Nationality and passports: Executing passport application on behalf of minor; procedures,
[Federal Register: October 10, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 196)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 60132-60136]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr10oc00-26]
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Bureau of Consular Affairs
[Public Notice 3428]
Passport Procedures--Amendment to Requirements for Executing a Passport Application on Behalf of a Minor
AGENCY: Bureau of Consular Affairs, State.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
SUMMARY: This proposed rule amends regulations on Passports. The amendments bring passport regulations into conformity with current practice and implement the requirements of Section 236 of the Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act. That Section requires that both parents execute a passport application on behalf of a minor under age 14 or, if only one parent executes the application, such parent must establish his or her custodial status or the other parent's consent. It also provides for exceptions in exigent circumstances, such as those involving the health or welfare of the child, or when the Secretary of State determines that issuance of a passport is warranted by special family circumstances.
DATES: Written comments must be received no later than November 6, 2000.
ADDRESSES: Written comments should be addressed to: John Hotchner, Office of Passport Policy, Planning and Advisory Services, 2401 E. Street, N.W., Room 917, Washington, D.C. 20522-0907.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John Hotchner, Office of Passport Policy and Advisory Services, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Department of State, (202) 663-2427.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: As a measure to prevent the use of the United States passport in international child abduction, Congress enacted Section 236 of the Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Pub.L. 106-113. The
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Section affects the passport application process for minors under the age of 14 by requiring that both parents execute the passport application on behalf of the minor; if only one parent executes the application, that parent must establish sole authority to execute the application or the other parent's consent to the application. This law will directly affect the passport applications of about one million families each year. Although Section 236 places an additional burden on the parents of minor children under the age of 14, the statute clearly reflects a judgment that its value in reducing child abduction will be seen to outweigh the burden of establishing both parents' consent to passport applications for children.
Present Passport Regulations To Assist in the Prevention of International Parental Child Abduction
International parental child abduction is an ever more frequent phenomenon, reflecting in part the increasing number of international marriages and the ease with which persons can travel across international boundaries. In recent years, the Department of State, the Department of Justice, and the Congress of the United States have given cases of international parental child abduction greater attention and have sought new and more effective mechanisms for dealing with them. At present, both criminal and civil remedies can be invoked to deal with parental abductions after they occur. Such cases remain extremely difficult to resolve, however, and it is clear that preventing an abduction in the first instance is preferable.
Under the Department's existing regulation, 22 CFR 51.27, a parent may request that his or her minor child's name be placed in the Department's passport namecheck clearance system so that, if an application is received for the child, the objecting parent will be notified before issuance. The passport may be denied if the Department has on file an order from a court of competent jurisdiction granting the objecting parent sole or joint custody or prohibiting the child's travel outside the court's jurisdiction without the express permission of the court or of the other parent. The Department recommends that parents who have a specific concern about international child abduction make use of the existing program in addition to relying on Section 236. The public should note that the provisions of the existing regulation extend to all minor children under age 18. This program for children under age 18 will remain in place when the new regulations relating to children under 14 go into effect.
The Department recognizes that denying passport issuance may not prevent an abduction. Many U.S. citizen children acquire a second nationality at birth through a non-U.S. citizen parent or by birth outside the United States to a U.S. citizen parent. The inability to obtain a U.S. passport, therefore, does not prevent a child from obtaining and traveling on a foreign passport. Even an exit-control system, which the United States does not have, could not fully prevent all cases of dual-national children being wrongfully removed from the United States by an abducting parent. Nevertheless, limiting access to passports for minors may have some preventative effect. Consistent with this possibility, the Congress decided that the Department's long- standing passport-denial-to-minors program should be supplemented by a requirement that both parents sign a passport application for a minor child under age 14 except in situations specified by statute or regulation. This regulation implements the new statutory requirement in a way that the Department believes meets the requirements of the statute and appropriately provides for exceptions.
Notice or Denial of a Passport at the Request of a Parent
The proposed regulation amends subsection 51.27(d)(l)(i) to extend it to instances when court-ordered limitations on a child's travel are brought to the Department's attention in the course of a passport application rather than by an objecting parent. This change, for example, will preclude a parent with sole custody, ordinarily entitled to apply for a child's passport under the Act, from obtaining a passport if the custody order contains a limitation on the minor's ability to travel.
General Requirement for Both Parents To Consent to a Passport for a Minor Child
Under current passport regulations, either parent or the legal guardian, regardless of citizenship, may execute a passport application on behalf of a minor under 13 years of age; minors 13 years of age and over are expected to execute their own passport applications. To implement the statutory requirement that both parents must execute the passport application on behalf of a child under the age of 14, the proposed rule raises the age at which a minor should execute his or her own application to 14. The proposed rule adds the requirement that both parents execute a passport application on behalf of a minor under the age of 14.
When only one parent is available to execute the application, that parent must provide, under penalty of perjury, documentary evidence demonstrating that he or she has sole legal custody of the child or has the written consent of the other parent to the issuance of the passport. Documents supporting sole custody or the authority to obtain a passport include, but are not limited to: a birth certificate or other official birth registration which names only the applying parent; an adoption decree naming only the adopting parent; a court order granting sole custody to the applying parent if the order does not limit the minor's ability to travel; a court order specifically authorizing passport issuance, regardless of custodial arrangements; a declaration of incompetence of the non-applying parent by a court of competent jurisdiction; the non-applying parent's death certificate.
A written statement of a parent not executing the passport application giving consent to the issuance of the passport will also be accepted at the discretion of the adjudicating officer who will take into account the totality of the circumstances in deciding whether to issue the passport.
Individuals Applying In Loco Parentis
The Department has long recognized that there are instances when it is impossible for a parent to execute a passport application on behalf of a minor. Many children are in the physical custody of relatives or foster parents, as well as adoption agencies or child welfare agencies. In accepting applications executed on behalf of minors by individuals in loco parentis, it has been the Department's policy to require that those individuals provide a notarized statement or affidavit from a parent authorizing the applying person to execute the application.
The new regulation will require that the individual executing the passport application on behalf of a minor under age 14 in loco parentis present a notarized statement from both parents or from the parent exercising parental authority. In instances when only one parent grants in loco parentis, the same documentary evidence required when only one parent executes a passport application on behalf of a minor under age 14 to demonstrate that person's sole authority should accompany the application.
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Exceptions to the Two Parent Signature Requirement
The statute provides for two exceptions to the general requirement: (1) exigent circumstances involving the health and welfare of the child; or, (2) when the Secretary of State determines that issuance of a passport is warranted by special family circumstances.
Exigent circumstances are defined as time-sensitive circumstances when the inability of the minor to obtain a passport would jeopardize the health or welfare of the minor. The requirement of establishing the second parent's consent to issuance of the passport or formal documentation of the reason for the absence of the second parent may be waived in such circumstances.
Examples of exigent circumstances include, but are not limited to: instances when the minor must travel to receive emergency medical treatment; when a minor's passport is lost or stolen while traveling accompanied by only one parent or traveling unaccompanied with a school, church or other group; when the minor needs to travel because of the serious illness of a person in the minor's immediate family, or, when failure to issue would prevent the child from returning to the U.S. and there is insufficient time before travel is necessary to obtain the normally required documentation.
Special family circumstances are defined as circumstances when the minor's family situation prevents one or both of the parents from executing the passport application. As with the exigent circumstance exception, the requirement of establishing the second parent's consent or formal documentation of the reason for the absence of the second parent is waived. Examples of special family circumstances include, but are not limited to, instances when the second parent is unable to apply for the passport in person or to provide a statement authorizing the application and issuance of the passport because he or she has abandoned the family or is unavailable due to serious health problems. Individuals claiming a special family circumstance will be required to provide a statement, under penalty of perjury, explaining the special family circumstance.
Decisions to apply this exception will be made by the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Passport Services or a senior passport adjudicator within the United States, or by the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Overseas Citizens Services or a consular officer if abroad.
Special Considerations for Passport Applications Executed Overseas
While the great majority of passports are issued within the United States, a significant number are issued annually to U.S. citizens living and traveling overseas. We anticipate that parents overseas generally will comply fully with the requirements of the law in much the same manner as parents applying within the United States. Nonetheless, in proposing these regulations, the Department has sought to take into account, and provide for, certain differing circumstances that pertain in much greater measure to the issuance of U.S. passports overseas. For example, exigent circumstances would include instances when a delay in departure would pose a grave danger for the minor abroad. Civil unrest, natural disaster, war, or invasion may make imperative the urgent travel or evacuation of U.S. citizens, particularly minors, from such regions. In less dramatic fashion, exigent circumstances could encompass a situation when, for example, a child traveling with a school group loses his or her passport and would need a replacement to remain with the group in its ongoing travel. Despite the lack of time to procure documents or statements relating to parental consent, it is essential that a passport be issued quickly in both cases, and as the exigent circumstances exception in subsection (b) permits, to protect the health and welfare of the minor.
Circumstances overseas can differ in another respect. Specifically, the U.S. consular officer may have access to post registration records that relate to family situations. Particularly in smaller countries, an officer may have personal knowledge of a family situation, e.g., that the child is in the care of an individual in loco parentis or the fact that a parent is widowed, which would be relevant in a situation when documentary evidence was not available or could not be obtained in a timely fashion. Accordingly, the proposed rule will give the Department flexibility to utilize such information in this and other instances, consistent with the consular officer's exercise of good judgment, as allowed by the statute's reference to special family circumstances.
Provisions To Harmonize Other Parts of the Regulations With the Two-Parent Requirement
Section 51.1 is amended to provide a definition of ``passport application''. Section 51.21 is amended to incorporate the two-parent signature requirement to passport renewals by minors under the age of 14 and to provide for compliance with the two-parent signature requirement in mail-in applications abroad. Section 51.27 is amended to raise the age after which a minor should execute his or her own passport application from 13 to 14. Sections 51.40 and 51.41 are amended to bring them into conformity with current passport practice regarding individuals included in the passport and to comply with the requirements of the Act. Since 1981, U.S. passports have been issued to document only the bearer: they do not include any other person. The regulation is amended to reflect that change. Section 51.41 is also amended to require applicants under the age of 14, whether applying for their first passport or for a renewal, to present evidence of parentage in addition to evidence of nationality. This will assist in the adjudication not only of the citizenship of the minor under age 14, but in the determination of the parent(s) entitled to obtain a passport on the minor's behalf. The document should include the name, date and place of birth of the child and the name(s) of the parent(s).
Regulatory Flexibility Act; Paperwork Reduction Act; Federalism Assessment; E.O. 12988
These proposed changes to the regulations are not expected to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities under the criteria of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 605(b). They impose certain information collection requirements under the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. Chapter 35. These rules have no federalism implications warranting the preparation of a Federalism Assessment in accordance with E.O. 12988. These rules are exempt from review under E.O. 12988 but have been reviewed and found consistent with its objectives.
List of Subjects in 22 CFR Part 51
Administrative practice and procedure, Passports and visas, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Accordingly, for the reasons set forth in the preamble, 22 CFR Part 51 is amended as follows:
PART 51--PASSPORTS
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The authority citation for part 51 is revised to read as follows:
Authority: 22 U.S.C. 211a; 22 U.S.C. 2651a, 2671(d)(3), 2714 and 3926; 31 U.S.C. 9701; E.O. 11295, 3 CFR, 1966-1970 Comp., p 570;
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sec. 236, Pub. L.106-113, 113 Stat. 1937-422; 18 U.S.C 1621(a)(2).
In Sec. 51.1, redesignate paragraphs (g) and (h) as paragraphs (h) and (i), respectively, and add a new paragraph (g) to read as follows: * * * * *
Sec. 51.1 Definitions.
* * * * *
(g) Passport Application means the passport application form for a United States passport, filled in, subscribed and executed as prescribed by the Secretary pursuant to 22 U.S.C. 213, and all documents, photos and statements submitted with the form or thereafter in support of the application. The information provided in the passport application and supporting submissions, whether provided contemporaneously with the application form or at any time thereafter, is subject to the penalties of perjury under all applicable criminal statutes. * * * * *
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Revise Sec. 51.21(d)(4)(ii) to read as follows:
Sec. 51.21 Execution of passport application.
* * * * *
(d) * * *
(4) * * *
(ii) Mail applications abroad on behalf of minors under the age of 14 comply must with the requirements of Sec. 51.27. * * * * *
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In Sec. 51.27, revise paragraph (b) and paragraph (d)(1)(i) introductory text to read as follows:
Sec. 51.27 Minors.
* * * * *
(b) Execution of the application for minors.
(1) Minors 14 years of age and above. A minor aged 14 and above is required to execute an application on his or her own behalf unless in the judgment of the person before whom the application is executed it is not desirable for the minor to execute his or her own application. In such a case, it must be executed on behalf of the minor aged 14 and above by a parent or guardian of the minor or by a person in loco parentis.
(2) Minors under the age of 14.
(i) Both parents or each of the child's legal guardians, if any, must execute the application on behalf of a minor under age 14, under penalty of perjury, and provide documentary evidence demonstrating that they are the parents or guardian, except as specifically provided in this section.
(ii) A passport application may be executed on behalf of the minor under age 14 by just one parent or legal guardian if such person provides, under penalty of perjury--
(A) Documentary evidence that such person has sole custody of the child; or
(B) A written statement of consent from the non-applying parent or guardian, if applicable, to the issuance of the passport.
(iii) An individual may apply in loco parentis on behalf of a minor under age 14 by submitting a notarized written statement or an affidavit from both parents specifically authorizing the application. If only one parent provides the written statement or affidavit, documentary evidence that such parent has sole custody of the child must be presented.
(iv) Documentary evidence in support of an application executed on behalf of a minor under age 14 by one parent or person in loco parentis under paragraphs (b)(2)(ii) and (iii) of this section may include, but is not limited to, the following:
(A) A birth certificate providing the minor's name, date and place of birth and the name of the sole parent;
(B) A Consular Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United
States of America (FS-240) or a Certification of Report of Birth of a United States Citizen (DS-1350) providing the minor's name, date and place of birth and the name of the sole parent;
(C) An adoption decree showing only one adopting parent;
(D) An order of a court of competent jurisdiction granting sole custody to the applying parent or legal guardian and containing no travel restrictions inconsistent with issuance of the passport;
(E) A judicial declaration of incompetence of the non-applying parent;
(F) An order of a court of competent jurisdiction specifically permitting the applying parent's or guardian's travel with the child; or
(G) A death certificate for the non-applying parent,
(v) In instances when a parent submits a custody decree invoking the provisions of paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the judicial limitations on the minor's ability to travel contained in the custody decree will be given effect.
(vi) The requirements of paragraphs (b)(2)(i), (ii) and (iii) of this section may be waived in cases of exigent or special family circumstances, as determined by a Department official designated under paragraph (b)(2)(vi)(D) of this section.
(A) Exigent circumstances are defined as time sensitive circumstances when the inability of the minor to obtain a passport would jeopardize the health and safety, or welfare of the minor or would result in the child being separated from the traveling unit.
(B) Special family circumstances are circumstances when the minor's family situation makes it impossible for one or both of the parents to execute the passport application.
(C) Any person applying for a passport for a child under age 14 under this paragraph must submit with the application a written statement subscribed under penalty of perjury describing the exigent or special family circumstances to be taken into consideration in applying an exception.
(D) Determinations under this paragraph may be made by a senior passport adjudicator or the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Passport Services for an application filedwithin the United States. A consular officer or the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Overseas Citizens Services may make the determination for applications filedabroad.
(vii) Nothing contained in this section shall prohibit any Department official adjudicating a passport application on behalf of a minor from requiring an applicant to submit other documentary evidence deemed necessary to establish the applying adult's entitlement to obtain a passport on behalf of a minor under the age of 14 in accordance with the provisions of this section. * * * * *
(d) * * *
(1)(i) When there is a dispute concerning the custody of a minor under age 18, a passport may be denied if the Department has on file, or is provided in the course of a passport application executed on behalf of a minor, a copy of a court order granted by a court of competent jurisdiction in the United States or abroad which: * * * * *
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Revise Sec. 51.40 to read as follows:
Sec. 51.40 Burden of proof.
The applicant has the burden of proving that he or she is a national of the United States.
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Revise Sec. 51.41 to read as follows:
Sec. 51.41 Documentary evidence.
(a) Every application shall be accompanied by evidence of the U.S. nationality of the applicant.
(b) Minors under the age of 14, whether applying for a passport for the first time or for a renewal, must provide documentary evidence of U.S. nationality showing the minor's name, date and place of birth, and the names of the parent or parents.
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Dated: September 27, 2000. George C. Lannon, Acting Assistant Secretary for Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State.
[FR Doc. 00-25782Filed10-6-00; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4710-06-P
