New Postal Product

Federal Register: January 11, 2010 (Volume 75, Number 6)

Rules and Regulations

Page 1280-1284

From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]

DOCID:fr11ja10-8

POSTAL REGULATORY COMMISSION 39 CFR Part 3020

Docket Nos. MC2010-6 and CP2010-6; Order No. 360

New Postal Product

AGENCY: Postal Regulatory Commission.

ACTION: Final rule.

SUMMARY: The Commission is adding Express Mail Contract 6 to the

Competitive Product List. This action is consistent with changes in a recent law governing postal operations. Republication of the lists of market dominant and competitive products is also consistent with new requirements in the law.

DATES: Effective January 11, 2010 and is applicable beginning December 15, 2009.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Stephen L. Sharfman, General Counsel, 202-789-6820 or stephen.sharfman@prc.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Regulatory History, 74 FR 57537 (November 6, 2009).

  1. Introduction

  2. Background

  3. Comments

  4. Commission Analysis

  5. Ordering Paragraphs

  6. Introduction

    The Postal Service seeks to add a new product identified as Express

    Mail Contract 6 to the Competitive Product List. For the reasons discussed below, the Commission approves the Request.

  7. Background

    At the end of October 2009, the Postal Service filed a formal request and associated supporting information pursuant to 39 U.S.C. 3642 and 39 CFR 3020.30 et seq. to add Express Mail Contract 6 to the

    Competitive Product List.\1\ The Postal Service asserts that the

    Express Mail Contract 6 product is a competitive product ``not of general applicability'' within the meaning of 39 U.S.C. 3632(b)(3).

    This Request has been assigned Docket No. MC2010-6.

    \1\ Request of the United States Postal Service to Add Express

    Mail Contract 6 to Competitive Product List and Notice of Filing

    (Under Seal) of Contract and Supporting Data, October 28, 2009

    (Request). On October 29, 2009, the Postal Service filed errata to its Request. See Notice of the United States Postal Service of

    Filing Errata to Request and Notice, October 29, 2009. Accordingly, the filing of the entire set of documents related to this Request was not completed until October 29, 2009.

    The Postal Service contemporaneously filed a contract related to the proposed new product pursuant to 39 U.S.C. 3632(b)(3) and 39 CFR 3015.5. The contract has been assigned Docket No. CP2010-6.

    In support of its Request, the Postal Service filed the following materials: (1) A redacted version of the Governors' Decision authorizing certain types of Express Mail contracts;\2\ (2) a redacted version of the contract;\3\ (3) a requested change in the Mail

    Classification Schedule product list;\4\ (4) a Statement of Supporting

    Justification as required by 39 CFR 3020.32;\5\ (5) a certification of compliance with 39 U.S.C. 3633(a);\6\ and (6) an application for non- public treatment of the materials filed under seal.\7\ The redacted version of the contract provides that the contract is terminable on 30 days' notice by either party, but could continue for 3 years from the effective date subject to annual price adjustments. Request, Attachment

    B.

    \2\ Attachment A to the Request, reflecting Governors' Decision

    No. 09-14, October 26, 2009.

    \3\ Attachment B to the Request.

    \4\ Attachment C to the Request.

    \5\ Attachment D to the Request.

    \6\ Attachment E to the Request.

    \7\ Attachment F to the Request.

    In the Statement of Supporting Justification, Mary Prince Anderson,

    Acting Manager, Sales and Communications, Expedited Shipping, asserts that the service to be provided under the contract will cover its attributable costs, make a positive contribution to coverage of institutional costs, and will increase contribution toward the requisite 5.5 percent of the Postal Service's total institutional costs. Request, Attachment D, at 1. W. Ashley Lyons, Manager,

    Regulatory Reporting and Cost Analysis, Finance Department, certifies that the contract complies with 39 U.S.C. 3633(a). Id., Attachment E.

    The Postal Service filed much of the supporting materials, including the supporting data and the unredacted contract, under seal.

    The Postal Service maintains that the contract and related financial information, including the customer's name and the accompanying analyses that provide prices, certain terms and conditions, and financial projections, should remain confidential. Id., Attachment F, at 2-3.\8\

    \8\ In its application for non-public treatment, the Postal

    Service requests an indefinite extension of non-public treatment of customer-identifying information. Id. at 7. For the reasons discussed in PRC Order No. 323, that request is denied. See, e.g.,

    Docket No. MC2010-1 and CP2010-1, Order Concerning Priority Mail

    Contract 19 Negotiated Service Agreement, October 26, 2009 (Order

    No. 323).

    Page 1281

    In Order No. 330, the Commission gave notice of the two dockets, appointed a public representative, and provided the public with an opportunity to comment.\9\ On November 2, 2009, Chairman's Information

    Request No. 1 (CHIR No. 1) was filed. The due date for responding to

    CHIR No. 1 was set as November 9, 2009. On November 13, 2009, the

    Postal Service filed a partial response to CHIR No. 1.\10\ Seeking clarification of information contained in the Postal Service's November 13, 2009 partial response, Chairman's Information Request No. 2 (CHIR

    No. 2) was filed on November 16, 2009.\11\ The Postal Service responded to CHIR No. 2 on November 19, 2009.\12\ On December 9, 2009, the Postal

    Service filed its response to the outstanding questions in CHIR No. 1.\13\

    \9\ PRC Order No. 330, Notice and Order Concerning Express Mail

    Contract 6 Negotiated Service Agreement, October 30, 2009 (Order No. 330).

    \10\ Notice of the United States Postal Service of Filing

    Responses to Chairman's Information Request No. 1, Question 1,

    Subparts (b)-(d), Under Seal, November 13, 2009 (Partial Response to

    CHIR No. 1). With its Partial Response to CHIR No. 1, the Postal

    Service also filed a motion for late acceptance which contained an explanation of the reason for the delay and the issues with responding to the remaining information requests. Motion of the

    United States Postal Service for Late Acceptance of Responses to

    Chairman's Information Request No. 1, November 13, 2009. The motion is granted.

    \11\ Notice of Filing of Chairman's Information Request No. 2

    Under Seal, November 16, 2009.

    \12\ Notice of the United States Postal Service of Filing

    Response to Chairman's Information Request No. 2, Under Seal,

    November 19, 2009.

    \13\ Notice of the United States Postal Service of Filing

    Response to Chairman's Information Request No. 1, Question 1(a),

    Under Seal, December 9, 2009 (Remaining Response to CHIR No. 1).

    With its Remaining Response to CHIR No. 1, the Postal Service filed a motion for late acceptance of that response. Motion of the United

    States Postal Service for Late Acceptance of Response to Chairman's

    Information Request No. 1, Question 1(a), December 9, 2009. The motion is granted, although the Postal Service should be aware that the significant delay in the Commission's decision in this case is directly related to the delay in the Postal Service's filing of this response.

  8. Comments

    Comments were timely filed by the Public Representative on November 9, 2009.\14\ No comments were submitted by other interested parties.

    The Public Representative states that the Postal Service's filing meets the pertinent provisions of title 39 and the relevant Commission rules.

    Id. at 1-3. He further states that the agreement is fair to the parties and employs pricing terms favorable to the customer, the Postal

    Service, and thereby, the public. Id. at 4-5. The Public Representative also believes that the Postal Service has provided appropriate justification for maintaining confidentiality in this case. Id. at 3.

    \14\ Public Representative Comments in Response to United States

    Postal Service Request to Add Express Mail Contract 6 to the

    Competitive Product List, November 9, 2009 (Public Representative

    Comments).

  9. Commission Analysis

    The Commission has reviewed the Request, the contract, the financial analysis provided under seal that accompanies the Request, the responses to CHIR Nos. 1 and 2, and the comments filed by the

    Public Representative.

    Statutory requirements. The Commission's statutory responsibilities in this instance entail assigning Express Mail Contract 6 to either the

    Market Dominant Product List or to the Competitive Product List. 39

    U.S.C. 3642. As part of this responsibility, the Commission also reviews the proposal for compliance with the Postal Accountability and

    Enhancement Act (PAEA) requirements. This includes, for proposed competitive products, a review of the provisions applicable to rates for competitive products. 39 U.S.C. 3633.

    Product list assignment. In determining whether to assign Express

    Mail Contract 6 as a product to the Market Dominant Product List or the

    Competitive Product List, the Commission must consider whether the Postal Service exercises sufficient market power that it can effectively set the price of such product substantially above costs, raise prices significantly, decrease quality, or decrease output, without risk of losing a significant level of business to other firms offering similar products. 39 U.S.C. 3642(b)(1). If so, the product will be categorized as market dominant. The competitive category of products consists of all other products.

    The Commission is further required to consider the availability and nature of enterprises in the private sector engaged in the delivery of the product, the views of those who use the product, and the likely impact on small business concerns. 39 U.S.C. 3642(b)(3).

    The Postal Service asserts that its bargaining position is constrained by the existence of other shippers who can provide similar services, thus precluding it from taking unilateral action to increase prices without the risk of losing volume to private companies. Request,

    Attachment D, para. (d). The Postal Service also contends that it may not decrease quality or output without risking the loss of business to competitors that offer similar expedited delivery services. Id. It further states that the contract partner supports the addition of the contract to the Competitive Product List to effectuate the negotiated contractual terms. Id., para. (g). Finally, the Postal Service states that the market for expedited delivery services is highly competitive and requires a substantial infrastructure to support a national network. It indicates that large carriers serve this market.

    Accordingly, the Postal Service states that it is unaware of any small business concerns that could offer comparable service for this customer. Id., para. (h).

    No commenter opposes the proposed classification of Express Mail

    Contract 6 as competitive. Having considered the statutory requirements and the support offered by the Postal Service, the Commission finds that Express Mail Contract 6 is appropriately classified as a competitive product and should be added to the Competitive Product

    List.

    Cost considerations. In its initial filings, the Postal Service presented an incomplete financial analysis of Express Mail Contract 6.

    The incomplete initial filings did not allow the Commission to undertake the required analysis of Express Mail Contract 6 until the

    Postal Service fully responded to CHIR Nos. 1 and 2. Because the Postal

    Service did not fully respond to CHIR No. 1 until December 9, 2009, the

    Commission could not begin its analysis until that time. Even then, further informal follow-up to the Postal Service's responses to CHIR

    No. 1 were necessary for a complete understanding of the data.

    Based on the data and explanations submitted, the Commission finds that Express Mail Contract 6 should cover its attributable costs (39

    U.S.C. 3633(a)(2)), should not lead to the subsidization of competitive products by market dominant products (39 U.S.C. 3633(a)(1)), and should have a positive effect on competitive products' contribution to institutional costs (39 U.S.C. 3633(a)(3)). Thus, an initial review of proposed Express Mail Contract 6 indicates that it comports with the provisions applicable to rates for competitive products. The

    Commission's analysis is provided in Library Reference PRC-CP2010-6-NP-

    LR1 which is being filed under seal.

    Other considerations. The Postal Service shall notify the

    Commission if termination occurs prior to the scheduled termination date. Following the scheduled termination date of the agreement, the

    Commission will remove the product from the Competitive Product List.

    Further, while the Commission currently believes that the contract is expected to comply with the applicable requirements of 39 U.S.C. 3633, the

    Page 1282

    Commission seeks to ensure that it is provided with the proper level of detail to make appropriate findings in the FY 2010 Annual Compliance

    Determination (ACD) with respect to this contract. To that end, the

    Postal Service should view Library Reference PRC-CP2010-6-NP-LR1 as illustrative of the granularity of the information to be reported with respect to this contract.

    In conclusion, the Commission approves Express Mail Contract 6 as a new product. The revision to the Competitive Product List is shown below the signature of this Order and is effective upon issuance of this Order.

  10. Ordering Paragraphs

    It is ordered: 1. Express Mail Contract 6 (MC2010-6 and CP2010-6) is added to the

    Competitive Product List as a new product under Negotiated Service

    Agreements, Domestic. 2. The Postal Service shall notify the Commission if termination occurs prior to the scheduled termination date. 3. The Postal Service shall view Library Reference PRC-CP2010-6-NP-

    LR1 as illustrative of the level of detail of information that the

    Commission seeks with respect to this contract in connection with the

    FY 2010 Annual Compliance Determination proceeding. 4. The Secretary shall arrange for the publication of this order in the Federal Register.

    List of Subjects in 39 CFR Part 3020

    Administrative practice and procedure; Postal Service.

    By the Commission.

    Shoshana M. Grove,

    Secretary. 0

    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, the Postal Regulatory

    Commission amends chapter III of title 39 of the Code of Federal

    Regulations as follows:

    PART 3020--PRODUCT LISTS 0 1. The authority citation for part 3020 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: Authority: 39 U.S.C. 503; 3622; 3631; 3642; 3682. 0 2. Revise Appendix A to Subpart A of Part 3020-Mail Classification

    Schedule to read as follows:

    Appendix A to Subpart A of Part 3020--Mail Classification Schedule

    Part A--Market Dominant Products 1000 Market Dominant Product List

    First-Class Mail

    Single-Piece Letters/Postcards

    Bulk Letters/Postcards

    Flats

    Parcels

    Outbound Single-Piece First-Class Mail International*COM041*

    Inbound Single-Piece First-Class Mail International

    Standard Mail (Regular and Nonprofit)

    High Density and Saturation Letters

    High Density and Saturation Flats/Parcels

    Carrier Route

    Letters

    Flats

    Not Flat-Machinables (NFMs)/Parcels

    Periodicals

    Within County Periodicals

    Outside County Periodicals

    Package Services

    Single-Piece Parcel Post

    Inbound Surface Parcel Post (at UPU rates)

    Bound Printed Matter Flats

    Bound Printed Matter Parcels

    Media Mail/Library Mail

    Special Services

    Ancillary Services

    International Ancillary Services

    Address List Services

    Caller Service

    Change-of-Address Credit Card Authentication

    Confirm

    International Reply Coupon Service

    International Business Reply Mail Service

    Money Orders

    Post Office Box Service

    Negotiated Service Agreements

    HSBC North America Holdings Inc. Negotiated Service Agreement

    Bookspan Negotiated Service Agreement

    Bank of America Corporation Negotiated Service Agreement

    The Bradford Group Negotiated Service Agreement

    Inbound International

    Canada Post--United States Postal Service Contractual Bilateral

    Agreement for Inbound Market Dominant Services

    Market Dominant Product Descriptions

    First-Class Mail

    Reserved for Class Description

    Single-Piece Letters/Postcards

    Reserved for Product Description

    Bulk Letters/Postcards

    Reserved for Product Description

    Flats

    Reserved for Product Description

    Parcels

    Reserved for Product Description

    Outbound Single-Piece First-Class Mail International

    Reserved for Product Description

    Inbound Single-Piece First-Class Mail International

    Reserved for Product Description

    Standard Mail (Regular and Nonprofit)

    Reserved for Class Description

    High Density and Saturation Letters

    Reserved for Product Description

    High Density and Saturation Flats/Parcels

    Reserved for Product Description

    Carrier Route

    Reserved for Product Description

    Letters

    Reserved for Product Description

    Flats

    Reserved for Product Description

    Not Flat-Machinables (NFMs)/Parcels

    Reserved for Product Description

    Periodicals

    Reserved for Class Description

    Within County Periodicals

    Reserved for Product Description

    Outside County Periodicals

    Reserved for Product Description

    Package Services

    Reserved for Class Description

    Single-Piece Parcel Post

    Reserved for Product Description

    Inbound Surface Parcel Post (at UPU rates)

    Reserved for Product Description

    Bound Printed Matter Flats

    Reserved for Product Description

    Bound Printed Matter Parcels

    Reserved for Product Description

    Media Mail/Library Mail

    Reserved for Product Description

    Special Services

    Reserved for Class Description

    Ancillary Services

    Reserved for Product Description

    Address Correction Service

    Reserved for Product Description

    Applications and Mailing Permits

    Reserved for Product Description

    Business Reply Mail

    Reserved for Product Description

    Bulk Parcel Return Service

    Reserved for Product Description

    Certified Mail

    Reserved for Product Description

    Certificate of Mailing

    Reserved for Product Description

    Collect on Delivery

    Reserved for Product Description

    Delivery Confirmation

    Reserved for Product Description

    Insurance

    Reserved for Product Description

    Merchandise Return Service

    Reserved for Product Description

    Parcel Airlift (PAL)

    Reserved for Product Description

    Registered Mail

    Reserved for Product Description

    Return Receipt

    Reserved for Product Description

    Return Receipt for Merchandise

    Reserved for Product Description

    Restricted Delivery

    Reserved for Product Description

    Shipper-Paid Forward

    Reserved for Product Description

    Signature Confirmation

    Reserved for Product Description

    Special Handling

    Reserved for Product Description

    Stamped Envelopes

    Reserved for Product Description

    Stamped Cards

    Reserved for Product Description

    Premium Stamped Stationery

    Reserved for Product Description

    Premium Stamped Cards

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Ancillary Services

    Reserved for Product Description

    Page 1283

    International Certificate of Mailing

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Registered Mail

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Return Receipt

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Restricted Delivery

    Reserved for Product Description

    Address List Services

    Reserved for Product Description

    Caller Service

    Reserved for Product Description

    Change-of-Address Credit Card Authentication

    Reserved for Product Description

    Confirm

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Reply Coupon Service

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Business Reply Mail Service

    Reserved for Product Description

    Money Orders

    Reserved for Product Description

    Post Office Box Service

    Reserved for Product Description

    Negotiated Service Agreements

    Reserved for Class Description

    HSBC North America Holdings Inc. Negotiated Service Agreement

    Reserved for Product Description

    Bookspan Negotiated Service Agreement

    Reserved for Product Description

    Bank of America Corporation Negotiated Service Agreement

    The Bradford Group Negotiated Service Agreement

    Part B--Competitive Products 2000 Competitive Product List

    Express Mail

    Express Mail

    Outbound International Expedited Services

    Inbound International Expedited Services

    Inbound International Expedited Services 1 (CP2008-7)

    Inbound International Expedited Services 2 (MC2009-10 and CP2009- 12)

    Priority Mail

    Priority Mail

    Outbound Priority Mail International

    Inbound Air Parcel Post

    Royal Mail Group Inbound Air Parcel Post Agreement

    Parcel Select

    Parcel Return Service

    International

    International Priority Airlift (IPA)

    International Surface Airlift (ISAL)

    International Direct Sacks--M--Bags

    Global Customized Shipping Services

    Inbound Surface Parcel Post (at non-UPU rates)

    Canada Post--United States Postal Service Contractual Bilateral

    Agreement for Inbound Competitive Services (MC2009-8 and CP2009- 9)

    International Money Transfer Service

    International Ancillary Services

    Special Services

    Premium Forwarding Service

    Negotiated Service Agreements

    Domestic

    Express Mail Contract 1 (MC2008-5)

    Express Mail Contract 2 (MC2009-3 and CP2009-4)

    Express Mail Contract 3 (MC2009-15 and CP2009-21)

    Express Mail Contract 4 (MC2009-34 and CP2009-45)

    Express Mail Contract 5 (MC2010-5 and CP2010-5)

    Express Mail Contract 6 (MC2010--6 and CP2010-6)

    Express Mail & Priority Mail Contract 1 (MC2009-6 and CP2009-7)

    Express Mail & Priority Mail Contract 2 (MC2009-12 and CP2009- 14)

    Express Mail & Priority Mail Contract 3 (MC2009-13 and CP2009- 17)

    Express Mail & Priority Mail Contract 4 (MC2009-17 and CP2009- 24)

    Express Mail & Priority Mail Contract 5 (MC2009-18 and CP2009- 25)

    Express Mail & Priority Mail Contract 6 (MC2009-31 and CP2009- 42)

    Express Mail & Priority Mail Contract 7 (MC2009-32 and CP2009- 43)

    Express Mail & Priority Mail Contract 8 (MC2009-33 and CP2009- 44)

    Parcel Select & Parcel Return Service Contract 1 (MC2009-11 and

    CP2009-13)

    Parcel Select & Parcel Return Service Contract 2 (MC2009-40 and

    CP2009-61)

    Parcel Return Service Contract 1 (MC2009-1 and CP2009-2)

    Priority Mail Contract 1 (MC2008-8 and CP2008-26)

    Priority Mail Contract 2 (MC2009-2 and CP2009-3)

    Priority Mail Contract 3 (MC2009-4 and CP2009-5)

    Priority Mail Contract 4 (MC2009-5 and CP2009-6)

    Priority Mail Contract 5 (MC2009-21 and CP2009-26)

    Priority Mail Contract 6 (MC2009-25 and CP2009-30)

    Priority Mail Contract 7 (MC2009-25 and CP2009-31)

    Priority Mail Contract 8 (MC2009-25 and CP2009-32)

    Priority Mail Contract 9 (MC2009-25 and CP2009-33)

    Priority Mail Contract 10 (MC2009-25 and CP2009-34)

    Priority Mail Contract 11 (MC2009-27 and CP2009-37)

    Priority Mail Contract 12 (MC2009-28 and CP2009-38)

    Priority Mail Contract 13 (MC2009-29 and CP2009-39)

    Priority Mail Contract 14 (MC2009-30 and CP2009-40)

    Priority Mail Contract 15 (MC2009-35 and CP2009-54)

    Priority Mail Contract 16 (MC2009-36 and CP2009-55)

    Priority Mail Contract 17 (MC2009-37 and CP2009-56)

    Priority Mail Contract 18 (MC2009-42 and CP2009-63)

    Priority Mail Contract 19 (MC2010-1 and CP2010-1)

    Priority Mail Contract 20 (MC2010-2 and CP2010-2)

    Priority Mail Contract 21 (MC2010-3 and CP2010-3)

    Priority Mail Contract 22 (MC2010-4 and CP2010-4)

    Priority Mail Contract 23 (MC2010-9 and CP2010-9)

    Outbound International

    Direct Entry Parcels Contracts

    Direct Entry Parcels 1 (MC2009-26 and CP2009-36)

    Global Direct Contracts (MC2009-9, CP2009-10, and CP2009-11)

    Global Expedited Package Services (GEPS) Contracts

    GEPS 1 (CP2008-5, CP2008-11, CP2008-12, CP2008-13, CP2008- 18, CP2008-19, CP2008-20, CP2008-21, CP2008-22, CP2008-23, and CP2008-24)

    Global Expedited Package Services 2 (CP2009-50)

    Global Plus Contracts

    Global Plus 1 (CP2008-8, CP2008-46 and CP2009-47)

    Global Plus 2 (MC2008-7, CP2008-48 and CP2008-49)

    Inbound International

    Inbound Direct Entry Contracts with Foreign Postal

    Administrations

    Inbound Direct Entry Contracts with Foreign Postal

    Administrations (MC2008-6, CP2008-14 and MC2008-15)

    Inbound Direct Entry Contracts with Foreign Postal

    Administrations 1 (MC2008-6 and CP2009-62)

    International Business Reply Service Competitive Contract 1

    (MC2009-14 and CP2009-20)

    Competitive Product Descriptions

    Express Mail

    Reserved for Group Description

    Express Mail

    Reserved for Product Description

    Outbound International Expedited Services

    Reserved for Product Description

    Inbound International Expedited Services

    Reserved for Product Description

    Priority

    Reserved for Product Description

    Priority Mail

    Reserved for Product Description

    Outbound Priority Mail International

    Reserved for Product Description

    Inbound Air Parcel Post

    Reserved for Product Description

    Parcel Select

    Reserved for Group Description

    Parcel Return Service

    Page 1284

    Reserved for Group Description

    International

    Reserved for Group Description

    International Priority Airlift (IPA)

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Surface Airlift (ISAL)

    Reserved for Prduct Description

    International Direct Sacks--M-Bags

    Reserved for Product Description

    Global Customized Shipping Services

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Money Transfer Service

    Reserved for Product Description

    Inbound Surface Parcel Post (at non-UPU rates)

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Ancillary Services

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Certificate of Mailing

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Registered Mail

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Return Receipt

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Restricted Delivery

    Reserved for Product Description

    International Insurance

    Reserved for Product Description

    Negotiated Service Agreements

    Reserved for Group Description

    Domestic

    Reserved for Product Description

    Outbound International

    Reserved for Group Description

    Part C--Glossary of Terms and Conditions [Reserved]

    Part D--Country Price Lists for International Mail [Reserved]

    FR Doc. 2010-178 Filed 01-08-10; 8:45 am

    BILLING CODE 7710-FW-S

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