Migratory birds; revised list,

[Federal Register: August 24, 2006 (Volume 71, Number 164)]

[Proposed Rules]

[Page 50193-50221]

From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]

[DOCID:fr24au06-21]

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Part III

Department of the Interior

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 10

General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 10

RIN 1018-AB72

General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, propose to revise the List of Migratory Birds by adding numerous species and removing numerous species. Reasons for the proposed changes to the list include correcting previous mistakes including misspellings, adding species based on new evidence of occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States, and changing names based on new taxonomy. The net increase of 140 species (152 added and 12 removed) brings to 972 the total number of species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA). We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes.

DATES: Submit comments on or before October 23, 2006.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments on this proposal in one of the following ways:

(1) By postal mail to Chief, Division of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Mail Stop 4107, Arlington, VA 22203.

(2) By hand-delivery to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, 4501 North Fairfax Drive, Room 4000, Arlington, VA 22203. You can also examine materials available for public inspection at this address;

(3) By fax to (703) 358-2272; or

(4) By e-mail to mbtabirdlist@fws.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John L. Trapp, (703) 358-1714.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

What Statutory Authority Does the Service Have for This Rulemaking?

We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703-711), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 712), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements treaties between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:

(1) Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628;

(2) Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912;

(3) Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and

(4) Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073.

What Is the Purpose of This Rulemaking?

Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations implementing the MBTA. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes.

Why Is This Amendment to the List of Migratory Birds Necessary?

The proposed amendment is needed to: (1) Add 2 species covered by the Japanese and Russian treaties that were mistakenly omitted from previous lists; (2) add 26 species of accidental or casual occurrence documented prior to April 1985, but not included in prior lists; (3) add 60 species based on new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States since April 1985; (4) add 27 species that occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands; (5) add 37 species newly recognized as a result of taxonomic changes; (6) remove 11 species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States; (7) remove 1 species that is now treated as a subspecies; (8) change the common (English) names of 47 species to conform with accepted usage; (9) change the scientific names of 64 species to conform with accepted usage; (10) change the common and scientific names of 7 species to conform with accepted usage; (11) change the scientific names of 4 species in the alphabetical list to conform with accepted usage and to correct inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists; (12) correct errors in the common (English) name of 2 species; (13) correct errors in the scientific names of 3 species in the taxonomic list; and (14) change the status of 1 taxon from protected subspecies to non- protected species (due to lack of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories). In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108-447) (MBTRA), we also reaffirm our determination of March 15, 2005 (70 FR 12710), that the mute swan (Cygnus olor), which was never formally listed in 50 CFR 10.13 but was treated as protected by the MBTA since December 28, 2001, as the result of a court order (Hill v. Norton, 275 F.3d 98 (D.C. Cir. 2001)), is no longer afforded protection because it is nonnative and human- introduced. See Fund for Animals v. Norton, 374 F. Supp. 2d 91 (D.D.C. 2005) (denying injunction because of the clear language of the MBTRA), appeal pending.

The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on April 5, 1985 (50 FR 13710). In a proposed rule published May 9, 1995 (60 FR 24686), we suggested updating the List of Migratory Birds by adding 20 species, removing 1 species, and revising the common (English) or scientific names of 23 previously listed species to conform to the most recent nomenclature. The proposed amendments were necessitated by five published supplements to the 6th (1983) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU's) Check-list of North American birds. Knowing that additional amendments would be necessary following the anticipated publication of a 7th edition of the Check- list, we elected to delay publication of a final rule until after the appearance of the revised Check-list. The 1995 proposed rule generated just two public comments, from the American Ornithologists' Union and the Association of Scientific Collections. The comments of those organizations, mostly editorial in nature, are reflected in this document, as appropriate.

Following publication of the 7th edition of the Check-list in July 1998, administrative workloads and staff shortages prevented work on a final rule

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until September 2000. A followup proposed rule was deemed necessary because of the 5-year delay since publication of the initial proposed rule, and the many new changes necessitated by the 7th edition of the Check-list. In a second proposed rule published October 12, 2001 (66 FR 52282), we suggested adding 30 species, removing 1 species, and revising the common (English) or scientific names of 78 previously listed species to conform to accepted usage.

Of the 116 letters received on the proposed rule of October 12, 2001, 109 dealt solely with the presumed protective status of the mute swan (Cygnus olor) under the MBTA. Of the remaining seven letters, three provided comments of a general nature (including recommendations for adding or deleting certain species); two expressed general support without offering specific comments; one questioned the legality of extending MBTA protection to species that do not cross State or international boundaries; and one expressed concern about the harvest of MBTA-protected shorebirds in the Caribbean. These comments remain part of the public record and will be incorporated, as appropriate, into the final rule.

Because of the delay since publication of the 2001 proposed rule, plus the many new changes necessitated by six published supplements (AOU 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) to the 7th edition of the Check-list, we are issuing another proposed rule. This will enhance efficiency by allowing the public to review and comment on all of the desired changes that have come to light since publication of the 1995 and 2001 proposed rules.

What Scientific Authorities Are Used To Amend the List of Migratory Birds?

Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized usage is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. We here follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (orders, families, subfamilies). For the few species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the Check-list, we follow Monroe and Sibley (1993).

What Criteria Are Used To Identify Individual Species Protected by the MBTA?

A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following four criteria:

(1) It (a) Belongs to a family or group of species named in the Canadian convention of 1916, as amended in 1996; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.

(2) It (a) Belongs to a family of group of species named in the Mexican convention of 1936, as amended in 1972; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.

(3) It is a species listed in the annex to the Japanese convention of 1972, as amended.

(4) It is a species listed in the appendix to the Russian convention of 1976.

In accordance with the MBTRA, we have not listed species whose occurrences in the United States are strictly the result of intentional human introduction(s).

How Do the Scientific Names Proposed Here Compare to Those That Appear in the Japanese and Russian Treaties?

The Japanese and Russian treaties list individual species of birds that are covered. For 37 of these species, the scientific (genus or species) name currently recognized by scientific authorities (AOU 1998, 1999; Monroe and Sibley 1993) differs from that which appears in the treaties. The following cross-reference provides a linkage between the scientific names used in this list and those that appear in the annex to the Japanese treaty and the appendix to the Russian treaty. The first name is the modern equivalent proposed here, and the second name is that which appears in one or both of the treaties. These changes modernize the regulatory list without revising either the Japanese or the Russian treaty (indicated by J and R, respectively):

Accipiter gularis (Japanese Sparrowhawk) is listed as Accipiter virgatus (J & R); Actitis hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper) is listed as Tringa hypoleucos (J & R); Aethia psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) is listed as Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (R); Anas americana (American Wigeon) is listed as Mareca americana (J); Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler) is listed as Spatula clypeata (J); Anas penelope (Eurasian Wigeon) is listed as Mareca penelope (J); Anous minutus (Black Noddy) is listed as Anous tenuirostris (J); Anthus rubescens (American Pipit) is listed as Anthus spinoletta (J & R); Branta bernicla (Brant) incorporates Branta nigricans (R); Calidris alba (Sanderling) is listed as Crocethia alba (J); Calidris subminuta (Long-toed Stint) is listed as part of Calidris minutilla (J); Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) is listed as Acanthis flammea (J); Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) is included as part of Carduelis flammea (J), and is listed as Acanthis hornemanni (R); Charadrius morinellus (Eurasian Dotterel) is listed as Eudromias morinellus (J & R); Chen caerulescens (Snow Goose) is listed as Anser caerulescens (J); Chen canagica (Emperor Goose) is listed as Anser canagicus (J), and Philacte canagica (R); Cygnus columbianus (Tundra Swan) incorporates Cygnus bewickii (R); Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef-Egret) is listed as Demigretta sacra (J); Ficedula narcissina (Narcissus Flycatcher) is listed as Muscicapa narcissina (J); Fratercula cirrhata (Tufted Puffin) is listed as Lunda cirrhata (J & R); Gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe) is listed as Capella gallinago (R); Gallinago megala (Swinhoe's Snipe) is listed as Capella megala (R); Gallinago stenura (Pin-tailed Snipe) is listed as Capella stenura (R); Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Tattler) is included as part of Tringa incana (J); Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Tattler) is listed as Tringa incana (J); Luscinia calliope (Siberian Rubythroat) is listed as Erithacus calliope (J); Melanitta fusca (White-winged Scoter) incorporates Melanitta deglandi (J); Mergellus albellus (Smew) is listed as Mergus albellus (J & R); Milvus migrans (Black Kite) is listed as Milvus korschun (R); Numenius borealis (Eskimo Curlew) is included as part of Numenius minutus (J); Phalaropus lobatus (Red-necked Phalarope) is listed as Lobipes lobatus (R); Phoebastria albatrus (Short-tailed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea albatrus (J & R);

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Phoebastria immutabilis (Laysan Albatross) is listed as Diomedea immutabilis (J & R); Phoebastria nigripes (Black-footed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea nigripes (J & R); Pterodroma hypoleuca (Bonin Petrel) is listed as Pterodroma leucoptera (R); Tachycineta bicolor (Tree Swallow) is listed as Iridoprocne bicolor (R); and Turdus obscurus (Eyebrowed Thrush) is listed as Turdus pallidus (R).

How Do the Proposed Changes Affect the List of Migratory Birds?

The proposed amendments (152 additions, 12 removals, 118 name changes, and 9 corrections) will affect a grand total of 290 species and result in a net addition of 140 species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the species total from 832 to 972. Of the 140 species that we propose adding to the list, 37 were previously covered under the MBTA as subspecies of listed species. These amendments can be logically arranged in the following 14 categories:

(1) Add two species that are included in the Appendix of the Russian treaty and in the Annex to the Japanese treaty, respectively; the omission of these species in previous lists was an oversight. These species also qualify for protection under the Canadian and Mexican treaties as members of the families Anatidae and Laridae, respectively:

Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha; and Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris.

(2) Add 26 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (prior to April 1985) of distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties. They were excluded from the 1985 list because their occurrence was viewed as accidental or casual, a criterion no longer viewed as consistent with the MBTA or its underlying treaties. A species of accidental or casual occurrence is one whose normal range is far enough removed from the United States as to make regular occurrence unlikely or improbable (AOU 1983). For each species, we list the State(s) in which it has been recorded plus the relevant AOU publication(s):

Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta--Washington (AOU 1982, 1983, 1997, 1998); Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans--California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina--Louisiana, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs--Maine to Massachusetts (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops--Louisiana, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata--Massachusetts, New York (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Flycatcher, La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae--Alabama, Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius--Maine, Tennessee (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Gull, Belcher's, Larus belcheri--Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2003); Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostis--Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa--Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Martin, Southern, Progne elegans--Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii--Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis--Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Petrel, Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax--Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis--Puerto Rico (AOU 1983, 1995, 1998); Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1995); Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus--Pennsylvania, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas--California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus--Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura--U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 1983, 1998); Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris--Florida (AOU 1983, 1998); and Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa--Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998).

(3) Add 60 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (since April 1985) of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties and most are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State(s) in which it has been recorded plus the relevant AOU publication(s):

Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris--Virginia (AOU 2002); Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata--California (AOU 1997, 1998); Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola--Alaska (AOU 1989, 1998); Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans--Alaska (AOU 2000); Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis--U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 1998); Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris--Texas (AOU 1998); Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata--Texas (AOU 1998); Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta--Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Puerto Rico, Virginia (AOU 1998); Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata--Texas (AOU 1989, 1998); Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus--Florida, New Mexico, Texas (AOU 2002); Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis--Texas (AOU 2006); Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus--Texas (AOU 1998); Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus--Texas (AOU 1998); Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis--Hawaii (AOU 1997, 1998); Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris--New York (AOU 1991, 1998, 2002); Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus--Florida (AOU 2002); Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus--Louisiana, Maryland (AOU 2002); Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans--Maryland (AOU 1993, 1998); Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens--Texas (AOU 1998); Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo--Alaska (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998); Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila--Arizona, New Mexico (AOU 1998); Hummingbird, Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii--California (AOU 1998); Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii--Texas (AOU 1998); Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera--Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998);

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Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens--Arizona, Texas (AOU 1998); Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix--10 States (AOU 1997, 1998); Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus--Texas (AOU 2006); Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris--Texas (AOU 2002); Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata--Texas (AOU 1989, 1998); Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius--Texas (AOU 2002); Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow--North Carolina (AOU 1998); Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera--California (AOU 2004); Petrel, Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris--California, Hawaii (AOU 1989, 1998); Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus--Florida (AOU 2004); Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris--Texas (AOU 1998); Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus--Alaska (AOU 2000); Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis--Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1998); Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane--Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998); Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis--Texas (AOU 1998); Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus--Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998); Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii--North Carolina (AOU 2006); Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus--Texas (AOU 1998); Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus--Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus--Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998); Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus--Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998, 2004); Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied Fregetta tropica--North Carolina (AOU 2006); Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea--Florida (AOU 2005); Swift, Alpine, Apus melba--Puerto Rico (AOU 1998); Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata--Arizona, Texas (AOU 1987, 1998); Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii--Hawaii (AOU 1991, 1998, 2006); Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida--Delaware, New Jersey (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003); Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata--Texas (AOU 1998); Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis--Alaska (AOU 1991, 1998); Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister--Texas (AOU 1987, 1998); Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola--Alabama (AOU 1995, 1998); Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa--Arizona (AOU 1987, 1998); and Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major--Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998).

(4) Add 27 species that belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties, but occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands (Pratt et al. 1987). We also list the territory or territories in which each species is known to occur:

Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (Guam); Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Northern Marianas); Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (American Samoa); Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (Guam, Northern Marianas); Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (American Samoa); Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (American Samoa); Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (American Samoa); Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (Guam, Northern Marianas); Greenshank, Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer (Guam); Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (American Samoa); Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (American Samoa); Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (Northern Marianas); Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (American Samoa); Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus chloris (American Samoa, Northern Marianas); Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (Guam); Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (Guam); Petrel, Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera (American Samoa); Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (Baker and Howland Islands); Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (American Samoa); Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (American Samoa); Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (Guam); Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae (Guam, Northern Marianas); Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (American Samoa); Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (American Samoa); Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (American Samoa); Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (Guam, Northern Marianas); and Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (American Samoa).

(5) Add 37 species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as subspecies have been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these species was formerly treated as subspecies of a listed species, these additions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) supporting the change:

Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (formerly treated as subspecies of Fulica americana, American Coot) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (formerly treated as subspecies of Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Empidonax difficilis, Western [=Pacific-slope] Flycatcher) [AOU 1989, 1998]; Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (formerly treated as subspecies of Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher) [AOU 1989, 1998]; Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (formerly treated as subspecies of Pluvialis dominica, Lesser [=American] Golden-Plover) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchinsii (formerly treated as subspecies of Branta canadensis, Canada Goose) [AOU 2004]; Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii (formerly treated as subspecies of Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (formerly treated as subspecies of Butorides striatus, Green-backed [=Striated] Heron) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (formerly treated as subspecies of Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (formerly treated as subspecies of Elanus caeruleus, Black-shouldered Kite) (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998); Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (formerly treated as subspecies of Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (formerly treated as subspecies of Pica pica, Black-billed [=Eurasian] Magpie) [AOU 2000];

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Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii (formerly treated as subspecies of Icterus galbula, Northern [=Baltimore] Oriole) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pterodroma phaeopygia, Dark-rumped [=Galapagos] Petrel)

[AOU 2002] ; Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pterodroma externa, White-necked [=Juan Fernandez] Petrel) [AOU 1991, 1998]; Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (formerly treated as subspecies of Anthus spinoletta, Water Pipit (AOU 1989, 1998); Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (formerly treated as subspecies of Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (formerly treated as subspecies of Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub- Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Snipe, Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (formerly treated as subspecies of Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe) [AOU 2002]; Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (formerly treated as subspecies of Ammodramus caudacutus, Sharp-tailed [=Saltmarsh Sharp- tailed] Sparrow) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Spindalis zena, Stripe-headed [=Western] Tanager

[=Spindalis] ) [AOU 2000]; Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli (formerly treated as subspecies of Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (formerly treated as subspecies of Parus [=Baeolophus] bicolor, Tufted Titmouse) [AOU 2002]; Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (formerly treated as subspecies of Parus Baeolophus] inornatus, Plain [=Oak] Titmouse) [AOU 1997, 1998]; Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pipilo fuscus, Brown Towhee) [AOU 1989, 1998]; Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (formerly treated as subspecies of Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Rufous-sided [=Eastern] Towhee) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo) [AOU 1987, 1998]; Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Motacilla flava, Yellow Wagtail) [AOU 2004]; Woodpecker, American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Picoides tridactylus, Three-toed [=Eurasian Three-toed] Woodpecker) [AOU 2003]; and Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (formerly treated as subspecies of Picoides stricklandi, Strickland's Woodpecker) [AOU 2000].

(6) Remove 11 species based on revised taxonomic treatments and new distributional evidence confirming that their known geographic ranges lie entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) supporting these changes:

Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (AOU 1993, 1998); Heron, Green-backed (=Striated), Butorides striatus (AOU 1993, 1998); Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus (AOU 2002); Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus caeruleus (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998); Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica pica (AOU 2000); Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (AOU 1998; treated as conspecific with Black Noddy, Anous minutus); Petrel, Dark-rumped (=Galapagos), Pterodroma phaeopygia (AOU 2002); Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (AOU 1983, 1989, 1998); Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (AOU 2004); Woodpecker, Strickland's, Picoides stricklandi (AOU 2000); and Woodpecker, Three-toed (=Eurasian Three-toed), Picoides tridactylis (AOU 2003).

(7) Remove one former species that is now treated as a subspecies:

Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens (lugens will remain protected as a subspecies of Motacilla alba, White Wagtail) [AOU 2005].

(8) Revise the common (English) names of 47 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the published source(s) for the name change:

Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba, will be changed to Owl, Barn (AOU 1989, 1998); Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis, will be changed to Bittern, Yellow (AOU 1991, 1998); Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus, will be changed to Crow, Tamaulipas (AOU 1997, 1998); Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus, will be changed to Curlew, Little (AOU 1987, 1998); Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa griseisticta, will be changed to Flycatcher, Gray-streaked (AOU 2004); Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax difficilis, will be changed to Flycatcher, Pacific-slope (AOU 1989, 1998); Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica, will be changed to Golden- Plover, American (AOU 1993, 1998); Goose, Ross', Chen rossii, will be changed to Goose, Ross's (AOU 1998); Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus ridibundus, will be changed to Gull, Black-headed (AOU 1995, 1998); Gull, Ross', Rhodostethia rosea, will be changed to Gull, Ross's (AOU 1998); Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter gularis, will be changed to Sparrowhawk, Japanese (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Hawk, Harris', Parabuteo unicinctus, will be changed to Hawk, Harris's (AOU 1998); Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula, will be changed to Owl, Northern Hawk (AOU 1989, 1998); Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra, will be changed to Reef-Egret, Pacific (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Hoopoe, Upupa epops, will be changed to Hoopoe, Eurasian (AOU 1998);

[[Page 50199]]

Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma ultramarina, will be changed to Jay, Mexican (AOU 1995, 1998); Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens, will be changed to Scrub-Jay, Florida (AOU 1995, 1998); Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus, will be changed to Kite, Swallow-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998); Murrelet, Xantus', Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, will be changed to Murrelet, Xantus's (AOU 1998); Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus, will be changed to Nightjar, Gray (AOU 2004); Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis, will be changed to Duck, Long-tailed (AOU 2000); Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus dominicensis, will be changed to Oriole, Greater Antillean (AOU 2000); Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula, will be changed to Oriole, Baltimore (AOU 1995, 1998); Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma externa, will be changed to Petrel, Juan Fernandez (AOU 1991, 1998); Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius leschenaultii, will be changed to Sand- Plover, Greater (AOU 2004); Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus, will be changed to Sand-Plover, Lesser (AOU 2004); Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza schoeniclus, will be changed to Bunting, Reed (AOU 1995, 1998); Reed-Bunting, Pallas', Emberiza pallasi, will be changed to Bunting, Pallas's (AOU 1995, 1998); Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, will be changed to Sandpiper, Spoon-billed (AOU 2004); Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis, will be changed to Lark, Sky (AOU 1995, 1998); Sparrow, Harris', Zonotrichia querela, will be changed to Sparrow, Harris's (AOU 1998); Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus, will be changed to Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998); Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus, will be changed to Starling, White- cheeked (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus philippensis, will be changed to Starling, Chestnut-cheeked (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis, will be changed to Stint, Red-necked (AOU 1995); Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma tristrami, will be changed to Storm- Petrel, Tristram's (AOU 1989, 1998); Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis phoenicobia, will be changed to Palm- Swift, Antillean (AOU 1983, 1998); Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena, will be changed to Spindalis, Western (AOU 2000); Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata, will be changed to Duck, Falcated (AOU 1997, 1998); Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus, will be changed to Thrush, Eyebrowed (AOU 1989, 1998); Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus, will be changed to Towhee, Canyon (AOU 1989, 1998); Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, will be changed to Towhee, Eastern (AOU 1995, 1998); Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni, will be changed to Pipit, Olive- backed (AOU 1995, 1998); Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus, will be changed to Quetzel, Eared (AOU 2002); Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius, will be changed to Vireo, Blue- headed (AOU 1997, 1998); Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae, will be changed to Warbler, Elfin-woods (AOU 1998); and Woodpecker, Lewis', Melanerpes lewis, will be changed to Woodpecker, Lewis's (AOU 1998).

(9) Revise the scientific names of 64 species to conform to the most recent nomenclature treatment. These revisions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) documenting the name change:

Actitis macularia (Spotted Sandpiper) will be changed to Actitis macularius (AOU 2004); Ajaia ajaja (Roseate Spoonbill) will be changed to Platalea ajaja (AOU 2002); Amphispiza quinquestriata (Five-striped Sparrow) will be changed to Aimophila quinquestriata (AOU 1997, 1998); Casmerodius albus (Great Egret) will be changed to Ardea alba (AOU 1995, 1998); Catharacta maccormicki (South Polar Skua) will be changed to Stercorarius maccormicki (AOU 2000); Catharacta skua (Great Skua) will be changed to Stercorarius skua (AOU 2000); Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Willet) will be changed to Tringa semipalmata (AOU 2006); Ceryle torquata (Ringed Kingfisher) will be changed to Ceryle torquatus (AOU 2004); Columba fasciata (Band-tailed Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas fasciata (AOU 2003); Columba flavirostris (Red-billed Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas flavirostris (AOU 2003); Columba inornata (Plain Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas inornata (AOU 2003); Columba leucocephala (White-crowned Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas leucocephala (AOU 2003); Columba squamosa (Scaly-naped Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas squamosa (AOU 2003); Contopus borealis (Olive-sided Flycatcher) will be changed to Contopus cooperi (AOU 1997, 1998); Cuculus saturatus (Oriental Cuckoo) will be changed to Cuculus optatus (AOU 2006); Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) will be changed to Aethia psittacula (AOU 1997, 1998); Delichon urbica (Common House-Martin) will be changed to Delichon urbicum (AOU 2004); Diomedea albatrus (Short-tailed Albatross) will be changed to Phoebastria albatrus (AOU 1997, 1998); Diomedea chlororhynchos (Yellow-nosed Albatross) will be changed to Thalassarche chlororhynchos (AOU 1997, 1998); Diomedea immutabilis (Laysan Albatross) will be changed to Phoebastria immutabilis (AOU 1997, 1998); Diomedea nigripes (Black-footed Albatross) will be changed to Phoebastria nigripes (AOU 1997, 1998); Guiraca caerulea (Blue Grosbeak) will be changed to Passerina caerulea (AOU 2002); Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Tattler) will be changed to Tringa brevipes (AOU 2006); Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Tattler) will be changed to Tringa incana (AOU 2006); Helmitheros vermivora (Worm-eating Warbler) will be changed to Helmitheros vermivorus (AOU 2004); Hirundo fulva (Cave Swallow) will be changed to Petrochelidon fulva (AOU 1997, 1998); Hirundo pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) will be changed to Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (AOU 1997, 1998); Muscicapa narcissina (Narcissus Flycatcher) will be changed to Ficedula narcissina (AOU 1991, 1998); Nesochen sandvicensis (Hawaiian Goose) will be changed to Branta sandvicensis (AOU 1993, 1998); Nyctea scandiaca (Snowy Owl) will be changed to Bubo scandiaca (AOU 2003); Nycticorax goisagi (Japanese Night-Heron) will be changed to Gorsachius goisagi (Monroe and Sibley 1993);

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Nycticorax violaceus (Yellow-crowned Night-Heron) will be changed to Nyctanassa violacea (AOU 1998); Otus asio (Eastern Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops asio (AOU 2003); Otus kennicottii (Western Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops kennicottii (AOU 2003); Otus nudipes (Puerto Rican Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops nudipes (AOU 2003); Otus trichopsis (Whiskered Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops trichopsis (AOU 2003); Oxyura dominica (Masked Duck) will be changed to Nomonyx dominicus (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus atricapillus (Black-capped Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile atricapillus (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003); Parus bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) will be changed to Baeolophus bicolor (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile carolinensis (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus gambeli (Mountain Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile gambeli (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus hudsonicus (Boreal Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile hudsonica (AOU 1997, 1998, 2000); Parus rufescens (Chestnut-backed Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile rufescens (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus sclateri (Mexican Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile sclateri (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus wollweberi (Bridled Titmouse) will be changed to Baeolophus wollweberi (AOU 1997, 1998); Phalaropus fulicaria (Red Phalarope) will be changed to Phalaropus fulicarius (AOU 2002); Polyborus plancus (Crested Caracara) will be changed to Caracara cheriway (AOU 1993, 1998, 2000); Porphyrula martinica (Purple Gallinule) will be changed to Porphyrio martinica (AOU 2002); Saurothera vieilloti (Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo) will be changed to Coccyzus vielloti (AOU 2006); Seiurus aurocapillus (Ovenbird) will be changed to Seiurus aurocapilla (AOU 2003); Sterna albifrons (Little Tern) will be changed to Sternula albifrons (AOU 2006); Sterna aleutica (Aleutian Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion aleuticus (AOU 2006); Sterna anaethetus (Bridled Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion anaethetus (AOU 2006); Sterna antillarum (Least Tern) will be changed to Sternula antillarum (AOU 2006); Sterna caspia (Caspian Tern) will be changed to Hydroprogne caspia (AOU 2006); Sterna elegans (Elegant Tern) will be changed to Thalasseus elegans (AOU 2006); Sterna fuscata (Sooty Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion fuscatus (AOU 2006); Sterna lunata (Gray-backed Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion lunatus (AOU 2006); Sterna maxima (Royal Tern) will be changed to Thalasseus maximus (AOU 2006); Sterna nilotica (Gull-billed Tern) will be changed to Gelochelidon nilotica (AOU 2006); Sterna sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern) will be changed to Thalasseus sandvicensis (AOU 2006); Sula bassanus (Northern Gannet) will be changed to Morus bassanus (AOU 1989, 1998); Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced Grassquit) will be changed to Tiaris olivaceus (AOU 2004); and Toxostoma dorsale (Crissal Thrasher) will be changed to Toxostoma crissale (AOU 1984, 1985, 1998).

(10) Revise the common (English) and scientific names of seven species to conform with the most recent nomenclature treatment. These revisions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the publication(s) supporting the name change:

Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax olivaceus, will be changed to Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (AOU 1991, 1998); Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia, will be changed to Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax melanolophus, will be changed to Night- Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus, will be changed to Omao, Myadestes obscurus (AOU 1985, 1998); Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri, will be changed to Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (AOU 1985, 1998); Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus, will be changed to Chickadee, Gray- headed, Poecile cincta (AOU 1998, 2000); and Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus, will be changed to Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (AOU 1997, 1998).

(11) Revise incorrect or invalid scientific names of four species in the alphabetical list to reflect the most recent nomenclatural treatment and to correct inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists:

Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus tridactyla, will be changed to Rissa trydactyla (AOU 1998); Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus brevirostris, will be changed to Rissa brevirostris (AOU 1998); Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger, will be changed to Rynchops niger (AOU 1998); and Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima, will be changed to Hylocichla mustelina (AOU 1998).

(12) Revise the common (English) name of two species in the alphabetical and taxonomic lists to correct misspellings:

Bittern, Schrenk's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus, will be changed to Bittern, Schrenck's (Monroe and Sibley 1993); and Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus miniatus, will be changed to Redstart, Slate-throated (AOU 1998).

(13) Revise the scientific names of three species in the taxonomic list to correct misspellings and inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists: Sialis currucoides (Mountain Bluebird) will be changed to Sialia currucoides (AOU 1998); Sialis mexicana (Western Bluebird) will be changed to Sialia mexicana (AOU 1998); and Sialis sialis (Eastern Bluebird) will be changed to Sialia sialis (AOU 1998).

(14) Change the status of one taxon from protected subspecies to non-protected species (because there is no known natural occurrence of the newly recognized species in the United States or its territories). In accordance with the AOU (1998), the Barbary Falcon is currently treated as a subspecies (pelegrinoides) of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in 50 CFR 10.13. We propose deferring to the taxonomic treatment of Monroe and Sibley (1993) in recognizing F. peregrinus pelegrinoides as a distinct species, Falco pelegrinoides, the Barbary Falcon. This change will bring our treatment of this taxon into conformity with that adopted by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), thereby removing an inconsistency between the MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) and CITES (50 CFR 23.23) lists. This simple taxonomic change will not result in the addition or removal of any species from the list:

Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, a subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, will be changed to Falco

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pelegrinoides, Barbary Falcon (Monroe and Sibley 1993). (The newly recognized Barbary Falcon is not subject to the MBTA because its known geographic range lies entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. This action will not change the legal status of any other subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, all of which will continue to be protected under the MBTA.)

For ease of comparison, the proposed changes are summarized in the following table (numbers reference the categories treated above). Categories that involve name revisions (i.e., 9, 10, and 11) will require removal of the old name (left-hand column) and addition of the new name (right-hand column). To ensure that these two separate actions appear on the same line of the table, we employ brackets to identify old (removed) or new (added) names that are listed in correct alphabetical order elsewhere in the table:

Removed (alphabetically)

Added (alphabetically)

Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris (3). Albatross, Black-footed, Diomedea

Albatross, Black-footed, nigripes (9).

Phoebastria nigripes (9). Albatross, Laysan, Diomedea immutabilis Albatross, Laysan, Phoebastria (9).

immutabilis (9). Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata (3). Albatross, Short-tailed, Diomedea

Albatross, Short-tailed, albatrus (9).

Phoebastria albatrus (9). Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta (2). Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans (2). Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Diomedea

Albatross, Yellow-nosed, chlororhynchos (9).

Thalassarche chlororhynchos (9). Auklet, Parakeet, Cyclorrhynchus

Auklet, Parakeet, Aethia psittacula (9).

psittacula (9). Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba (8)........ [see Owl, Barn]. Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (4). Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis Bittern, Yellow, Ixobrychus (8).

sinensis (8). Bittern, Schrenk's, Ixobrychus

Bittern, Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (12).

eurhythmus (12). Bluebird, Eastern, Sialis sialis (13).. Bluebird, Eastern, Sialia sialis (13). Bluebird, Mountain, Sialis currucoides Bluebird, Mountain, Sialia (13).

currucoides (13). Bluebird, Western, Sialis mexicana (13) Bluebird, Western, Sialia mexicana (13). Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus (3). Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina (2). Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis (2). Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla (2).

[see Reed-Bunting, Pallas'] ............ Bunting, Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi (8). Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos (3).

[see Reed-Bunting, Common] ............. Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus (8). Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola (3). Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans (3). Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis (3). Caracara, Crested, Polyborus plancus Caracara, Crested, Caracara (9).

cheriway (9). Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris (3). Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs (2). Chickadee, Black-capped, Parus

Chickadee, Black-capped, atricapillus (9).

Poecile atricapillus (9). Chickadee, Boreal, Parus hudsonicus (9) Chickadee, Boreal, Poecile hudsonica (9). Chickadee, Carolina, Parus carolinensis Chickadee, Carolina, Poecile (9).

carolinensis (9). Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Parus

Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, rufescens (9).

Poecile rufescens (9).

[see Tit, Siberian] .................... Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta (10). Chickadee, Mexican, Parus sclateri (9). Chickadee, Mexican, Poecile sclateri (9). Chickadee, Mountain, Parus gambeli (9). Chickadee, Mountain, Poecile gambeli (9). Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (5). Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (4). Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax Cormorant, Neotropic, olivaceus (10).

Phalacrocorax brasilianus (10). Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops (2). Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (4). Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (4). Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus (8).... Crow, Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus (8). Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus saturatus (9) Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus optatus (9). Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata (2). Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus (8).... Curlew, Little, Numenius minutus (8).

[see Teal, Falcated] ................... Duck, Falcated, Anas falcata (8).

[see Oldsquaw] ......................... Duck, Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis (8). Duck, Masked, Oxyura dominica (9)...... Duck, Masked, Nomonyx dominicus (9). Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata (3). Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (4). Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha (1). Egret, Great, Casmerodius albus (9).... Egret, Great, Ardea alba (9). Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia (10). Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (10). Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta (3). Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata (3).

[Falcon, Barbary, Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides (=Falco pelegrinoides)]

(14).. Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (6).... [see Rosy-Finch] Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (5). Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (5). Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa Flycatcher, Gray-streaked, griseisticta (8).

Muscicapa griseisticta (8). Flycatcher, La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae (2).

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Flycatcher, Narcissus, Muscicapa

Flycatcher, Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina (9).

narcissina (9). Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus

Flycatcher, Olive-sided, borealis (9).

Contopus cooperi (9). Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax

Flycatcher, Pacific-slope, difficilis (8).

Empidonax difficilis (8). Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus (3). Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similes (3). Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus (3). Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius (2). Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus (3). Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis (3). Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (4). Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (4). Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (4). Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris (3). Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrula martinica Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrio (9).

martinica (9). Gannet, Northern, Sula bassanus (9).... Gannet, Northern, Morus bassanus (9). Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (5). Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica (8). Golden-Plover, American, Pluvialis dominica (8). Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (5). Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchensii (5). Goose, Hawaiian, Nesochen sandvicensis Goose, Hawaiian, Branta (9).

sandvicensis (9). Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus (3). Goose, Ross', Chen rossii (8).......... Goose, Ross's, Chen rossii (8). Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris

Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivacea (9).

olivaceus (9). Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii (5). Greenshank, Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer (4). Grosbeak, Blue, Guiraca caerulea (9)... Grosbeak, Blue, Passerina caerulea (9). Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (4). Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (4). Gull, Belcher's, Larus belcheri (2). Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus

Gull, Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (8).

ridibundus (8). Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris (1). Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus (3). Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus (3). Gull, Ross', Rhodostethia rosea (8).... Gull, Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea (8). Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans (3). Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter

[see Sparrowhawk, Japanese] gularis (8). Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens (3). Hawk, Harris', Parabuteo unicinctus (8) Hawk, Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus (8). Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostris (2). Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula (8)... [see Owl, Northern Hawk] Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (4). Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (5). Heron, Green-backed, Butorides striatus [see Heron, Green]. (6). Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra (8). [see Reef-Egret, Pacific]. Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo (3). Hoopoe, Upupa epops (8)................ Hoopoe, Eurasian, Upupa epops (8). House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbica House-Martin, Common, Delichon (9).

urbicum (9). Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa (2). Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila (3). Hummingbird, Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii (3). Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (4). Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma

Jay, Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina (8).

ultramarina (8). Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens (8) [see Scrub-Jay, Florida]. Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (5). Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus

Kingfisher, Collared, caudifasciatus (6).

Todirhamphus chloris (4). Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (4). Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquata (9) Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus (9). Kite, American Swallow-tailed,

Kite, Swallow-tailed, Elanoides Elanoides forficatus (8).

forficatus (8). Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus

[see Kite, White-tailed]. caeruleus (6). Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (5). Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus

Kittiwake, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla (11).

trydactyla (11). Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus

Kittiwake, ed-legged, Rissa brevirostris (11).

brevirostris (11).

[see Skylark, Eurasian] ................ Lark, Sky, Alauda arvensis (8). Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Saurothera Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, vieilloti (9).

Coccyzus vieilloti (9). Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (5). Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica [see Magpie, Black-billed, Pica pica (6).

hudsonia]. Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (5). Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii (3). Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera (3). Martin, Southern, Progne elegans (2). Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii (2). Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens (3). Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix (3).

[[Page 50203]]

Murrelet, Xantus', Synthliboramphus Murrelet, Xantus's, hypoleucus (8).

Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (8). Night-Heron, Japanese, Nycticorax

Night-Heron, Japanese, goisagi (9).

Gorsachius goisagi (9). Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax

Night-Heron, Malayan, melanolophus (10).

Gorsachius melanolophus (10). Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nycticorax Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, violaceus (9).

Nyctanassa violacea (9). Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus Nightjar, Gray, Caprimulgus (8).

indicus (8). Nightingale-Thrush, Black- headed, Catharus mexicanus (3). Nightingale-Thrush, Orange- billed, Catharus aurantiirostris (3). Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (6).. Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis (8)........ [see Duck, Long-tailed]. Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (5).

[see Thrush, Hawaiian] ................. Omao, Myadestes obscurus (10). Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula (8).. Oriole, Baltimore, Icterus galbula (8). Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii (5). Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus

Oriole, Greater Antillean, dominicensis (8).

Icterus dominicensis (8). Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus (9)..... Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla (9).

[see Barn-Owl, Common] ................. Owl, Barn, Tyto alba (8). Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata (3).

[see Hawk-Owl, Northern] ............... Owl, Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula (8). Owl, Snowy, Nyctea scandiaca (9)....... Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiaca (9). Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius (3). Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (4).

[see Swift, Antillean Palm] ............ Palm-Swift, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia (8). Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow (3). Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis (2). Petrel, Dark-rumped, Pterodroma

[see Petrel, Hawaiian] phaeopygia (6). Petrel, Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera (4). Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera (3). Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (5). Petrel, Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax (2). Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma

Petrel, Juan Fernandez, externa (8).

Pterodroma externa (8). Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (4). Petrel, Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris (3). Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (4). Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (5). Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus (3). Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis (2). Phalarope, Red, Phalaropus fulicaria Red Phalarope, Phalaropus (9).

fulicarius (9). Pigeon, Band-tailed, Columba fasciata Pigeon, Band-tailed, (9).

Patagioenas fasciata (9). Pigeon, Plain, Columba inornata (9).... Pigeon, Plain, Patagioenas inornata (9). Pigeon, Red-billed, Columba

Pigeon, Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris (9).

flavirostris (9). Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Columba squamosa Pigeon, Scaly-naped, (9).

Patagioenas squamosa (9). Pigeon, White-crowned, Columba

Pigeon, White-crowned, leucocephala (9).

Patagioenas leucocephala (9). Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (6).... [see Pipit, American]. Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (5).

[see Tree-Pipit, Olive] ................ Pipit, Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni (8). Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis (2). Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris (3). Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius

[see Sand-Plover, Greater]. leschenaultii (8). Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus [see Sand-Plover, Lesser]. (8). Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus (3).

[see Thrush, Small Kauai] .............. Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (10).

[see Trogon, Eared] .................... Quetzel, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (8). Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (4). Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (4). Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus (2). Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus Redstart, Slate-throated, miniatus (12).

Myioborus miniatus (12). Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza

[see Bunting, Reed]. schoeniculus (8). Reed-Bunting, Pallas', Emberiza pallasi [see Bunting, Pallas's]. (8).

[see Heron, Pacific Reef] .............. Reef-Egret, Pacific, Egretta sacra (8). Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis (3). Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane (3). Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis (3). Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (5). Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (5). Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (5). Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus (3). Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus Sandpiper, Spoon-billed, pygmeus (8).

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (8). Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularia Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis (9).

macularius (9).

[see Plover, Great Sand] ............... Sand-Plover, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii (8).

[see Plover, Mongolian] ................ Sand-Plover, Lesser, Charadrius mongolus (8). Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (5). Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia (2). Screech-Owl, Eastern, Otus asio (9).... Screech-Owl, Eastern, Megascops asio (9). Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Otus nudipes Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, (9).

Megascops nudipes (9).

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Screech-Owl, Western, Otus kennicottii Screech-Owl, Western, Megascops (9).

kennicottii (9). Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Otus trichopsis Screech-Owl, Whiskered, (9).

Megascops trichopsis (9).

[see Jay, Scrub] ....................... Scrub-Jay, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens (8). Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (5). Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (5). Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii (3). Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas (2). Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus (2). Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus (3). Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus (3). Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger (11)... Skimmer, Black, Rynchops niger (11). Skua, Great, Catharacta skua (9)....... Skua, Great, Stercorarius skua (9). Skua, South Polar, Catharacta

Skua, South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki (9).

maccormicki (9). Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis (8). [see Lark, Sky]. Snipe, Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (5). Sparrow, Five-striped, Amphispiza

Sparrow, Five-striped, quinquestriata (9).

Aimophila quinquestriata (9). Sparrow, Harris', Zonotrichia querula Sparrow, Harris's, Zonotrichia (8).

querula (8). Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (5). Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus

Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp- caudacutus (8).

tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus (8).

[see Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow] ............ Sparrowhawk, Japanese, Accipiter gularis (8). Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (5).

[see Tanager, Stripe-headed] ........... Spindalis, Western, Spindalis zena (8). Spoonbill, Roseate, Ajaia ajaja (9).... Spoonbill, Roseate, Platalea ajaja (9). Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus

Starling, Chestnut-cheeked, philippensis (8).

Sturnus philippensis (8). Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus (8). Starling, White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus (8). Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus (3). Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris

Stint, Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis (8).

ruficollis (8). Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (3). Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica (3). Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae (4). Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (4). Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma

Storm-Petrel, Tristram's, tristrami (8).

Oceanodroma tristrami (8). Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (4). Swallow, Cave, Hirundo fulva (9)....... Swallow, Cave, Petrochelidon fulva (9). Swallow, Cliff, Hirundo pyrrhonota (9). Swallow, Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (9). Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea (3). Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (4). Swift, Alpine, Apus melba (3). Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis

[see Palm-Swift, Antillean]. phoenicobia (8). Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura (2). Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena [see Spindalis, Western]. (8).. Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (4). Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (4). Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata (3). Tattler, Gray-tailed, Heteroscelus Tattler, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes (9).

brevipes (9). Tattler, Wandering, Heteroscelus

Tattler, Wandering, Tringa incanus (9).

incana (9). Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata (8)....... [see Duck, Falcated]. Tern, Aleutian, Sterna aleutica (9).... Tern, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus (9). Tern, Bridled, Sterna anaethetus (9)... Tern, Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus (9). Tern, Caspian, Sterna caspia (9)....... Tern, Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia (9). Tern, Elegant, Sterna elegans (9)...... Tern, Elegant, Thalasseus elegans (9). Tern, Gray-backed, Sterna lunata (9)... Tern, Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus (9). Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii (3). Tern, Gull-billed, Sterna nilotica (9). Tern, Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica (9). Tern, Least, Sterna antillarum (9)..... Tern, Least, Sternula antillarum (9). Tern, Little, Sterna albifrons (9)..... Tern, Little, Sternula albifrons (9). Tern, Royal, Sterna maxima (9)......... Tern, Royal, Thalasseus maximus (9). Tern, Sandwich, Sterna sandvicensis (9) Tern, Sandwich, Thalasseus sandvicensis (9). Tern, Sooty, Sterna fuscata (9)........ Tern, Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus (9). Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida (3). Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma dorsale Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma (9).

crissale (9). Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli (5). Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus (8) Thrush, Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus (8). Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus [see Omao]. (10). Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri [see Puaiohi]. (10). Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima (11)... Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla mustelina (11). Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus (10)...... [see Chickadee, Gray-headed]. Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (5). Titmouse, Bridled, Parus wollweberi (9) Titmouse, Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi (9). Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (5). Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus (10).. Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (10). Titmouse, Tufted, Parus bicolor (9).... Titmouse, Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor (9). Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata (3). Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (5).

[[Page 50205]]

Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus (8)....... Towhee, Canyon, Pipilo fuscus (8). Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo

Towhee, Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (8).

erythrophthalmus (8). Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (5). Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni (8). [see Pipit, Olive-backed]. Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (8). [see Quetzel, Eared]. Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis (3). Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius (8).. Vireo, Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius (8). Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii (5). Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (5). Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris (2). Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (5). Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister (3). Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla (7).

citreola (3). Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (6)... [see Wagtail, Eastern Yellow]. Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (5). Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa (3). Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae Warbler, Elfin-woods, Dendroica (8).

angelae (8). Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa (2). Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros

Warbler, Worm-eating, vermivora (9).

Helmitheros vermivorus (9). Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (9) Willet, Tringa semipalmata (9). Woodpecker, American Three- toed, Picoides dorsalis (5). Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (5). Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major (3). Woodpecker, Lewis', Melanerpes lewis Woodpecker, Lewis's, Melanerpes (8).

lewis (8). Woodpecker, Strickland's, Picoides [see Woodpecker, Arizona]. stricklandi (6). Woodpecker, Three-toed, Picoides

[see Woodpecker, American Three- tridactylis (6).

toed].

How Do the Changes Proposed Here Differ From Those Discussed in the 2001 Proposed Rule?

We propose adding another 85 species (88 species in the current proposed rule versus 3 species in the 2001 proposed rule) based on documented evidence of their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. We propose adding 28 species (28 versus 0) that belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties that occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands. We propose adding an additional 11 species (37 versus 26) because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as subspecies have been elevated to the status of full species. We propose removing an additional 11 species (12 versus 1) based on revised taxonomic treatments and new distributional information. We propose changing the common and/or scientific names of an additional 25 species (103 versus 78). We propose correcting errors in the common or scientific names of an additional 8 species (9 versus 1).

How Is the List of Migratory Birds Organized?

The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format, which is similar to that used in modern telephone directories, will be most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format, which follows the sequence adopted by the AOU (1998, 2004), will be most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.

What Species Are Not Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?

The MBTA does not apply to species that fall into any of the following three categories:

(1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or its territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian treaties, in accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR 12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list of nonnative human-introduced bird species in this category.

(2) Nonnative human-introduced species that belong to families or groups not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian treaties, including Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae (chachalacas), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae (buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Pteroclididae (sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), Dicruridae (drongos), Rhamphastidae (toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), Bucerotidae (hornbills), Bucorvidae (ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae (fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (wrentits), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings; except as listed in the Japanese treaty), Passeridae (Old World sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and numerous other families not currently represented in the United States or its territories.

(3) Native species that belong to families or groups represented in the United States, but which are not expressly mentioned by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian treaties, including the Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarchs), Timaliidae (wrentits), Coerebidae (bananaquits), and Drepanidinae (Hawaiian honeycreepers).

Partial lists of the species included in categories 2 and 3 are available at http://migratorybirds.fws.gov/issues/nonnative/MBTA-Protected&NonprotectedSpecies.htm .

[[Page 50206]]

Does This Rule Comply With NEPA?

Given that the proposed revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature and does not constitute a Federal action in the context of NEPA it is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements, as provided by Department of the Interior Manual 516 DM 2, Appendix 1.10.

Does This Rule Comply With the Endangered Species Act?

Yes. Eighty of the species on the List of Migratory Birds are also designated as endangered or threatened in all or some portion of their U.S. range under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531, et seq.; see 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications arise from the dual listing since the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. Because the proposed rule is strictly administrative in nature, it does not require ESA consultation.

Does This Rule Affect Energy Supplies, Distribution, or Use?

On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 on regulations that significantly effect energy supply, distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule is only making revisions to existing regulations that are strictly administrative in nature, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866 and is not expected to significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, and use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.

Clarity of the Rule

Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write regulations/ notices that are easy to understand. We invite your comments on how to make this proposed rule easier to understand, including answers to questions such as the following: (1) Are the requirements in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2) Does the proposed rule contain unnecessary technical language or jargon that interferes with the clarity? (3) Does the format of the proposed rule (grouping and order of sections, use of headings, paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its clarity? (4) Is the description of the proposed rule in the Supplementary Information section of the preamble helpful in understanding the proposed rule? (5) What else could we do to make the proposed rule easier to understand?

Send a copy of any comments that concern how we could make this proposed rule easier to understand to: Office of Regulatory Affairs, Department of the Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20240. You may e-mail your comments to the following address: Execsec@ios.doi.gov.

What About Other Required Determinations?

Because the revision to the List of Migratory Birds merely re- describes the birds already protected by Federal treaties with Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia, we determined that this document does not have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.).

This document has not been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under E.O. 12866. In accordance with the criteria in Executive Order 12866, this rule is not a significant regulatory action.

This rule is not a major rule under the terms of 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act.

The rule does not contain information collection requirements that must be approved by the Office of Management and Budget under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.).

We find and certify, in compliance with the requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), that the rule is not a significant regulatory action and will not impose a cost of $100 million or more in any given year on local or State government or private entities.

As noted above, the rule will not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a Federalism Assessment under Executive Order 13132.

We have determined that these regulations meet the applicable standards provided in Sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988 for civil justice reform.

This rule does not have significant takings implications for private property, as defined in Executive Order 12630. A takings implication assessment is not required because migratory birds are a Federally managed resource under laws implementing international treaties and are not personal property.

Regarding Government-to-Government relationships with Tribes (59 FR 22951) and Executive Order 13175, these revisions to existing regulations are purely administrative in nature. They will have no effect on Federally recognized Tribes or Tribal trust resources.

References Cited

American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Eugene Eisenmann (chair--deceased), Burt L. Monroe Jr. (acting chair), Kenneth C. Parkes, Lester L. Short, Richard C. Banks, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, and Robert W. Storer]. 1982. Thirty-fourth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 99: 1CC-16CC. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Eugene Eisenmann (chair--deceased), Burt L. Monroe Jr. (acting chair), Kenneth C. Parkes, Lester L. Short, Richard C. Banks, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, and Robert W. Storer]. 1983. Check-list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands. 6th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC. 877 pp. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, James V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1985. Thirty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 102: 680-686. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, James V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1987. Thirty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 104: 591-596. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1989. Thirty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 106: 532-538. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1991. Thirty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 108: 750-754. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1993. Thirty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-

[[Page 50207]]

list of North American birds. Auk 110: 675-682. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair-deceased), Richard C. Banks (acting chair), John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouelet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1995. Fortieth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 112: 819-830. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Burt L. Monroe (chair-deceased), Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen Jr., and Robert W. Storer]. 1997. Forty-first supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 114: 542-552. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair-deceased), Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen Jr., and Robert W. Storer]. 1998. Check- list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands. 7th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 829 pp. American Ornithologists' Union. 1999. Notice from the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature. Auk 116: 282-283. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Henri Ouellet (deceased), Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James A. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2000. Forty- second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 117:847-858. American Ornithologists' Union. 2002 [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. Forty-third supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 119: 897-906. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2003. Forty-fourth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 120:923-931. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2004. Forty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 121:985-995. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2005. Forty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 122:1026-1031. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2006. Forty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 123:926-936. Monroe, Burt. L., Jr., and Charles G. Sibley. 1993. A world checklist of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. 393 pp. Pratt, H. Douglas, Phillip L. Bruner, and Delwyn G. Berrett. 1987. A field guide to the birds of Hawaii and the tropical Pacific. Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. 409 pp.

Public Comments Invited

We invite interested parties to submit written comments or suggestions regarding the draft revised list of migratory birds protected by the MBTA by any one of the means identified in the ADDRESSES section. Duplicate submissions are discouraged. The complete file for this notice will be available for public inspection during normal business hours, by appointment, at the location identified in the ADDRESSES section.

E-mail comments should be submitted as an ASCII file with ``Revised List of Migratory Birds'' in the subject line. Avoid the use of special characters and any form of encryption.

While all comments will be considered, we encourage reviewers to focus on the following questions:

(1) Do the five criteria used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA accurately reflect the language and intentions of the MBTA and the underlying conventions? If not, what changes would you recommend?

(2) Have we included any species that doesn't meet any of the criteria for protection under the MBTA? Please be specific, and provide as much detail as possible.

(3) Have we omitted any species that should be protected by the MBTA because they meet one or more of the specified criteria?

Following review and consideration of the comments, we will publish a final list in the Federal Register.

Author

John L. Trapp, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Mail Stop 4107, Arlington, VA 22203.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10

Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, Wildlife.

Regulation Promulgation

For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we propose to amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

PART 10--[AMENDED]

1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:

   Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703-712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l; 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378.

2. Revise Sec. 10.13 to read as follows:

   Sec. 10.13 List of Migratory Birds.

   (a) What is the legal authority for this list? The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) in 16 U.S.C. 703-711, the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a-j. The MBTA implements treaties between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:

   (1) Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628;

   (2) Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912;

   (3) Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and

   (4) Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703, 712.

   (b) What is the purpose of this list? The purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations designed to enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter, cover most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.

   [[Page 50208]]

   (c) What species are protected as migratory birds? Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2004); for species not treated by the AOU Check-list, we follow Monroe and Sibley's A World Checklist of Birds (1993).

   (1) Alphabetical listing. Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. It is possible that alphabetical listing by common group names may create confusion in those few instances in which the common (English) name of a species has changed. The species formerly known as the Falcated Teal, for example, is now known as the Falcated Duck. To prevent confusion, the alphabetical list has two entries for Falcated Duck: ``DUCK, Falcated;'' and ``[TEAL, Falcated (see DUCK, Falcated)]''. Other potential ambiguities are treated in the same way.

   ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris

   Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes

   Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis

   Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata

   Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus

   Shy, Thalassarche cauta

   Wandering, Diomedea exulans

   Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris

   Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus

   Crested, Aethia cristatella

   Least, Aethia pusilla

   Parakeet, Aethia psittacula

   Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata

   Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana

   [BARN-OWL, Common (see OWL, Barn)] . BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus

   Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis

   [Chinese (see Yellow)]

   Least, Ixobrychus exilis

   Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus

   Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus anthracinus BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus

   Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus

   Rusty, Euphagus carolinus

   Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis

   Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor

   Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus

   Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis

   Mountain, Sialia currucoides

   Western, Sialia mexicana BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii

   Brown, Sula leucogaster

   Masked, Sula dactylatra

   Red-footed, Sula sula BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla BRANT, Branta bernicla BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula

   Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina

   Gray, Emberiza variabilis

   Indigo, Passerina cyanea

   Little, Emberiza pusilla

   Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys

   Lazuli, Passerina amoena

   McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus

   Painted, Passerina ciris

   Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi

   Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos

   Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus

   Rustic, Emberiza rustica

   Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis

   Varied, Passerina versicolor

   Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola

   Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus

   Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris

   Gray, Dumetella carolinensis CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla coelebs CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus

   Boreal, Poecile hudsonica

   Carolina, Poecile carolinensis

   Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens

   Gray-headed, Poecile cincta

   Mexican, Poecile sclateri

   Mountain, Poecile gambeli CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus carolinensis CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus COOT, American, Fulica americana

   Caribbean, Fulica caribaea

   Eurasian, Fulica atra

   Hawaiian, Fulica alai CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus

   Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus

   Great, Phalacrocorax carbo

   Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos

   Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus

   [Olivaceous (see Neotropic)]

   Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus

   Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus

   Brown-headed, Molothrus ater

   Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex

   Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops

   Spotless, Porzana tabuensis

   Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer CRANE, Common, Grus grus

   Sandhill, Grus canadensis

   Whooping, Grus americana CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra

   White-winged, Loxia leucoptera CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos

   Fish, Corvus ossifragus

   Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis

   Mariana, Corvus kubaryi

   [Mexican (see Tamaulipas)]

   Northwestern, Corvus caurinus

   Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus

   White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus

   Common, Cuculus canorus

   Mangrove, Coccyzus minor

   Oriental, Cuculus optatus

   Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis

   Eskimo, Numenius borealis

   Eurasian, Numenius arquata

   Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis

   [Least (see Little)]

   Little, Numenius minutus

   Long-billed, Numenius americanus DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca

   Mourning, Zenaida macroura

   White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi

   White-winged, Zenaida asiatica

   Zenaida, Zenaida aurita

   [[Page 50209]]

   DOVEKIE, Alle alle DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus

   Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes

   Falcated, Anas falcata

   Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus

   Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana

   Laysan, Anas laysanensis

   Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis

   Masked, Nomonyx dominicus

   Mottled, Anas fulvigula

   Muscovy, Cairina moschata

   Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa

   Ring-necked, Aythya collaris

   Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis

   Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha

   Tufted, Aythya fuligula

   Wood, Aix sponsa DUNLIN, Calidris alpina EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus

   Golden, Aquila chrysaetos

   White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis

   Chinese, Egretta eulophotes

   Great, Ardea alba

   Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia

   Little, Egretta garzetta

   [Plumed (see Intermediate)]

   Reddish, Egretta rufescens

   Snowy, Egretta thula EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima

   King, Somateria spectabilis

   Spectacled, Somateria fischeri

   Steller's, Polysticta stelleri ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica

   Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis

   Peregrine, Falco peregrinus

   Prairie, Falco mexicanus FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris FINCH, Cassin's, Carpodacus cassinii

   House, Carpodacus mexicanus

   Purple, Carpodacus purpureus

   [Rosy (see ROSY-FINCH)] FLAMINGO, Greater, Phoenicopterus ruber FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides

   Northern, Colaptes auratus FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens

   Alder, Empidonax alnorum

   Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens

   Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus

   Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons

   Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis

   Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri

   Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer

   Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana

   Gray, Empidonax wrightii

   [Gray-spotted (see Gray-streaked)]

   Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta

   Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus

   Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii

   La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae

   Least, Empidonax minimus

   Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina

   Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi

   Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi

   Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis

   Piratic, Legatus leucophalus

   Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum

   Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus

   Social, Myiozetetes similis

   Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris

   Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus

   Variegated, Empidonomus varius

   Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus

   [Western (see Cordilleran and Pacific-slope)]

   Willow, Empidonax traillii

   Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor

   Lesser, Fregata ariel

   Magnificent, Fregata magnificens FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus

   Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii

   Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis GADWALL, Anas strepera GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris

   Purple, Porphyrio martinica GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus GARGANEY, Anas querquedula GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps

   Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura

   Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea

   California, Polioptila californica GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica

   Black-tailed, Limosa limosa

   Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica

   Marbled, Limosa fedoa GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica

   [Lesser (see American)]

   Pacific, Pluvialis fulva GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica

   Common, Bucephala clangula GOLDFINCH, American, Carduelis tristis

   Lawrence's, Carduelis lawrencei

   Lesser, Carduelis psaltria GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis

   Bean, Anser fabalis

   Cackling, Branta hutchinsii

   Canada, Branta canadensis

   Emperor, Chen canagica

   Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons

   Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis

   Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus

   Ross's, Chen rossii

   Snow, Chen caerulescens GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major

   Common, Quiscalus quiscula

   Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus

   Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor

   Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii

   Eared, Podiceps nigricollis

   Horned, Podiceps auritus

   Least, Tachybaptus dominicus

   Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps

   Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena

   Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis GREENFINCH, Oriental, Carduelis sinica GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia

   Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus

   Blue, Passerina caerulea

   Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno

   Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus

   Pine, Pinicola enucleator

   Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus

   Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina passerina

   Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi

   Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti

   White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle

   Pigeon, Cepphus columba GULL, Belcher's, Larus belcheri

   Black-headed, Larus ridibundus

   Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris

   Bonaparte's, Larus philadelphia

   California, Larus californicus

   [Common Black-headed (see Black-headed)]

   Franklin's, Larus pipixcan

   Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus

   Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens

   Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus

   Great Black-backed, Larus marinus

   Heermann's, Larus heermanni

   Herring, Larus argentatus

   Iceland, Larus glaucoides

   Ivory, Pagophila eburnea

   Kelp, Larus dominicanus

   Laughing, Larus atricilla

   Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus

   Little, Larus minutus

   Mew, Larus canus

   Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis

   Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea

   Sabine's, Xema sabini

   Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus

   Thayer's, Larus thayeri

   Western, Larus occidentalis

   Yellow-footed, Larus livens

   Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes

   [[Page 50210]]

   HAWK, [Asiatic Sparrow (see SPARROWHAWK, Japanese)]

   Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus

   Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii

   Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens

   Ferruginous, Buteo regalis

   Gray, Buteo nitidus

   Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus

   Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius

   Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus

   Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis

   Roadside, Buteo magnirostris

   Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus

   Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus

   Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus

   Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni

   White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus

   Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Cuculus fugax

   [HAWK-OWL, Northern (see OWL, Northern Hawk)]

   HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea

   Great Blue, Ardea herodias

   Green, Butorides virescens

   [Green-backed (see Green)]

   Little Blue, Egretta caerulea

   [Pacific Reef (see REEF-EGRET, Pacific)]

   Tricolored, Egretta tricolor HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbicum HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin

   Anna's, Calypte anna

   Antillean Crested, Orthorhynchus cristatus

   Berylline, Amazilia beryllina

   Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri

   Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae

   Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris

   Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus

   Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis

   Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa

   Calliope, Stellula calliope

   Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila

   Costa's, Calypte costae

   Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer

   Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens

   Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris

   Rufous, Selasphorus rufus

   Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps

   White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis

   Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus

   Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber

   White, Eudocimus albus

   White-faced, Plegadis chihi IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula pacifica JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus

   Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus

   Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata

   Brown, Cyanocorax morio

   Gray, Perisoreus canadensis

   [Gray-breasted (see Mexican)]

   Green, Cyanocorax yncas

   Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina

   Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus

   [Scrub (see SCRUB-JAY)]

   Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis

   Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius

   Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans

   Couch's, Tyrannus couchii

   Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus

   Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis

   Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris

   Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus

   Western, Tyrannus verticalis KINGFISHER, Belted, Ceryle alcyon

   Collared, Todirhamphus chloris

   Green, Chloroceryle americana

   Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus

   Ringed, Ceryle torquatus KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa

   Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus KITE, [American Swallow-tailed (see Swallow-tailed)]

   Black, Milvus migrans

   [Black-shouldered (see White-tailed)]

   Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus

   Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis

   Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis

   Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus

   White-tailed, Elanus leucurus KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla

   Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris

   Red, Calidris canutus LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris

   Sky, Alauda arvensis LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus

   Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus

   McCown's, Calcarius mccownii

   Smith's, Calcarius pictus LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica

   Common, Gavia immer

   Pacific, Gavia pacifica

   Red-throated, Gavia stellata

   Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia

   Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus

   Green, Anthracothorax viridis

   Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera

   Caribbean, Progne dominicensis

   Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca

   Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea

   Purple, Progne subis

   Southern, Progne elegans MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna

   Western, Sturnella neglecta MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser

   Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus

   Red-breasted, Mergus serrator MERLIN, Falco columbarius MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii

   Blue, Melanotis caerulescens

   Northern, Mimus polyglottos MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus MURRE, Common, Uria aalge

   Thick-billed, Uria lomvia MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus

   Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri

   Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris

   Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix

   Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus

   Xantus's, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax

   Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi

   [Malay (see Malayan)]

   Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus

   Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii

   Common, Chordeiles minor

   Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus

   Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus ridgwayi

   Gray, Caprimulgus indicus

   [Jungle (see Gray)]

   Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus noctitherus NODDY, Black, Anous minutus

   Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea

   Brown, Anous stolidus

   [Lesser (see Black)] NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla

   Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea

   Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis

   White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis

   [OLDSQUAW (see DUCK, Long-tailed)]

   OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis OMAO, Myadestes obscurus ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis

   [[Page 50211]]

   Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda

   Baltimore, Icterus galbula

   [Black-cowled (see Greater Antillean)]

   Black-vented, Icterus wagleri

   Bullock's, Icterus bullockii

   Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis

   Hooded, Icterus cucullatus

   [Northern (see Baltimore and Bullock's)]

   Orchard, Icterus spurius

   Scott's, Icterus parisorum

   Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla OWL, Barn, Tyto alba

   Barred, Strix varia

   Boreal, Aegolius funereus

   Burrowing, Athene cunicularia

   Elf, Micrathene whitneyi

   Flammulated, Otus flammeolus

   Great Gray, Strix nebulosa

   Great Horned, Bubo virginianus

   Long-eared, Asio otus

   Mottled, Ciccaba virgata

   Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula

   Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus

   Short-eared, Asio flammeus

   Snowy, Bubo scandiaca

   Spotted, Strix occidentalis

   Stygian, Asio stygius OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus

   Black, Haematopus bachmani

   Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia PARULA, Northern, Parula americana

   Tropical, Parula pitiayumi PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus albicollis PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

   Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow

   Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata

   Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis

   Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca

   Bulwer's, Bulweria bulwerii

   Cook's, Pterodroma cookii

   [Dark-rumped (see Hawaiian)]

   Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera

   Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera

   Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis

   Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana

   Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax

   Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa

   Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta

   Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata

   Murphy's, Pterodroma ultima

   Phoenix, Pterodroma alba

   Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris

   Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata

   White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis

   [White-necked, Pterodroma externa (see Petrel, Juan Fernandez)] PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus

   Greater, Contopus pertinax

   Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis

   Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus fulicarius

   Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus

   Wilson's, Phalaropus tricolor PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans

   Eastern, Sayornis phoebe

   Say's, Sayornis saya PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata

   Plain, Patagioenas inornata

   Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris

   Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa

   White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta

   White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens

   Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni

   Pechora, Anthus gustavi

   Red-throated, Anthus cervinus

   Sprague's, Anthus spragueii

   Tree, Anthus trivialis

   [Water (see American)] PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis squatarola

   Collared, Charadrius collaris

   Common Ringed, Charadrius hiaticula

   [Great Sand (see Sand-Plover, Greater)]

   Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius

   [Mongolian (see Sand-Plover, Lesser)]

   Mountain, Charadrius montanus

   Piping, Charadrius melodus

   Semipalmated, Charadrius semipalmatus

   Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus

   Wilson's, Charadrius wilsonia POCHARD, Baer's, Aythya baeri

   Common, Aythya ferina POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica

   Horned, Fratercula corniculata

   Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium brasilianum Northern, Glaucidium gnoma PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon mystacea

   Key West, Geotrygon chrysia

   Ruddy, Geotrygon montana QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus RAIL, Black Laterallus jamaicensis

   Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis

   Clapper, Rallus longirostris

   Guam, Gallirallus owstoni

   King, Rallus elegans

   Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus

   Virginia, Rallus limicola

   Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus cryptoleucus

   Common, Corvus corax RAZORBILL, Alca torda REDHEAD, Aythya americana REDPOLL, Common, Carduelis flammea

   Hoary, Carduelis hornemanni REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus REDSTART, American, Setophaga ruticilla

   Painted, Myioborus pictus

   Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus

   [REED-BUNTING, Common (see BUNTING, Reed)]

   [Pallas' (see BUNTING, Pallas's)] REEF-EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra REEF-HERON, Western, Egretta gularis ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx californianus ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius

   Clay-colored, Turdus grayi

   Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus

   Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane

   White-throated, Turdus assimilis ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus erythrinus ROSY-FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata

   Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis

   Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis

   [ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW, Northern (see SWALLOW, Northern Rough-winged)]

   RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia calliope RUFF, Philomachus pugnax SANDERLING,Calidris alba SANDPIPER, Baird's, Calidris bairdii

   Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus

   Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis

   Common, Actitis hypoleucos

   Curlew, Calidris ferruginea

   Green, Tringa ochropus

   Least, Calidris minutilla

   Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis

   Pectoral, Calidris melanotos

   Purple, Calidris maritima

   Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis

   Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla

   Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata

   Solitary, Tringa solitaria

   [Spoonbill (see Spoon-billed)]

   Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus

   Spotted, Actitis macularius

   Stilt, Calidris himantopus

   Terek, Xenus cinereus

   Upland, Bartramia longicauda

   Western, Calidris mauri

   White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis

   Wood, Tringa glareola SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii

   Lesser, Charadrius mongolus SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Sphyrapicus ruber

   Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis

   Williamson's, Sphyrapicus thyroideus

   Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila

   [[Page 50212]]

   Lesser, Aythya affinis SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia SCOTER, Black, Melanitta nigra

   Surf, Melanitta perspicillata

   White-winged, Melanitta fusca SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops asio

   Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes

   Western, Megascops kennicottii

   Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens

   Island, Aphelocoma insularis

   Western, Aphelocoma californica SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, Haliaeetus pelagicus SEEDEATER, White-collared, Sporophila torqueola SHEARWATER, Audubon's, Puffinus lherminieri

   Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas

   Buller's, Puffinus bulleri

   Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii

   Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis

   Cory's, Calonectris diomedea

   Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes

   Greater, Puffinus gravis

   Little Puffinus assimilis

   Manx, Puffinus puffinus

   Pink-footed, Puffinus creatopus

   Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris

   Sooty, Puffinus griseus

   Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas

   Townsend's, Puffinus auricularis

   Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus

   Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus

   Northern, Lanius excubitor SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus SISKIN, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus

   Pine, Carduelis pinus SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger

   [SKYLARK, Eurasian (see LARK, Sky)]

   SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua

   South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki SMEW, Mergellus albellus SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago (restricted to Alaska; also see SNIPE, Wilson's)

   Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus

   Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura

   Swinhoe's, Gallinago megala

   Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (the ``common'' snipe hunted in most of the U.S.) SOLITAIRE, Townsend's, Myadestes townsendi SORA, Porzana carolina SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella arborea

   Bachman's, Aimophila aestivalis

   Baird's, Ammodramus bairdii

   Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis

   Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata

   Botteri's, Aimophila botterii

   Brewer's, Spizella breweri

   Cassin's, Aimophila cassinii

   Chipping, Spizella passerina

   Clay-colored, Spizella pallida

   Field, Spizella pusilla

   Five-striped, Aimophila quinquestriata

   Fox, Passerella iliaca

   Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia atricapilla

   Grasshopper, Ammodramus savannarum

   Harris's, Zonotrichia querula

   Henslow's, Ammodramus henslowii

   Lark, Chondestes grammacus

   Le Conte's, Ammodramus leconteii

   Lincoln's, Melospiza lincolnii

   Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni

   Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus

   Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps

   Rufous-winged, Aimophila carpalis

   Sage, Amphispiza belli

   Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus

   Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis

   Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus

   [Sharp-tailed (see Nelson's Sharp-tailed and Saltmarsh Sharp- tailed)]

   Song, Melospiza melodia

   Swamp, Melospiza georgiana

   Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus

   White-crowned, Zonotrichia leucophrys

   White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis

   Worthen's, Spizella wortheni SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, Accipiter gularis SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis

   Western, Spindalis zena SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja STARLING, [Ashy (see White-cheeked)]

   Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis

   [Violet-backed (see Chestnut-cheeked)]

   White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, Heliomaster constantii STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus mexicanus

   Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus STINT, Little, Calidris minuta

   Long-toed, Calidris subminuta

   Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis

   [Rufous-necked (see Red-necked)]

   Temminck's, Calidris temminckii STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Oceanodroma homochroa

   Band-rumped, Oceanodroma castro

   Black, Oceanodroma melania

   Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica

   Fork-tailed, Oceanodroma furcata

   Leach's, Oceanodroma leucorhoa

   Least, Oceanodroma microsoma

   Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae

   Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa

   [Sooty (see Tristram's)]

   Tristram's, Oceanodroma tristrami

   Wedge-rumped, Oceanodroma tethys

   White-faced, Pelagodroma marina

   White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria

   Wilson's, Oceanites oceanicus SURFBIRD, Aphriza virgata SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta cyaneoviridis

   Bank, Riparia riparia

   Barn, Hirundo rustica

   Cave, Petrochelidon fulva

   Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

   Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea

   Northern Rough-winged, Stelgidopteryx serripennis

   Tree, Tachycineta bicolor

   Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator

   Tundra, Cygnus columbianus

   Whooper, Cygnus cygnus SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba

   [Antillean Palm (see PALM-SWIFT, Antillean)]

   Black, Cypseloides niger

   Chimney, Chaetura pelagica

   Common, Apus apus

   Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus

   Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura

   Vaux's, Chaetura vauxi

   White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris

   White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi

   White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata

   Hepatic, Piranga flava

   Puerto Rican, Neospingus speculiferus

   Scarlet, Piranga olivacea

   [Stripe-headed Tanager (see SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican and Western)]

   Summer, Piranga rubra

   Western, Piranga ludoviciana TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes

   Wandering, Tringa incana TEAL, Baikal, Anas formosa

   Blue-winged, Anas discors

   Cinnamon, Anas cyanoptera

   [Falcated (see DUCK, Falcated)]

   Green-winged, Anas crecca TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus

   Arctic, Sterna paradisaea

   Black, Chlidonias niger

   Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana

   Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus

   Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia

   Common, Sterna hirundo

   Elegant, Thalasseus elegans

   Forster's, Sterna forsteri

   Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus

   Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii

   Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica

   [[Page 50213]]

   Least, Sternula antillarum

   Little, Sternula albifrons

   Roseate, Sterna dougallii

   Royal, Thalleseus maximus

   Sandwich, Thalleseus sandvicensis

   Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus

   Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida

   White, Gygis alba

   White-winged, Chlidonias leucopterus THRASHER, Bendire's, Toxostoma bendirei

   Brown, Toxostoma rufum

   California, Toxostoma redivivum

   Crissal, Toxostoma crissale

   Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre

   Le Conte's, Toxostoma lecontei

   Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre

   Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus

   Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola

   Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli

   Blue Rock, Monticola solitarius

   Dusky, Turdus naumanni

   Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus

   Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus

   [Hawaiian (see KAMAO, OLOMAO, and OMAO)]

   Hermit, Catharus guttatus

   Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus

   [Small Kauai (see PUAIOHI)]

   Swainson's, Catharus ustulatus

   Varied, Ixoreus naevius

   Wood, Hylocichla mustelina

   [TIT, Siberian (see CHICKADEE, Gray-headed)]

   TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus

   Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi

   Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi

   Oak, Baeolophus inornatus

   [Plain (see Juniper and Oak)]

   Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata TOWHEE, Abert's, Pipilo aberti

   [Brown (see California and Canyon)]

   California, Pipilo crissalis

   Canyon, Pipilo fuscus

   Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus

   Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus

   [Rufous-sided (see Eastern and Spotted)]

   Spotted, Pipilo maculatus

   [TREE-PIPIT, Olive (see PIPIT, Olive-backed)]

   TROGON, [Eared (see QUETZEL, Eared)]

   Elegant, Trogon elegans TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon aethereus

   Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda

   White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria melanocephala

   Ruddy, Arenaria interpres TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis VEERY, Catharus fuscescens VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps VIOLET-EAR, Green, Colibri thalassinus VIREO, Bell's, Vireo bellii

   Black-capped, Vireo atricapillus

   Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus

   Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius

   Cassin's, Vireo cassinii

   Gray, Vireo vicinior

   Hutton's, Vireo huttoni

   Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus

   Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus

   Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri

   Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus

   [Solitary (see Blue-headed, Cassin's, and Plumbeous)]

   Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris

   Warbling, Vireo gilvus

   White-eyed, Vireo griseus

   Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis

   Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons

   Yucatan, Vireo magister VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus

   Turkey, Cathartes aura WAGTAIL, [Black-backed (see White)]

   Citrine, Motacilla citreola

   Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis

   Gray, Motacilla cinerea

   White, Motacilla alba

   [Yellow (see Eastern Yellow)] WARBLER, Adelaide's, Dendroica adelaidae

   Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis

   Bachman's, Vermivora bachmanii

   Bay-breasted, Dendroica castanea

   Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia

   Black-throated Blue, Dendroica caerulescens

   Black-throated Gray, Dendroica nigrescens

   Black-throated Green, Dendroica virens

   Blackburnian, Dendroica fusca

   Blackpoll, Dendroica striata

   Blue-winged, Vermivora pinus

   Canada, Wilsonia canadensis

   Cape May, Dendroica tigrina

   Cerulean, Dendroica cerulea

   Chestnut-sided, Dendroica pensylvanica

   Colima, Vermivora crissalis

   Connecticut, Oporornis agilis

   Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa

   Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae

   Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa

   Golden-cheeked, Dendroica chrysoparia

   Golden-crowned, Basileuterus culicivorus

   Golden-winged, Vermivora chrysoptera

   Grace's, Dendroica graciae

   Hermit, Dendroica occidentalis

   Hooded, Wilsonia citrina

   Kentucky, Oporornis formosus

   Kirtland's, Dendroica kirtlandii

   Lucy's, Vermivora luciae

   MacGillivray's, Oporornis tolmiei

   Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia

   Mourning, Oporornis philadelphia

   Nashville, Vermivora ruficapilla

   Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus

   Orange-crowned, Vermivora celata

   Palm, Dendroica palmarum

   Pine, Dendroica pinus

   Prairie, Dendroica discolor

   Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea

   Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons

   Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons

   Swainson's, Limnothlypis swainsonii

   Tennessee, Vermivora peregrina

   Townsend's, Dendroica townsendi

   Virginia's, Vermivora virginiae

   Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus

   Wilson's, Wilsonia pusilla

   Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorus

   Yellow, Dendroica petechia

   Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata

   Yellow-throated, Dendroica dominica WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Seiurus motacilla

   Northern, Seiurus noveboracensis WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla garrulus

   Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe oenanthe WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus WHIP-POOR-WILL, Caprimulgus vociferus WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, Dendrocygna autumnalis

   Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor

   West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea WIGEON, American, Anas americana

   Eurasian, Anas penelope WILLET, Tringa semipalmata WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus virens

   Western, Contopus sordidulus WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax minor

   Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes formicivorus

   American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis

   Arizona, Picoides arizonae

   Black-backed, Picoides arcticus

   Downy, Picoides pubescens

   Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis

   Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons

   Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major

   Hairy, Picoides villosus

   Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis

   Ladder-backed, Picoides scalaris

   Lewis's, Melanerpes lewis

   Nuttall's, Picoides nuttallii

   Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus

   Puerto Rican, Melanerpes portoricensis

   Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus

   Red-cockaded, Picoides borealis

   Red-headed, Melanerpes erythrocephalus

   [Strickland's (see Arizona)]

   [Three-toed (see American Three-toed)]

   White-headed, Picoides albolarvatus

   [[Page 50214]]

   WOODSTAR, Bahama, Calliphlox evelynae WREN, Bewick's Thryomanes bewickii

   Cactus, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus

   Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus

   Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus

   House, Troglodytes aedon

   Marsh, Cistothorus palustris

   Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus

   Sedge, Cistothorus platensis

   Winter, Troglodytes troglodytes WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa melanoleuca

   Lesser, Tringa flavipes YELLOWTHROAT, Common, Geothlypis trichas

   Gray-crowned, Geothlypis poliocephala

   (2) Taxonomic listing. Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily.

   Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE

   Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black-bellied Whistling-Duck

   Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian Whistling-Duck

   Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Whistling-Duck

   Subfamily ANSERINAE

   Anser fabalis, Bean Goose

   Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted Goose

   Anser erythropus, Lesser White-fronted Goose

   Chen canagica, Emperor Goose

   Chen caerulescens, Snow Goose

   Chen rossii, Ross's Goose

   Branta bernicla, Brant

   Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose

   Branta hutchinsii, Cackling Goose

   Branta canadensis, Canada Goose

   Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose

   Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan

   Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan

   Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan

   Subfamily ANATINAE

   Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck

   Aix sponsa, Wood Duck

   Anas strepera, Gadwall

   Anas falcata, Falcated Duck

   Anas penelope, Eurasian Wigeon

   Anas americana, American Wigeon

   Anas rubripes, American Black Duck

   Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard

   Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck

   Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck

   Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck

   Anas poecilorhyncha, Spot-billed Duck

   Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck

   Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal

   Anas cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal

   Anas clypeata, Northern Shoveler

   Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked Pintail

   Anas acuta, Northern Pintail

   Anas querquedula, Garganey

   Anas formosa, Baikal Teal

   Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal

   Aythya valisineria, Canvasback

   Aythya americana, Redhead

   Aythya ferina, Common Pochard

   Aythya baeri, Baer's Pochard

   Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck

   Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck

   Aythya marila, Greater Scaup

   Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup

   Polysticta stelleri, Steller's Eider

   Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider

   Somateria spectabilis, King Eider

   Somateria mollissima, Common Eider

   Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin Duck

   Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter

   Melanitta fusca, White-winged Scoter

   Melanitta nigra, Black Scoter

   Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck

   Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead

   Bucephala clangula, Common Goldeneye

   Bucephala islandica, Barrow's Goldeneye

   Mergellus albellus, Smew

   Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded Merganser

   Mergus merganser, Common Merganser

   Mergus serrator, Red-breasted Merganser

   Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck

   Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck

   Order GAVIIFORMES Family GAVIIDAE

   Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon

   Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon

   Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon

   Gavia immer, Common Loon

   Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon

   Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE

   Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe

   Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed Grebe

   Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe

   Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe

   Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe

   Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe

   Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark's Grebe

   Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE

   Thalassarche chlororhynchos, Yellow-nosed Albatross

   Thalassarche cauta, Shy Albatross

   Thalassarche melanophris, Black-browed Albatross

   Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled Albatross

   Diomedea exulans, Wandering Albatross

   Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan Albatross

   Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed Albatross

   Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed Albatross

   Family PROCELLARIIDAE

   Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar

   Pterodroma macroptera, Great-winged Petrel

   Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel

   Pterodroma arminjoniana, Herald Petrel

   Pterodroma ultima, Murphy's Petrel

   Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled Petrel

   Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel

   Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped Petrel

   Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez Petrel

   Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian Petrel

   Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked Petrel

   Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel

   Pterodroma nigripennis, Black-winged Petrel

   Pterodroma cookii, Cook's Petrel

   Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger's Petrel

   Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel

   Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould's Petrel

   Pterodroma rostrata, Tahiti Petrel

   Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer's Petrel

   Bulweria fallax, Jouanin's Petrel

   Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked Shearwater

   Calonectris diomedea, Cory's Shearwater

   Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde Shearwater

   Puffinus creatopus, Pink-footed Shearwater

   Puffinus carneipes, Flesh-footed Shearwater

   Puffinus gravis, Greater Shearwater

   Puffinus pacificus, Wedge-tailed Shearwater

   Puffinus bulleri, Buller's Shearwater

   Puffinus griseus, Sooty Shearwater

   Puffinus tenuirostris, Short-tailed Shearwater

   Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas Shearwater

   Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater

   Puffinus auricularis, Townsend's Shearwater

   Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented Shearwater

   Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon's Shearwater

   Puffinus assimilis, Little Shearwater

   Family HYDROBATIDAE

   Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson's Storm-

   [[Page 50215]]

   Petrel

   Pelagodroma marina, White-faced Storm-Petrel

   Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied Storm-Petrel

   Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied Storm-Petrel

   Nesofregetta fuiginosa, Polynesian Storm-Petrel

   Oceanodroma furcata, Fork-tailed Storcm-Petrel

   Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach's Storm-Petrel

   Oceanodroma homochroa, Ashy Storm-Petrel

   Oceanodroma castro, Band-rumped Storm-Petrel

   Oceanodroma tethys, Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel

   Oceanodroma matsudairae, Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel

   Oceanodroma melania, Black Storm-Petrel

   Oceanodroma tristrami, Tristram's Storm-Petrel

   Oceanodroma microsoma, Least Storm-Petrel

   Order PELECANIFORMES Family PHAETHONTIDAE

   Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed Tropicbird

   Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed Tropicbird

   Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed Tropicbird

   Family SULIDAE

   Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby

   Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby

   Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby

   Sula sula, Red-footed Booby

   Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet

   Family PELECANIDAE

   Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American White Pelican

   Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown Pelican

   Family PHALACROCORACIDAE

   Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little Pied Cormorant.

   Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt's Cormorant

   Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic Cormorant

   Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested Cormorant

   Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant

   Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced Cormorant

   Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic Cormorant

   Family ANHINGIDAE

   Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga Family FREGATIDAE

   Fregata magnificens, Magnificent Frigatebird

   Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird

   Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird Order CICONIIFORMES Family ARDEIDAE

   Botaurus lentiginosus, American Bittern

   Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern

   Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern

   Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck's Bittern

   Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern

   Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron

   Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron

   Ardea alba, Great Egret

   Mesophoyx intermedia, Intermediate Egret

   Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret

   Egretta garzetta, Little Egret

   Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Egret

   Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron

   Egretta thula, Snowy Egret

   Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron

   Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron

   Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret

   Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret

   Ardeola bacchus, Chinese Pond-Heron

   Butorides virescens, Green Heron

   Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned Night-Heron

   Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned Night-Heron

   Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese Night-Heron

   Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan Night-Heron

   Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE

   Eudocimus albus, White Ibis

   Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis

   Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis

   Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis

   Subfamily PLATALEINAE

   Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill

   Family CICONIIDAE

   Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru

   Mycteria americana, Wood Stork

   Family CATHARTIDAE

   Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture

   Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture

   Gymnogyps californianus, California Condor

   Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE

   Phoenicopterus ruber, Greater Flamingo

   Order FALCONIFORMES Family ACCIPITRIDAE Subfamily PANDIONINAE

   Pandion haliaetus, Osprey

   Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE

   Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hook-billed Kite

   Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed Kite

   Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite

   Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite

   Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi Kite

   Milvus migrans, Black Kite

   Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle

   Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed Eagle

   Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller's Sea-Eagle

   Circus cyaneus, Northern Harrier

   Accipiter soloensis, Gray Frog-Hawk

   Accipiter gularis, Japanese Sparrowhawk

   Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned Hawk

   Accipiter cooperii, Cooper's Hawk

   Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk

   Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane Hawk

   Buteogallus anthracinus, Common Black-Hawk

   Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris's Hawk

   Buteo magnirostris, Roadside Hawk

   Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk

   Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged Hawk

   Buteo nitidus, Gray Hawk

   Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk

   Buteo swainsoni, Swainson's Hawk

   Buteo albicaudatus, White-tailed Hawk

   Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk

   Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk

   Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk

   Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk

   Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk

   Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle

   Family FALCONIDAE Subfamily MICRASTURINAE

   Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared Forest-Falcon

   Subfamily CARACARINAE

   Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara

   Subfamily FALCONINAE

   Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel

   Falco sparverius, American Kestrel

   Falco columbarius, Merlin

   Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby

   Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon

   Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon

   Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon

   Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon

   Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE

   Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow Rail

   Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail

   Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded Rail

   Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail

   Crex crex, Corn Crake

   Rallus longirostris, Clapper Rail

   Rallus elegans, King Rail

   Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail

   Porzana carolina, Sora

   Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake

   Porzana flaviventer, Yellow-breasted Crake

   Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake

   Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail

   Porphyrio martinica, Purple Gallinule

   [[Page 50216]]

   Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple Swamphen

   Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule

   Gallinula chloropus, Common Moorhen

   Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot

   Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot

   Fulica americana, American Coot

   Fulica caribaea, Caribbean Coot

   Family ARAMIDAE

   Aramus guarauna, Limpkin

   Family GRUIDAE

   Grus canadensis, Sandhill Crane

   Grus grus, Common Crane

   Grus americana, Whooping Crane

   Order CHARADRIIFORMES Family CHARADRIIDAE Subfamily VANELLINAE

   Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing

   Subfamily CHARADRIINAE

   Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied Plover

   Pluvialis dominica, American Golden-Plover

   Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover

   Charadrius mongolus, Lesser Sand-Plover

   Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater Sand-Plover

   Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover

   Charadrius alexandrinus, Snowy Plover

   Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson's Plover

   Charadrius hiaticula, Common Ringed Plover

   Charadrius semipalmatus, Semipalmated Plover

   Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover

   Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed Plover

   Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer

   Charadrius montanus, Mountain Plover

   Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian Dotterel

   Family HAEMATOPODIDAE

   Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian Oystercatcher

   Haematopus palliatus, American Oystercatcher

   Haematopus bachmani, Black Oystercatcher

   Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE

   Himantopus himantopus, Black-winged Stilt

   Himantopus mexicanus, Black-necked Stilt

   Recurvirostra americana, American Avocet

   Family JACANIDAE

   Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana

   Family SCOLOPACIDAE Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE

   Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper

   Actitis hypoleucos, Common Sandpiper

   Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper

   Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper

   Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper

   Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler

   Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler

   Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank

   Tringa melanoleuca, Greater Yellowlegs

   Tringa nebularia, Common Greenshank

   Tringa guttifer, Nordmann's Greenshank

   Tringa semipalmata, Willet

   Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs

   Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper

   Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper

   Bartramia longicauda, Upland Sandpiper

   Numenius minutus, Little Curlew

   Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew

   Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel

   Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed Curlew

   Numenius madagascariensis, Far Eastern Curlew

   Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew

   Numenius americanus, Long-billed Curlew

   Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit

   Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian Godwit

   Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit

   Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit

   Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone

   Arenaria melanocephala, Black Turnstone

   Aphriza virgata, Surfbird

   Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot

   Calidris canutus, Red Knot

   Calidris alba, Sanderling

   Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated Sandpiper

   Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper

   Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint

   Calidris minuta, Little Stint

   Calidris temminckii, Temminck's Stint

   Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint

   Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper

   Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped Sandpiper

   Calidris bairdii, Baird's Sandpiper

   Calidris melanotos, Pectoral Sandpiper

   Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper

   Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper

   Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper

   Calidris alpina, Dunlin

   Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper

   Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper

   Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Spoon-billed Sandpiper

   Limicola falcinellus, Broad-billed Sandpiper

   Tryngites subruficollis, Buff-breasted Sandpiper

   Philomachus pugnax, Ruff

   Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed Dowitcher

   Limnodromus scolopaceus, Long-billed Dowitcher

   Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe

   Gallinago delicata, Wilson's Snipe (the ``common'' snipe hunted in most of the U.S.)

   Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe (restricted to Alaska; also see Gallinago delicata)

   Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe

   Gallinago megala, Swinhoe's Snipe

   Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian Woodcock

   Scolopax minor, American Woodcock

   Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE

   Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson's Phalarope

   Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked Phalarope

   Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope

   Family LARIDAE Subfamily LARINAE

   Larus atricilla, Laughing Gull

   Larus pipixcan, Franklin's Gull

   Larus minutus, Little Gull

   Larus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull

   Larus philadelphia, Bonaparte's Gull

   Larus heermanni, Heermann's Gull

   Larus cirrocephalus, Gray-hooded Gull

   Larus belcheri, Belcher's Gull

   Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull

   Larus canus, Mew Gull

   Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull

   Larus californicus, California Gull

   Larus argentatus, Herring Gull

   Larus cachinnans, Yellow-legged Gull

   Larus thayeri, Thayer's Gull

   Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull

   Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Gull

   Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull

   Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull

   Larus occidentalis, Western Gull

   Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gull

   Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull

   Larus marinus, Great Black-backed Gull

   Larus dominicanus, Kelp Gull

   Xema sabini, Sabine's Gull

   Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged Kittiwake

   Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged Kittiwake

   Rhodostethia rosea, Ross's Gull

   Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull

   Subfamily STERNINAE

   Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy

   Anous minutus, Black Noddy

   Procelsterna cerulea, Blue-gray Noddy

   Gygis alba, White Tern

   Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern

   Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed Tern

   Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled Tern

   [[Page 50217]]

   Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern

   Sternula albifrons, Little Tern

   Sternula antillarum, Least Tern

   Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed Tern

   Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern

   Chlidonias niger, Black Tern

   Chlidonias leucopterus, White-winged Tern

   Chlidonias hybridus, Whiskered Tern

   Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern

   Sterna hirundo, Common Tern

   Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern

   Sterna forsteri, Forster's Tern

   Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern

   Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern

   Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern

   Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich Tern

   Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern

   Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE

   Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer

   Family STERCORARIIDAE

   Stercorarius skua, Great Skua

   Stercorarius maccormicki, South Polar Skua

   Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine Jaeger

   Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic Jaeger

   Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed Jaeger

   Family ALCIDAE

   Alle alle, Dovekie

   Uria aalge, Common Murre

   Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre

   Alca torda, Razorbill

   Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot

   Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot

   Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed Murrelet

   Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet

   Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz's Murrelet

   Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, Xantus's Murrelet

   Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri's Murrelet

   Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient Murrelet

   Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin's Auklet

   Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet

   Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet

   Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet

   Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet

   Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros Auklet

   Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin

   Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin

   Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin

   Order COLUMBIFORMES Family COLUMBIDAE

   Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped Pigeon

   Patagioenas leucocephala, White-crowned Pigeon

   Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed Pigeon

   Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon

   Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed Pigeon

   Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental Turtle-Dove

   Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove

   Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove

   Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove

   Columbina inca, Inca Dove

   Columbina passerina, Common Ground-Dove

   Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy Ground-Dove

   Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped Dove

   Geotrygon chrysia, Key West Quail-Dove

   Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled Quail-Dove

   Geotrygon montana, Ruddy Quail-Dove

   Gallicolumba xanthonura, White-throated Ground-Dove

   Gallicolumba stairi, Friendly Ground-Dove

   Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored Fruit-Dove

   Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana Fruit-Dove

   Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove

   Ducula pacifica, Pacific Imperial-Pigeon

   Order CUCULIFORMES Family CUCULIDAE Subfamily CUCULINAE

   Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo

   Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo

   Cuculus fugax, Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo

   Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed Cuckoo

   Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo

   Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Black-billed Cuckoo

   Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo

   Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE

   Geococcyx californianus, Greater Roadrunner

   Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE

   Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani

   Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Ani

   Order STRIGIFORMES Family TYTONIDAE

   Tyto alba, Barn Owl

   Family STRIGIDAE

   Otus flammeolus, Flammulated Owl

   Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl

   Megascops kennicottii, Western Screech-Owl

   Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl

   Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered Screech-Owl

   Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican Screech-Owl

   Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl

   Bubo scandiaca, Snowy Owl

   Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl

   Glaucidium gnoma, Northern Pygmy-Owl

   Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl

   Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl

   Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl

   Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl

   Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl

   Strix varia, Barred Owl

   Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl

   Asio otus, Long-eared Owl

   Asio stygius, Stygian Owl

   Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl

   Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl

   Aegolius acadicus, Northern Saw-whet Owl

   Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Subfamily CHORDEILINAE

   Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser Nighthawk

   Chordeiles minor, Common Nighthawk

   Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean Nighthawk

   Subfamily CAPIMULGINAE

   Nyctidromus albicollis, Common Pauraque

   Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common Poorwill

   Caprimulgus carolinensis, Chuck-will's-widow

   Caprimulgus ridgwayi, Buff-collared Nightjar

   Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor-will

   Caprimulgus noctitherus, Puerto Rican Nightjar

   Caprimulgus indicus, Gray Nightjar

   Order APODIFORMES Family APODIDAE Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE

   Cpseloides niger, Black Swift

   Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared Swift

   Subfamily CHAETURINAE

   Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift

   Chaetura vauxi, Vaux's Swift

   Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed Swift

   Hirundapus caudacutus, White-throated Needletail

   Aerodramus spodiopygius, White-rumped Swiftlet

   Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana Swiftlet

   Subfamily APODINAE

   Apus apus, Common Swift

   Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift

   Apus melba, Alpine Swift

   Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated Swift

   Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean Palm-Swift

   [[Page 50218]]

   Family TROCHILIDAE Subfamily TROCHILINAE

   Colibri thalassinus, Green Violet-ear

   Anthracothorax prevostii, Green-breasted Mango

   Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean Mango

   Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango

   Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated Carib

   Eulampis holosericeus, Green-throated Carib

   Orthorhynchus cristatus, Antillean Crested Hummingbird

   Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican Emerald

   Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed Hummingbird

   Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared Hummingbird

   Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus's Hummingbird

   Amazilia beryllina, Berylline Hummingbird

   Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied Hummingbird

   Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon Hummingbird

   Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned Hummingbird

   Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated Hummingbird

   Eugenes fulgens, Magnificent Hummingbird

   Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped Starthroat

   Calliphlox evelynae, Bahama Woodstar

   Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer Hummingbird

   Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated Hummingbird

   Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned Hummingbird

   Calypte anna, Anna's Hummingbird

   Calypte costae, Costa's Hummingbird

   Stellula calliope, Calliope Hummingbird

   Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee Hummingbird

   Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed Hummingbird

   Selasphorus rufus, Rufous Hummingbird

   Selasphorus sasin, Allen's Hummingbird

   Order TROGONIFORMES Family TROGONIDAE Subfamily TROGONINAE

   Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon

   Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzel

   Order UPUPIFORMES Family UPUPIDAE

   Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe

   Order CORACIIFORMES Family ALCEDINIDAE Subfamily HALCYONINAE

   Todirhamphus cinnamominus, Micronesian Kingfisher

   Todirhamphus chloris, Collared Kingfisher Subfamily CERYLINAE

   Ceryle torquatus, Ringed Kingfisher

   Ceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher

   Chloroceryle americana, Green Kingfisher

   Order PICIFORMES Family PICIDAE Subfamily JYNGINAE

   Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck

   Subfamily PICINAE

   Melanerpes lewis, Lewis's Woodpecker

   Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto Rican Woodpecker

   Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker

   Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn Woodpecker

   Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila Woodpecker

   Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted Woodpecker

   Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied Woodpecker

   Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson's Sapsucker

   Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker

   Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped Sapsucker

   Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted Sapsucker

   Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted Woodpecker

   Picoides scalaris, Ladder-backed Woodpecker

   Picoides nuttallii, Nuttall's Woodpecker

   Picoides pubescens, Downy Woodpecker

   Picoides villosus, Hairy Woodpecker

   Picoides arizonae, Arizona Woodpecker

   Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded Woodpecker

   Picoides albolarvatus, White-headed Woodpecker

   Picoides dorsalis, American Three-toed Woodpecker

   Picoides arcticus, Black-backed Woodpecker

   Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker

   Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker

   Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker

   Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed Woodpecker

   Order PASSERIFORMES Family TYRANNIDAE Subfamily ELAENIINAE

   Camptostoma imberbe, Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet

   Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish Elaenia

   Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia

   Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE

   Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted Flycatcher

   Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided Flycatcher

   Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee

   Contopus sordidulus, Western Wood-Pewee

   Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee

   Contopus caribeaus, Cuban Pewee

   Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan Pewee

   Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean Pewee

   Empidonax flaviventris, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher

   Empidonax virescens, Acadian Flycatcher

   Empidonax alnorum, Alder Flycatcher

   Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher

   Empidonax minimus, Least Flycatcher

   Empidonax hammondii, Hammond's Flycatcher

   Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher

   Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky Flycatcher

   Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope Flycatcher

   Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran Flycatcher

   Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted Flycatcher

   Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe

   Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe

   Sayornis saya, Say's Phoebe

   Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion Flycatcher

   Subfamily TYRANNINAE

   Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped Flycatcher

   Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated Flycatcher

   Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting's Flycatcher

   Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested Flycatcher

   Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested Flycatcher

   Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra's Flycatcher

   Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican Flycatcher

   Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee

   Myiozetetes similes, Social Flycatcher

   Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher

   Legatus leucophalus, Piratic Flycatcher

   Empidonomus varius, Variegated Flycatcher

   Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical Kingbird

   Tyrannus couchii, Couch's Kingbird

   Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin's Kingbird

   Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed

   [[Page 50219]]

   Kingbird

   Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird

   Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird

   Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray Kingbird

   Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

   Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed Flycatcher

   Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated Becard

   Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra

   Family LANIIDAE

   Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike

   Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Shrike

   Lanius excubitor, Northern Shrike Family VIREONIDAE

   Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo

   Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo

   Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo

   Vireo bellii, Bell's Vireo

   Vireo atricapillus, Black-capped Vireo

   Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo

   Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated Vireo

   Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo

   Vireo cassinii, Cassin's Vireo

   Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo

   Vireo huttoni, Hutton's Vireo

   Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo

   Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia Vireo

   Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo

   Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo

   Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered Vireo

   Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo

   Family CORVIDAE

   Perisoreus canadensis, Gray Jay

   Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller's Jay

   Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay

   Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay

   Cyanocorax morio, Brown Jay

   Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida Scrub-Jay

   Aphelocoma insularis, Island Scrub-Jay

   Aphelocoma californica, Western Scrub-Jay

   Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican Jay

   Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon Jay

   Nucifraga columbiana, Clark's Nutcracker

   Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie

   Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie

   Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow

   Corvus brachyrhynchos, American Crow

   Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow

   Corvus leucognaphalus, White-necked Crow

   Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow

   Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow

   Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow

   Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan Raven

   Corvus corax, Common Raven

   Family ALAUDIDAE

   Alauda arvensis, Sky Lark

   Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark

   Family HIRUNDINIDAE Subfamily HIRUNDININAE

   Progne subis, Purple Martin

   Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin

   Progne dominicensis, Caribbean Martin

   Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted Martin

   Progne elegans, Southern Martin

   Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin

   Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow

   Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove Swallow

   Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green Swallow

   Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama Swallow

   Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern Rough-winged Swallow

   Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow

   Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff Swallow

   Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow

   Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow

   Delichon urbicum, Common House-Martin

   Family PARIDAE

   Poecile carolinensis, Carolina Chickadee

   Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped Chickadee

   Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee

   Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee

   Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed Chickadee

   Poecile hudsonica, Boreal Chickadee

   Poecile cincta, Gray-headed Chickadee

   Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled Titmouse

   Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse

   Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper Titmouse

   Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse

   Baeolophus atricristatus, Black-crested Titmouse

   Family REMIZIDAE

   Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin

   Family AEGITHALIDAE

   Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit

   Family SITTIDAE Subfamily SITTINAE

   Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted Nuthatch

   Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted Nuthatch

   Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch

   Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch

   Family CERTHIIDAE Subfamily CERTHIINAE

   Certhia americana, Brown Creeper

   Family TROGLODYTIDAE

   Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Cactus Wren

   Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren

   Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren

   Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina Wren

   Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick's Wren

   Troglodytes aedon, House Wren

   Troglodytes troglodytes, Winter Wren

   Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren

   Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren

   Family CINCLIDAE

   Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper

   Family REGULIDAE

   Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned Kinglet

   Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned Kinglet

   Family SYLVIIDAE Subfamily SYLVIINAE

   Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler

   Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler

   Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Warbler

   Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat

   Subfamily POLIOPTILINAE

   Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

   Polioptila californica, California Gnatcatcher

   Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher

   Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped Gnatcatcher

   Family MUSCICAPIDAE

   Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked Flycatcher

   Family TURDIDAE

   Luscinia calliope, Siberian Rubythroat

   Luscinia svecica, Bluethroat

   Luscinia cyane, Siberian Blue Robin

   Monticola solitarius, Blue Rock Thrush

   Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked Bluetail

   Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern Wheatear

   Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat

   Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird

   Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird

   Sialia currucoides, Mountain Bluebird

   Myadestes townsendi, Townsend's Solitaire

   Myadestes myadestinus, Kamao

   Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao

   Myadestes obscurus, Omao

   Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi

   Catharus aurantiirostris, Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush

   Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush

   Catharus fuscescens, Veery

   Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush

   Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell's Thrush

   [[Page 50220]]

   Catharus ustulatus, Swainson's Thrush

   Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush

   Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush

   Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush

   Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush

   Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare

   Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Robin

   Turdus assimilis, White-throated Robin

   Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed Robin

   Turdus migratorius, American Robin

   Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush

   Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush

   Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush

   Family MIMIDAE

   Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird

   Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black Catbird

   Mimus polyglottos, Northern Mockingbird

   Mimus gundlachii, Bahama Mockingbird

   Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher

   Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher

   Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed Thrasher

   Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire's Thrasher

   Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed Thrasher

   Toxostoma redivivum, California Thrasher

   Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher

   Toxostoma lecontei, Le Conte's Thrasher

   Melanotis caerulescens, Blue Mockingbird

   Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed Thrasher

   Family STURNIDAE

   Sturnus philippensis, Chestnut-cheeked Starling

   Sturnus cineraceus, White-cheeked Starling

   Family PRUNELLIDAE

   Prunella montanella, Siberian Accentor

   Family MOTACILLIDAE

   Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern Yellow Wagtail

   Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail

   Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail

   Motacilla alba, White Wagtail

   Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit

   Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit

   Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit

   Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit

   Anthus rubescens, American Pipit

   Anthus spragueii, Sprague's Pipit

   Family BOMBYCILLIDAE

   Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian Waxwing

   Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar Waxwing

   Family PTILOGONATIDAE

   Ptilogonys cinereus, Gray Silky-flycatcher

   Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla

   Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE

   Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive Warbler

   Family PARULIDAE

   Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman's Warbler

   Vermivora pinus, Blue-winged Warbler

   Vermivora chrysoptera, Golden-winged Warbler

   Vermivora peregrina, Tennessee Warbler

   Vermivora celata, Orange-crowned Warbler

   Vermivora ruficapilla, Nashville Warbler

   Vermivora virginiae, Virginia's Warbler

   Vermivora crissalis, Colima Warbler

   Vermivora luciae, Lucy's Warbler

   Parula superciliosa, Crescent-chested Warbler

   Parula americana, Northern Parula

   Parula pitiayumi, Tropical Parula

   Dendroica petechia, Yellow Warbler

   Dendroica pensylvanica, Chestnut-sided Warbler

   Dendroica magnolia, Magnolia Warbler

   Dendroica tigrina, Cape May Warbler

   Dendroica caerulescens, Black-throated Blue Warbler

   Dendroica coronata, Yellow-rumped Warbler

   Dendroica nigrescens, Black-throated Gray Warbler

   Dendroica chrysoparia, Golden-cheeked Warbler

   Dendroica virens, Black-throated Green Warbler

   Dendroica townsendi, Townsend's Warbler

   Dendroica occidentalis, Hermit Warbler

   Dendroica fusca, Blackburnian Warbler

   Dendroica dominica, Yellow-throated Warbler

   Dendroica graciae, Grace's Warbler

   Dendroica adelaidae, Adelaide's Warbler

   Dendroica pinus, Pine Warbler

   Dendroica kirtlandii, Kirtland's Warbler

   Dendroica discolor, Prairie Warbler

   Dendroica palmarum, Palm Warbler

   Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted Warbler

   Dendroica striata, Blackpoll Warbler

   Dendroica cerulea, Cerulean Warbler

   Dendroica angelae, Elfin-woods Warbler

   Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white Warbler

   Setophaga ruticilla, American Redstart

   Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary Warbler

   Helmitheros vermivorus, Worm-eating Warbler

   Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson's Warbler

   Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird

   Seiurus noveboracensis, Northern Waterthrush

   Seiurus motacilla, Louisiana Waterthrush

   Oporornis formosus, Kentucky Warbler

   Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler

   Oporornis philadelphia, Mourning Warbler

   Oporornis tolmiei, MacGillivray's Warbler

   Geothlypis trichas, Common Yellowthroat

   Geothlypis poliocephala, Gray-crowned Yellowthroat

   Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler

   Wilsonia pusilla, Wilson's Warbler

   Wilsonia canadensis, Canada Warbler

   Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced Warbler

   Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart

   Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated Redstart

   Euthlypis lachrymosa, Fan-tailed Warbler

   Basileuterus culicivorus, Golden-crowned Warbler

   Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped Warbler

   Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat

   Family THRAUPIDAE

   Neospingus speculiferus, Puerto Rican Tanager

   Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager

   Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager

   Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager

   Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager

   Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored Tanager

   Spindalis zena, Western Spindalis

   Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican Spindalis

   Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia

   Family EMBERIZIDAE

   Sporophila torqueola, White-collared Seedeater

   Tiaris olivacea, Yellow-faced Grassquit

   Tiaris bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit

   Loxigilla portoricensis, Puerto Rican Bullfinch

   Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive Sparrow

   Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee

   Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee

   Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern Towhee

   Pipilo fuscus, Canyon Towhee

   Pipilo crissalis, California Towhee

   Pipilo aberti, Abert's Towhee

   [[Page 50221]]

   Aimophila carpalis, Rufous-winged Sparrow

   Aimophila cassinii, Cassin's Sparrow

   Aimophila aestivalis, Bachman's Sparrow

   Aimophila botterii, Botteri's Sparrow

   Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned Sparrow

   Aimophila quinquestriata, Five-striped Sparrow

   Spizella arborea, American Tree Sparrow

   Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow

   Spizella pallida, Clay-colored Sparrow

   Spizella breweri, Brewer's Sparrow

   Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow

   Spizella wortheni, Worthen's Sparrow

   Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned Sparrow

   Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow

   Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow

   Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated Sparrow

   Amphispiza belli, Sage Sparrow

   Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark Bunting

   Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah Sparrow

   Ammodramus savannarum, Grasshopper Sparrow

   Ammodramus bairdii, Baird's Sparrow

   Ammodramus henslowii, Henslow's Sparrow

   Ammodramus leconteii, Le Conte's Sparrow

   Ammodramus nelsoni, Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow

   Ammodramus caudacutus, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow

   Ammodramus maritimus, Seaside Sparrow

   Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow

   Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow

   Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln's Sparrow

   Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow

   Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated Sparrow

   Zonotrichia querula, Harris's Sparrow

   Zonotrichia leucophrys, White-crowned Sparrow

   Zonotrichia atricapilla, Golden-crowned Sparrow

   Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco

   Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco

   Calcarius mccownii, McCown's Longspur

   Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland Longspur

   Calcarius pictus, Smith's Longspur

   Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared Longspur

   Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine Bunting

   Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting

   Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting

   Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated Bunting

   Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted Bunting

   Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting

   Emberiza pallasi, Pallas's Bunting

   Emberiza schoeniculus, Reed Bunting

   Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting

   Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay's Bunting

   Family CARDINALIDAE

   Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimson-collared Grosbeak

   Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern Cardinal

   Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia

   Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow Grosbeak

   Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose-breasted Grosbeak

   Pheucticus melanocephalus, Black-headed Grosbeak

   Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting

   Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak

   Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting

   Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting

   Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting

   Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting

   Spiza americana, Dickcissel

   Family ICTERIDAE

   Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink

   Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Blackbird

   Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored Blackbird

   Agelaius humeralis, Tawny-shouldered Blackbird

   Agelaius xanthomus, Yellow-shouldered Blackbird

   Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark

   Sturnella neglecta, Western Meadowlark

   Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, Yellow-headed Blackbird

   Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird

   Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer's Blackbird

   Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle

   Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle

   Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed Grackle

   Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean Grackle

   Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny Cowbird

   Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird

   Molothrus ater, Brown-headed Cowbird

   Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole

   Icterus dominicensis, Greater Antillean Oriole

   Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole

   Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole

   Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed Oriole

   Icterus bullockii, Bullock's Oriole

   Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole

   Icterus graduacauda, Audubon's Oriole

   Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole

   Icterus parisorum, Scott's Oriole

   Family FRINGILLIDAE Subfamily FRINGILLINAE

   Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch

   Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling

   Subfamily CARDUELINAE

   Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch

   Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch

   Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped Rosy-Finch

   Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak

   Carpodacus erythrinus, Common Rosefinch

   Carpodacus purpureus, Purple Finch

   Carpodacus cassinii, Cassin's Finch

   Carpodacus mexicanus, House Finch

   Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill

   Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill

   Carduelis flammea, Common Redpoll

   Carduelis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll

   Carduelis spinus, Eurasian Siskin

   Carduelis pinus, Pine Siskin

   Carduelis psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch

   Carduelis lawrencei, Lawrence's Goldfinch

   Carduelis tristis, American Goldfinch

   Carduelis sinica, Oriental Greenfinch

   Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch

   Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening Grosbeak

   Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Hawfinch

   Dated: August 8, 2006. David M. Verhey, Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.

   [FR Doc. 06-7001 Filed 8-23-06; 8:45 am]

   BILLING CODE 4310-55-P