M. viminea occurs (Kelly and Burrascano 2006, pp. 65-69).
Primary Constituent Elements
Under the Act and its implementing regulations, we are required to identify the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of Monardella viminea in areas occupied at the time of listing, focusing on the features' primary constituent elements. We consider primary constituent elements to be the elements of physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.
Based on our current knowledge of the physical or biological features and habitat characteristics required to sustain the species' life-history processes, we determine that the primary constituent element specific to Monardella viminea is riparian channels with ephemeral drainages and adjacent floodplains:
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(1) With a natural hydrological regime, in which:
(a) Water flows only after peak seasonal rainstorms;
(b) High runoff events periodically scour riparian vegetation and redistribute alluvial material to create new stream channels, benches, and sandbars; and
(c) Water flows for usually less than 48 hours after a rain event, without long-term standing water;
(2) Surrounding vegetation that provides semi-open, foliar cover with:
(a) Little or no herbaceous understory;
(b) Little to no canopy cover;
(c) Open ground cover, less than half of which is herbaceous vegetation cover;
(d) Some shrub cover; and
(e) An association of other plants, including Eriogonum fasciculatum (California buckwheat) and Baccharis sarothroides (broom baccharis);
(3) That contain ephemeral drainages that:
(a) Are made up of coarse, rocky, or sandy alluvium; and
(b) Contain terraced floodplains, terraced secondary benches, stabilized sandbars, channel banks, or sandy washes; and
(4) That have soil with high sand content, typically characterized by sediment and cobble deposits, and further characterized by a high content of coarse, sandy grains and low content of silt and clay.
The need for space for individual and population growth and normal behavior is provided by all sections of the PCE. The need for food, water, air, light, minerals, or other physiological requirements is provided by all sections of the PCE. Cover and shelter requirements are provided by section (2) of the PCE. Areas for reproduction are provided by all sections of the PCE. Finally, habitats representative of the historical, geographical, and ecological distributions of a species are provided by all sections of the PCE.
Special Management Considerations or Protection
When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the physical and biological features within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing that are essential to the conservation of the species may require special management considerations or protection.
The area proposed for designation as critical habitat will require some level of management or protection to address the current and future threats to the physical and biological features. In all units, special management considerations or protection may be required to provide for the sustained function of the ephemeral washes on which
Monardella viminea depends.
The primary constituent element for M. viminea may require special management considerations or protection to reduce the following threats, among others: cover by nonnative plant species that crowds, shades, or competes for resources; habitat alteration due to altered hydrology from urbanization and associated infrastructure; and any actions that alter the natural channel structure or course, particularly increased water flow that could erode soils inhabited by
M. viminea or cover them with sediment deposits (all sections of PCE).
Conservation actions that could be implemented to address these threats include (but are not limited to): Removal of nonnative vegetation by weeding; planting of native species along stream courses in canyons to help control erosion; use of silt fences to control erosion; restriction of development that alters natural hydrological characteristics of stream courses in canyons; and implementation of prescribed burns (all sections of PCE). Additionally, specialized dams and smaller barriers could be installed in canyons to help address floodwater runoff that results from upstream development (which can cause erosion and loss of clumps of M. viminea), though these dams must be of adequate size and strength to withstand increased storm flow caused by urbanization (PCE section 3).
Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat
As required by section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act, we use the best scientific and commercial data available to designate critical habitat.
We review available information pertaining to the habitat requirements of the species. In accordance with the Act and its implementing regulation at 50 CFR 424.12(e), we consider whether designating additional areas--outside those currently occupied as well as those occupied at the time of listing--is necessary to ensure the conservation of the species. We are not currently proposing to designate any areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing because currently occupied areas (which are within the area occupied by the species at the time of listing) are sufficient for the conservation of the species.
This proposed rule updates the information used in our 2006 final designation of critical habitat for Monardella linoides ssp. viminea
(71 FR 65662; November 8, 2006) with the best available data, including new information not available when the 2006 rule was completed.
This section provides details of the process we used to delineate the proposed critical habitat. This proposed critical habitat designation is based on the best scientific data available, including our analysis of the distribution and ecology of Monardella viminea as identified in the 1998 final listing rule, the 2008 5-year review, new information on the species' distribution and ecology made available since listing, reclassification of M. viminea as a species, and State and local measures in place for the conservation of M. viminea.
Specific differences from the 2006 designation of critical habitat are described in the Summary of Changes from Previously Designated Critical
Habitat section below.
The areas in this proposed designation of critical habitat for
Monardella viminea were occupied by the species at the time of listing and remain occupied today, and they possess those specific physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the species that may require special management considerations or protection. For this proposed rule, we completed the following steps to delineate critical habitat: (1) Compiled all available data from observations of M. viminea into a GIS database; (2) identified occurrences that were extant at the time of listing and those occurrences that are currently extant or contain transplanted M. viminea; (3) identified areas containing all the components that make up the PCE that may require special management considerations or protection; (4) circumscribed boundaries of potential critical habitat units based on the above information; and (5) removed all areas that did not have the PCE and therefore are not considered essential to the conservation of M. viminea, or that are exempt from critical habitat under 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act. These steps are described in detail below.
(1) We compiled observational data from the following sources to include in our GIS database for Monardella viminea: (a) CNDDB data and supporting observation documentation information on M. viminea; (b) monitoring reports from MCAS Miramar; and (c) monitoring reports from private organizations and local government organizations, such as the
Carroll Canyon Business Park and the City of San Diego Subarea Plan under the MSCP. No monitoring reports from the County of San Diego were available.
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(2) We considered extant all occurrences where presence of living plants has been confirmed within the past 10 years. Using this information, we determined that seven occurrences are currently extant.
Based on data from the CNDDB, we confirmed that all of these seven occurrences were known and extant at the time of listing. We also documented the presence of transplanted individual plants in Carroll,
San Clemente, and Lopez Canyons and included them in our analysis.
(3) To identify areas containing all the components that make up the PCE for Monardella viminea that may require special management considerations or protection, we conducted the following steps:
(a) We determined occurrence locations likely to belong to the same population. Regardless of observation date, all occurrence locations downstream from an extant occurrence and which would be connected to the upstream occurrence during runoff events (that could transport seeds downstream) were considered part of the same extant occurrence; this was completed by examining survey reports from MCAS Miramar, the
City of San Diego, and the Friends of Los Pe[ntilde]asquitos Canyon.
(b) In order to create a scientifically based approach to drawing critical habitat units, we first examined the utility of GIS vegetation data polygons containing Monardella viminea occurrences (SANDAG 1995) because the species is frequently associated with coastal sage scrub and riparian scrub habitats (Scheid 1985, p. 3; Elvin and Sanders 2003, p. 430; Kelly and Burrascano 2006, p. 51). In an attempt to better distinguish the width of the specific areas within drainages that contain the PCE, we searched for a correlation between habitat type and clumps of M. viminea. We found M. viminea occurred in areas mapped as 11 different vegetation types, with the greatest number (45 percent) falling within ``Diegan Coastal Sage Scrub.'' We noted that mapped polygons of this vegetation type and some other vegetation types were relatively large and did not correspond well with the drainage areas where M. viminea and the PCE was likely to occur, indicating that they were poor predictors for areas that contain the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of M. viminea.
(c) We examined polygons that were labeled as ``riparian'' vegetation for possible useful information to assist in delineation of potential critical habitat areas because Monardella viminea is generally described as a riparian-associated species. We found that although southern sycamore-alder riparian woodland is rare in canyons where M. viminea exists, where it is present, it closely corresponds to areas that contain M. viminea and the physical and biological features essential to its conservation. Because of this close correlation, we used the southern sycamore-alder riparian woodland habitat type to identify the widest distance of a riparian vegetation type polygon from an occupied streambed line; we found this distance to be 490 ft (150 m).
(d) We then tested the 490 ft (150 m) value as an estimate of the distance from the streambed most likely to capture the PCE throughout the species' range. We used the widest distance from the streambed to help identify areas that meet the definition of critical habitat rather than the median (or another value). We wanted to ensure that we captured all potential areas that have the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of M. viminea versus those areas that only contain occurrences of the species. We found that this 490 ft
(150 m) distance, when applied to all streambeds where M. viminea occurred, captured all clumps of M. viminea except two in the southern end of West Sycamore Canyon. The two southern clumps occur in an area that appears to be a remnant habitat wash area at the end of West
Sycamore Canyon, which likely received additional stream flow during storm events greater than 48 hours after a rain event (or more frequently than just after a peak seasonal rainstorm), and thus does not likely support occupancy long term nor significantly contribute to population persistence.
The conservation of Monardella viminea depends on preservation of habitat containing the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the species. Like most plants, M. viminea is occasionally found in areas considered atypical for the species. For example, a plant was once found growing in mesa-top habitat along a tributary of Rose Canyon (Rebman and Dossey 2006a, p. 24, no EO number). We consider that the habitat areas outlined using the method described above will capture only the habitat that contains the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of M. viminea. We determined the distance of 492 ft (150 m) was appropriate to capture areas surrounding occupied streambeds that contain the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the species and that meet the definition of critical habitat, and we applied it across the species' range.
(4) We removed all areas not containing the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of Monardella viminea.
Monardella viminea requires all four sections of the PCE for growth and reproduction; thus, only areas that contained all four sections of the
PCE were considered as critical habitat. We removed areas in Rose
Canyon (no EO number), Elanus Canyon (EO 24), and Lopez Canyon (EO 1), and all four transplanted occurrences. All of these areas are characterized by dense urban development on at least one border. As discussed under Factor A for M. viminea, urbanization results in increased frequency and intensity of storm flow events, to the point that they wash away sandbars rather than scouring them of vegetation.
Further discussion of why we did not include these occurrences as critical habitat is included in the Summary of Changes from Previously
Designated Critical Habitat section below. We also removed areas within the boundaries of MCAS Miramar for this proposed rule because these areas are exempt under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act from critical habitat designation (see Exemptions section below).
When determining proposed critical habitat boundaries, we made every effort to avoid including developed areas such as lands covered by buildings, pavement, and other structures because such lands lack physical and biological features for Monardella viminea. The scale of the maps we prepared under the parameters for publication within the
Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of such developed lands. Any such lands inadvertently left inside critical habitat boundaries shown on the maps of this proposed critical habitat have been excluded by text in the proposed rule and are not proposed for designation as critical habitat. Therefore, if the critical habitat is finalized as proposed, a Federal action involving these lands would not trigger section 7 consultation with respect to critical habitat and the requirement of no adverse modification unless the specific action would affect the physical and biological features in the adjacent critical habitat.
We are proposing for designation of critical habitat lands that we have determined were occupied at the time of listing and contain sufficient elements of physical and biological features to support life-history processes essential for the conservation of the species.
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Summary of Changes From Previously Designated Critical Habitat
The areas identified in this proposed rule constitute a revision of the areas we described and mapped as meeting the definition of critical habitat for Monardella linoides ssp. viminea in the final critical habitat designation published in the Federal Register on November 8, 2006 (71 FR 65662) (see Table 2). This proposed rule identifies 348 ac
(141 ha) that meet the definition of critical habitat for Monardella viminea. This proposed rule includes all 73 ac (30 ha) designated as critical habitat in the final rule in 2006, and portions of areas excluded from the 2006 designation. This proposed rule also differs in area from the 2006 designation due to the removal of areas now identified as habitat for M. stoneana (255 ac (103 ha); 71 FR 65662,
November 8, 2006), as described above in the Background section of this proposed rule. The rest of the change in area is primarily due to our improved GIS mapping techniques, improved description of the areas containing the PCE for M. viminea, and our removal of lands in Lopez
Canyon, Elanus Canyon, and Rose Canyon that we no longer consider to meet the definition of critical habitat (see Criteria Used to Identify
Critical Habitat section above and Proposed Critical Habitat
Designation--Monardella viminea section below).
The differences between this proposed rule and the 2006 critical habitat designation include the following:
(1) Recognition of Monardella linoides subsp. viminea as two distinct taxa at the species rank as Monardella viminea (willowy monardella) and M. stoneana (Jennifer's monardella). Given our determination that M. viminea warrants listing as endangered, we are proposing critical habitat for M. viminea.
(2) We revised the Background section to include our updated knowledge of life history, taxonomy, and nomenclature, including information on potential pollinators of Monardella viminea.
(3) We revised the description of the PCEs for Monardella viminea to include a single PCE with more detailed information on the physical and biological features essential to Monardella viminea including soil characteristics, disturbance regimes, stream flow, and ground cover that support this species.
(4) We revised the criteria used to identify critical habitat based on our reevaluation of all available Monardella viminea information, including that available since the publication of the 2006 rule, to ensure this proposed rule reflects the best available scientific data.
Our conclusion based on this reevaluation differs from the 2006 critical habitat designation in how we identified and delineated critical habitat.
(5) Our reevaluation does not identify some areas as critical habitat that were designated as critical habitat in the 2006 final critical habitat rule. In the 2006 final critical habitat rule, all habitat containing occurrences of Monardella viminea was classified as critical habitat. However, we have revised the PCE for M. viminea based on our improved understanding of the habitat features essential for the species' conservation and, in this proposed rule, we have proposed critical habitat only in locations that contain the revised PCE. While
Elanus, Lopez, and Rose Canyons contain species occurrences, they do not contain the PCE. We now recognize that urbanization around all three canyons has substantially altered drainage patterns, such that peak flood events have increased in intensity and frequency to the point where they occur more than just after peak rainfall events, and such that they regularly wash away entire channels and benches where M. viminea grows (PCE section (3)(b)). Thus the three areas do not contain all the components that make up the PCE identified for M. viminea.
We note that the habitat available in these canyons only supports a limited number of plants: Elanus Canyon has approximately 16 plants,
Lopez Canyon has 8 plants, and Rose Canyon has the smallest occurrence of Monardella viminea with only 3 plants. Rose Canyon contains limited habitat for M. viminea, with little space downstream for expansion of the occurrence (Kassebaum 2010, pers. comm.), and the area around Rose
Canyon is developed, which has disrupted the natural hydrological regime on which long-term persistence of M. viminea depends (Rebman and
Dossey 2006, p. 37), resulting in high runoff events that occur more frequently than just at peak seasonal rainfalls. The area around Lopez
Canyon is also heavily urbanized, and floods from storm runoff have already eroded channels and benches where M. viminea grows. A portion of land surrounding the southern half of Elanus Canyon has been developed. This development, located along the eastern side of the canyon, has also resulted in altered hydrology. Thus, we do not consider Elanus, Lopez, or Rose Canyons to meet the definition of critical habitat.
We recognize that critical habitat designated at a particular point in time may not include all of the habitat areas that we may later determine are necessary for the recovery of the species. For this reason, a critical habitat designation does not signal that habitat outside the designated area is unimportant or may not be required for recovery of the species. We solicit information during the public comment period on any areas that we have not included in this proposed rule (including Elanus, Lopez, and Rose Canyons), including any evidence that they meet the definition of critical habitat (see Public
Comments section).
(6) We changed unit numbers and names in this proposed rule to reflect estimated population distributions instead of political boundaries (such as former Unit 2 that consisted of all partial polygons within MCAS Miramar, regardless of population distribution).
(7) Our revised criteria resulted in both inclusion of areas that meet the definition of critical habitat and removal of areas from the 2005 proposed rule or the 2006 final rule that do not meet the definition of critical habitat. Changes from areas identified in the 2005 proposed rule as meeting the definition of critical habitat include the exclusion of areas in Elanus, Lopez, and Rose Canyons that we no longer consider to meet the definition of critical habitat (see
Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat section above).
(8) We did not include any areas associated with former Units 7, 8, and 9, described in the 2006 final critical habitat designation for
Monardella linoides ssp. viminea, because these areas/occurrences are now recognized as supporting M. stoneana (see Taxonomic and
Nomenclatural Changes Affecting Monardella linoides ssp. viminea section above).
The differences between the 2006 final critical habitat designation and the proposed revised critical habitat designation in this rule are summarized below in Table 2. Please note that Table 2's units for the 2006 final rule do not correspond to the unit numbers presented in that rule; they correspond to the proposed units in this document.
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Table 2--Comparison of the 2006 Final Critical Habitat Designation for Monardella Linoides ssp. Viminea and the proposed critical habitat for M. Viminea.
Note: This table does not include the 255 ac (103 ha) of habitat now identified as occupied by M. stoneana.
2006 final critical habitat
2011 proposed critical habitat
Location
Area containing
Area containing
Unit name
essential features
Unit name
essential features ac (ha)
ac (ha)
Sycamore Canyon................. Unit 1 Partial
373 (151)......... Unit 1 Partial
350 (142) 4(a)(3)(B)(i)
4(a)(3)(B)(i) exemption.
exemption.
West Sycamore Canyon............ .................. 529 (214)......... Unit 2 Partial
577 (233) 4(a)(3)(B)(i) exemption.
Spring Canyon................... .................. 245 (99).......... Unit 3 Partial
273 (111) 4(a)(3)(B)(i) exemption.
East San Clemente Canyon........ .................. 638 (258)......... Unit 4 Partial
467 (189) 4(a)(3)(B)(i) exemption.
West San Clemente Canyon........ .................. 114 (46).......... Unit 5 Partial
227 (92) 4(a)(3)(B)(i) exemption.
Lopez Canyon.................... .................. 77 (31)........... .................. 0 (0)
Elanus Canyon................... .................. 82 (33)........... .................. 0 (0)
Rose Canyon..................... .................. 185 (75).......... .................. 0 (0)
TOTAL ESSENTIAL HABITAT**... .................. 2,242 (907)....... .................. 1,894 (767)
TOTAL EXEMPT................ .................. 1,863 (754)....... .................. 1,546 (626)
TOTAL EXCLUDED OR BEING
.................. 306 (124)
.................. 208 (84)
CONSIDERED FOR EXCLUSION.
(excluded in
(considered for 2006).
exclusion)
TOTAL CRITICAL HABITAT*..... .................. 73 (30) Designated .................. 348 (141) Proposed
*Values in this table may not sum due to rounding.
** See Table 4 for acreages considered for exclusion in each unit.
Proposed Critical Habitat Designation--Monardella viminea
We are proposing five units as critical habitat for Monardella viminea. The proposed critical habitat areas we describe below constitute our current best assessment of areas that meet the definition of critical habitat for M. viminea. This proposed rule, if finalized, will replace the current critical habitat designation for M. linoides ssp. viminea at 50 CFR 17.96(a). The five units we propose as critical habitat are: (1) Sycamore Canyon, (2) West Sycamore Canyon,
(3) Spring Canyon, (4) East San Clemente Canyon, and (5) West San
Clemente Canyon. The approximate area of each proposed critical habitat unit is shown in Table 3. All proposed units were occupied by M. viminea at the time the species was listed (as M. linoides ssp. viminea), are currently occupied by M. viminea, and contain the primary constituent element essential for the conservation of the species. A summary of the five units showing areas, ownership, and exemptions is given below in Table 3.
Table 3--Proposed Critical Habitat Units for Monardella Viminea, Showing Estimated Area in Acres (Hectares),
Land Ownership, and Areas Exempt Under Section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act
Federal ac
State and
Private ac
Location of proposed non-exempt acres*
(ha)
local ac (ha)
(ha)
Total ac (ha)
Unit 1. Sycamore Canyon.........................
0 (0)
36 (15)
158 (64)
194 (79)
Unit 2. West Sycamore Canyon....................
0 (0)
27 (11)
0 (0)
27 (11)
Unit 3. Spring Canyon...........................
0 (0)
5 (2)
92 (37)
97 (39)
Unit 4. East San Clemente Canyon................
0 (0)
13(5)
0 (0)
13 (5)
Unit 5. West San Clemente Canyon................
0 (0)
16 (7)
