Pesticides; tolerances in food, animal feeds, and raw agricultural commodities: Bifenthrin,

[Federal Register: September 27, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 188)]

[Rules and Regulations]

[Page 57972-57980]

From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]

[DOCID:fr27se00-12]

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 180

[OPP-301047; FRL-6744-4]

RIN 2070-AB78

Bifenthrin; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

SUMMARY: This regulation establishes a time-limited tolerance for residues of bifenthrin in or on potato. This action is in response to EPA's granting of emergency exemptions under section 18 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act authorizing use of the pesticide on potatoes. This regulation establishes a maximum permissible level for residues of bifenthrin in this food commodity. The tolerance will expire and is revoked on December 31, 2002.

DATES: This regulation is effective September 27, 2000. Objections and requests for hearings, identified by docket control number OPP-301047, must be received by EPA on or before November 27, 2000.

ADDRESSES: Written objections and hearing requests may be submitted by mail, in person, or by courier. Please follow the detailed instructions for each method as provided in Unit VII. of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, your objections and hearing requests must identify docket control number OPP-301047 in the subject line on the first page of your response.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: By mail: Andrea Conrath, Registration Division (7505C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460; telephone number:(703) 308-9356; and e-mail address:beard.andrea@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

1. General Information

   1. Does this Action Apply to Me?

      You may be potentially affected by this action if you are an agricultural producer, food manufacturer, or pesticide manufacturer. Potentially affected categories and entities may include, but are not limited to:

      Examples of Categories

      NAICS codes

      potentially affected entities

      Industry

      111

      Crop production .............................. 112

      Animal production 311

      Food manufacturing 32532

      Pesticide manufacturing

      This listing is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this action. Other types of entities not listed in the table could also be affected. The North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes have been provided to

      [[Page 57973]]

      assist you and others in determining whether or not this action might apply to certain entities. If you have questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular entity, consult the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.

   2. How Can I Get Additional Information, Including Copies of This Document and Other Related Documents?

      1. Electronically.You may obtain electronic copies of this document, and certain other related documents that might be available electronically, from the EPA Internet Home Page at http://www.epa.gov/. To access this document, on the Home Page select ``Laws and Regulations,'' ``Regulations and Proposed Rules,'' and then look up the entry for this document under the ``Federal Register--Environmental Documents.'' You can also go directly to theFederal Register listings at http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/.

      2. In person. The Agency has established an official record for this action under docket control number OPP-301047. The official record consists of the documents specifically referenced in this action, and other information related to this action, including any information claimed as Confidential Business Information (CBI). This official record includes the documents that are physically located in the docket, as well as the documents that are referenced in those documents. The public version of the official record does not include any information claimed as CBI. The public version of the official record, which includes printed, paper versions of any electronic comments submitted during an applicable comment period is available for inspection in the Public Information and Records Integrity Branch (PIRIB), Rm. 119, Mall #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA, from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The PIRIB telephone number is (703) 305-5805.

2. Background and Statutory Findings

   EPA, on its own initiative, in accordance with sections 408 (l)(6) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a, is establishing a tolerance for residues of the pesticide bifenthrin, in or on potato at 0.05 part per million (ppm). This tolerance will expire and is revoked on December 31, 2002. EPA will publish a document in the Federal Register to remove the revoked tolerance from the Code of Federal Regulations.

   Section 408(l)(6) of the FFDCA requires EPA to establish a time- limited tolerance or exemption from the requirement for a tolerance for pesticide chemical residues in food that will result from the use of a pesticide under an emergency exemption granted by EPA under section 18 of FIFRA. Such tolerances can be established without providing notice or period for public comment. EPA does not intend for its actions on section 18 related tolerances to set binding precedents for the application of section 408 and the new safety standard to other tolerances and exemptions.

   Section 408(b)(2)(A)(i) of the FFDCA allows EPA to establish a tolerance (the legal limit for a pesticide chemical residue in or on a food) only if EPA determines that the tolerance is ``safe.'' Section 408(b)(2)(A)(ii) defines ``safe'' to mean that ``there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue, including all anticipated dietary exposures and all other exposures for which there is reliable information.'' This includes exposure through drinking water and in residential settings, but does not include occupational exposure. Section 408(b)(2)(C) requires EPA to give special consideration to exposure of infants and children to the pesticide chemical residue in establishing a tolerance and to ``ensure that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue.''

   Section 18 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) authorizes EPA to exempt any Federal or State agency from any provision of FIFRA, if EPA determines that ``emergency conditions exist which require such exemption.'' This provision was not amended by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). EPA has established regulations governing such emergency exemptions in 40 CFR part 166.

3. Emergency Exemption for Bifenthrin on Potatoes and FFDCA Tolerances

   Two-spotted spider mites have recently emerged as a major potato pest in the Pacific Northwest. This pest can reach damaging numbers as a result of spray programs to control other pests, which disrupts natural biological predators that would normally keep the spider mite populations in check. Damaging levels of spider mites have occurred in Washington and Oregon, and the registered alternatives do not provide adequate control. They are more slow acting, and lack the residual control of bifenthrin, and do not control heavier mite populations quickly enough to prevent economic damage. Significant economic losses are expected for the Pacific Northwest potato growers if this pest cannot be adequately controlled. Bifenthrin has been shown to be effective at controlling spider mites. EPA has authorized under FIFRA section 18 the use of bifenthrin on potatoes for control of spider mites in Washington and Oregon. After having reviewed the submission, EPA concurs that emergency conditions exist for these States.

   As part of its assessment of this emergency exemption, EPA assessed the potential risks presented by residues of bifenthrin in or on potato. In doing so, EPA considered the safety standard in FFDCA section 408(b)(2), and EPA decided that the necessary tolerance under FFDCA section 408(l)(6) would be consistent with the safety standard and with FIFRA section 18. Consistent with the need to move quickly on the emergency exemption in order to address an urgent non-routine situation and to ensure that the resulting food is safe and lawful, EPA is issuing this tolerance without notice and opportunity for public comment as provided in section 408(l)(6). Although this tolerance will expire and is revoked on December 31, 2002, under FFDCA section 408(l)(5), residues of the pesticide not in excess of the amounts specified in the tolerance remaining in or on potato after that date will not be unlawful, provided the pesticide is applied in a manner that was lawful under FIFRA, and the residues do not exceed a level that was authorized by this tolerance at the time of that application. EPA will take action to revoke this tolerance earlier if any experience with, scientific data on, or other relevant information on this pesticide indicate that the residues are not safe.

   Because this tolerance is being approved under emergency conditions, EPA has not made any decisions about whether bifenthrin meets EPA's registration requirements for use on potatoes or whether a permanent tolerance for this use would be appropriate. Under these circumstances, EPA does not believe that this tolerance serves as a basis for registration of bifenthrin by a State for special local needs under FIFRA section 24(c). Nor does this tolerance serve as the basis for any State other than Washington and Oregon to use this pesticide on this crop under section 18 of FIFRA without following all provisions of EPA's regulations implementing section 18 as identified in 40 CFR part 166. For additional information regarding the

   [[Page 57974]]

   emergency exemption for bifenthrin, contact the Agency's Registration Division at the address provided under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.

4. Aggregate Risk Assessment and Determination of Safety

   EPA performs a number of analyses to determine the risks from aggregate exposure to pesticide residues. For further discussion of the regulatory requirements of section 408 and a complete description of the risk assessment process, see the final rule on Bifenthrin Pesticide Tolerances (62 FR 62961, November 26, 1997) (FRL-5754-7) .

   Consistent with section 408(b)(2)(D), EPA has reviewed the available scientific data and other relevant information in support of this action. EPA has sufficient data to assess the hazards of bifenthrin and to make a determination on aggregate exposure, consistent with section 408(b)(2), for a time-limited tolerance for residues of bifenthrin in or on potato at 0.05 ppm. EPA's assessment of the dietary exposures and risks associated with establishing the tolerance follows.

   1. Toxicological Endpoints

      The dose at which no observed adverse effects level are observed (the NOAEL) from the toxicology study identified as appropriate for use in risk assessment is used to estimate the toxicological endpoint. However, the lowest dose at which adverse effects of concern are identified (the LOAEL) is sometimes used for risk assessment if no NOAEL was achieved in the toxicology study selected. An uncertainty factor (UF) is applied to reflect uncertainties inherent in the extrapolation from laboratory animal data to humans and in the variations in sensitivity among members of the human population as well as other unknowns. An UF of 100 is routinely used, 10X to account for interspecies differences and 10X for intra species differences.

      For dietary risk assessment (other than cancer) the Agency uses the UF to calculate an acute or chronic reference dose (acute RfD or chronic RfD) where the RfD is equal to the NOAEL divided by the appropriate UF (RfD=NOAEL/UF). Where an additional safety factor is retained due to concerns unique to the FQPA, this additional factor is applied to the RfD by dividing the RfD by such additional factor. The acute or chronic Population Adjusted Dose (aPAD or cPAD) is a modification of the RfD to accommodate this type of FQPA Safety Factor.

      For non-dietary risk assessments (other than cancer) the UF is used to determine the level of concern (LOC). For example, when 100 is the appropriate UF (10X to account for interspecies differences and 10X for intraspecies differences) the LOC is 100. To estimate risk, a ratio of the NOAEL to exposures (margin of exposure (MOE)= NOAEL/exposure) is calculated and compared to the LOC.

      The linear default risk methodology (Q*) is the primary method currently used by the Agency to quantify carcinogenic risk. The Q* approach assumes that any amount of exposure will lead to some degree of cancer risk. A Q* is calculated and used to estimate risk which represents a probability of occurrence of additional cancer cases (e.g., risk is expressed as 1 x 10-\6\ or one in a million). Under certain specific circumstances, MOE calculations will be used for the carcinogenic risk assessment. In this non-linear approach, a ``point of departure'' is identified below which carcinogenic effects are not expected. The point of departure is typically a NOAEL based on an endpoint related to cancer effects though it may be a different value derived from the dose response curve. To estimate risk, a ratio of the point of departure to exposure (MOEcancer= point of departure/exposures) is calculated. A summary of the toxicological endpoints for Bifentherin used for human risk assessment is shown in the following Table 1:

      Table 1.--Summary of Toxicological Endpoints for Bifenthrin for Use in Human Risk Assessment

      FQPA SF* and level of Exposure scenario

      Dose used in risk

      concern for risk Study and toxicological assessment, UF

      assessment

      effect

      Acute dietary (All populations)

      Oral NOAEL = 1.0 mg/kg/ Acute population

      Developmental toxicity, day UF=100 Acute RfD: adjusted dose (aPAD) rats--tremors in dams 0.01 mg/kg/day

      aPAD =acute RfD = 0.01 during & post dosing mg/kg/day FQPA SF = 1X Chronic dietary (All populations) Oral dietary exposure Chronic population Chronic oral, dogs-- NOAEL =1.5 mg/kg/day adjusted dose (cPAD) tremors in both sexes UF = 100 Chronic RfD: cPAD = chronic RfD = 0.015 mg/kg/day

      0.015 mg/kg/day FQPA SF = 1X Short term dermal (1-7 days)

      Dermal exposure Oral MOE = 100 FQPA SF = 1X Developmental toxicity, (Residential)

      NOAEL =1.0 mg/kg/day

      rats - tremors in dams (Use dermal absorption

      during & post dosing rate = 25%) Intermediate term dermal (one week to Dermal exposure oral MOE = 100 FQPA SF = 1X Developmental toxicity, several months) (Residential)

      NOAEL =1.0 mg/kg/day

      rats - tremors in dams (use dermal absorption

      during & post dosing rate=25%) Chronic dermal (several month to Dermal exposure oral MOE=100 FQPA SF = 1X Chronic oral, dogs - lifetime) (Residential)

      NOAEL =1.5 mg/kg/day

      tremors in both sexes (use dermal absorption rate = 25%) All time periods: inhalation

      Inhalation exposure MOE=100 risk assessment Developmental toxicity, (Residential)

      Oral NOAEL = 1.0 mg/kg/ should be inclusive of rats - tremors in dams day (use inhalation dietary & inhalation during & post dosing absorption rate =

      exposure components (No appropriate 100%)

      FQPA SF = 1X

      inhalation studies available) Cancer

      Dietary/dermal/

      use RfD approach FQPA Carcinogenicity, mice inhalation exposure SF = 1X

      urinary bladder group C carcinogen

      tumors in male mice

      * The reference to the FQPA Safety Factor refers to any additional safety factor retained due to concerns unique to the FQPA. In this case, the FQPA Safety Factor for enhanced sensitivity of infants and children was reduced to 1X (explained further below under (C)).

      [[Page 57975]]

   2. Exposure Assessment

      1. Dietary exposure from food and feed uses. Tolerances have been established (40 CFR 180.442) for the residues of bifenthrin, in or on a variety of raw agricultural commodities, (RAC) ranging from 0.05 ppm for corn grain to 10 ppm for dried hops. Tolerances are also established on animal commodities ranging from 0.05 ppm on eggs to 1.0 ppm in milk fat. Risk assessments were conducted by EPA to assess dietary exposures from bifenthrin in food as follows:

         i. Acute exposure. Acute dietary risk assessments are performed for a food-use pesticide if a toxicological study has indicated the possibility of an effect of concern occurring as a result of a one day or single exposure. The Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model (DEEM\DM\) analysis evaluated the individual food consumption as reported by respondents in the USDA [insert 1989-1992 or 1994-1996] nationwide Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) and accumulated exposure to the chemical for each commodity. The following assumptions were made for the acute exposure assessments: In this acute analysis, probabilistic Monte Carlo analysis (Tier 3) was used. For those foods identified by EPA as single-serving commodities, the Monte Carlo simulation is based on iterative sampling from individual residue values from field trial data reflecting maximum application rates and minimum preharvest intervals. For those foods considered to be blended or processed, mean field trial residues were calculated. For those samples which contained residues at or below the limit of detection (LOD), 1/2 of the LOD was used. It was assumed that 100% of the following crops were treated with bifenthrin: artichoke, bananas, brassica vegetable, caneberry, canola, citrus, cucurbits, eggplants, garden peas, grape, head lettuce, lima beans, peanuts, pears, peppers, potatoes, snap beans, and sweet corn. Processing factors for grapes were calculated using concentration factors (grape juice = 1.2X, raisins = 4.2X). Secondary residues for meat and milk were not affected since no animal feed items are associated with these crops. Percent of crop treated values and anticipated residues were not used.

         ii. Chronic exposure. In conducting this chronic dietary risk assessment the Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model (DEEM\DM\) analysis evaluated the individual food consumption as reported by respondents in the USDA [insert 1989-1992 or 1994-1996] nationwide Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) and accumulated exposure to the chemical for each commodity. The following assumptions were made for the chronic exposure assessments: Anticipated residue values were determined from field trial data conducted at label conditions of maximum application rates and minimum preharvest intervals. Mean anticipated residue values were calculated. 100% of crop treated was assumed for all crops except hops (43%) and cottonseed-oil and cottonseed-meal (4%). Secondary residues for meat and milk were not affected by this use.

         iii. Cancer. For cancer risk the assessment is the same as the risk assessment for the chronic exposure, described above.

         iv. Anticipated residue and percent crop treated information. Section 408(b)(2)(E) authorizes EPA to use available data and information on the anticipated residue levels of pesticide residues in food and the actual levels of pesticide chemicals that have been measured in food. If EPA relies on such information, EPA must require that data be provided 5 years after the tolerance is established, modified, or left in effect, demonstrating that the levels in food are not above the levels anticipated. Following the initial data submission, EPA is authorized to require similar data on a time frame it deems appropriate. As required by section 408(b)(2)(E), EPA will issue a data call-in for information relating to anticipated residues to be submitted no later than 5 years from the date of issuance of this tolerance.

         Section 408(b)(2)(F) states that the Agency may use data on the actual percent of food treated for assessing chronic dietary risk only if the Agency can make the following findings: Condition 1, that the data used are reliable and provide a valid basis to show what percentage of the food derived from such crop is likely to contain such pesticide residue; Condition 2, that the exposure estimate does not underestimate exposure for any significant subpopulation group; and Condition 3, if data are available on pesticide use and food consumption in a particular area, the exposure estimate does not understate exposure for the population in such area. In addition, the Agency must provide for periodic evaluation of any estimates used. To provide for the periodic evaluation of the estimate of percent crop treated (PCT) as required by section 408(b)(2)(F), EPA may require registrants to submit data on PCT.

         The Agency used percent crop treated (PCT) information as follows: 100% of crop treated was assumed for all crops except hops (43%) and cottonseed-oil and cottonseed-meal (4%).

         The Agency believes that the three conditions listed (above) have been met. With respect to Condition 1, PCT estimates are derived from Federal and private market survey data, which are reliable and have a valid basis. EPA uses a weighted average PCT for chronic dietary exposure estimates. This weighted average PCT figure is derived by averaging State-level data for a period of up to 10 years, and weighting for the more robust and recent data. A weighted average of the PCT reasonably represents a person's dietary exposure over a lifetime, and is unlikely to underestimate exposure to an individual because of the fact that pesticide use patterns (both regionally and nationally) tend to change continuously over time, such that an individual is unlikely to be exposed to more than the average PCT over a lifetime. For acute dietary exposure estimates, EPA uses an estimated maximum PCT. The exposure estimates resulting from this approach reasonably represent the highest levels to which an individual could be exposed, and are unlikely to underestimate an individual's acute dietary exposure. The Agency is reasonably certain that the percentage of the food treated is not likely to be an underestimation. As to Conditions 2 and 3, regional consumption information and consumption information for significant subpopulations is taken into account through EPA's computer-based model for evaluating the exposure of significant subpopulations including several regional groups. Use of this consumption information in EPA's risk assessment process ensures that EPA's exposure estimate does not understate exposure for any significant subpopulation group and allows the Agency to be reasonably certain that no regional population is exposed to residue levels higher than those estimated by the Agency. Other than the data available through national food consumption surveys, EPA does not have available information on the regional consumption of food to which bifenthrin may be applied in a particular area.

      2. Dietary exposure from drinking water. The Agency lacks sufficient monitoring exposure data to complete a comprehensive dietary exposure analysis and risk assessment for bifenthrin in drinking water. Because the Agency does not have comprehensive monitoring data, drinking water concentration estimates are made by reliance on simulation or modeling taking into account data on

         [[Page 57976]]

         the physical characteristics of bifenthrin.

         The Agency uses the Generic Estimated Environmental Concentration (GENEEC) or the Pesticide Root Zone/Exposure Analysis Modeling System (PRZM/EXAMS) to estimate pesticide concentrations in surface water and SCI-GROW, which predicts pesticide concentrations in ground water. In general, EPA will use GENEEC (a tier 1 model) before using PRZM/EXAMS (a tier 2 model) for a screening-level assessment for surface water. The GENEEC model is a subset of the PRZM/EXAMS model that uses a specific high-end runoff scenario for pesticides. GENEEC incorporates a farm pond scenario, while PRZM/EXAMS incorporate an index reservoir environment in place of the previous pond scenario. The PRZM/EXAMS model includes a percent crop area factor as an adjustment to account for the maximum percent crop coverage within a watershed or drainage basin.

         None of these models include consideration of the impact processing (mixing, dilution, or treatment) of raw water for distribution as drinking water would likely have on the removal of pesticides from the source water. The primary use of these models by the Agency at this stage is to provide a coarse screen for sorting out pesticides for which it is highly unlikely that drinking water concentrations would ever exceed human health levels of concern.

         Since the models used are considered to be screening tools in the risk assessment process, the Agency does not use estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) from these models to quantify drinking water exposure and risk as a percent RfD or percent PAD. Instead drinking water levels of comparison (DWLOCs) are calculated and used as a point of comparison against the model estimates of a pesticide's concentration in water. DWLOCs are theoretical upper limits on a pesticide's concentration in drinking water in light of total aggregate exposure to a pesticide in food, and from residential uses. Since DWLOCs address total aggregate exposure to bifenthrin they are further discussed in the aggregate risk sections below.

         Based on the GENEEC and SCI-GROW models the estimated environmental concentration (EEC) of bifenthrin in surface water for acute exposures is 0.1 ppb. The EEC for chronic exposures was estimated to be 0.032 ppb for surface water. The ground water screening concentration was 0.006 ppb. For the purposes of the acute and chronic risk assessments, the estimated maximum concentration for bifenthrin in surface and ground waters (0.01 ppb for acute, and 0.023 for chronic) was used.

      3. From non-dietary exposure. The term ``residential exposure'' is used in this document to refer to non-occupational, non-dietary exposure (e.g., for lawn and garden pest control, indoor pest control, termiticides, and flea and tick control on pets).

         Bifenthrin is currently registered for use on the following residential non-dietary sites: lawns to control flea infestation, pets and as a termiticide. Registered termiticide use of bifenthrin constitutes a chronic exposure scenario; however, the exposure is considered negligible, considering the application technique of the termiticide use (buried underground) and the fact that vapor pressure of bifenthrin is extremely low. The Agency conducted a residential exposure assessment for the lawn care uses of bifenthrin. This risk assessment is based on post-application to treated lawns (turf use), a worst case scenario estimate of residential exposure. An assessment of applicator exposure was not included since the registered products are primarily limited to commercial use and, therefore, applied by professional lawn care operators. Inhalation, dermal and oral non- dietary routes of exposure were evaluated by this short-term and intermediate-term risk assessment. For adults, the routes of exposure from these registered residential uses include dermal and inhalation, and for infants and children, the routes of exposure include dermal, inhalation, and oral (non-dietary).

      4. Cumulative exposure to substances with a common mechanism of toxicity. Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) requires that, when considering whether to establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the Agency consider ``available information'' concerning the cumulative effects of a particular pesticide's residues and ``other substances that have a common mechanism of toxicity.''

         EPA does not have, at this time, available data to determine whether bifenthrin has a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances or how to include this pesticide in a cumulative risk assessment. Unlike other pesticides for which EPA has followed a cumulative risk approach based on a common mechanism of toxicity, bifenthrin does not appear to produce a toxic metabolite produced by other substances. For the purposes of this tolerance action, therefore, EPA has not assumed that bifenthrin has a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances. For information regarding EPA's efforts to determine which chemicals have a common mechanism of toxicity and to evaluate the cumulative effects of such chemicals, see the final rule for Bifenthrin Pesticide Tolerances November 26, 1997 (62 FR 62961).

   3. Safety Factor for Infants and Children

      1. Safety factor for infants and children--i. In general. FFDCA section 408 provides that EPA shall apply an additional tenfold margin of safety for infants and children in the case of threshold effects to account for prenatal and postnatal toxicity and the completeness of the data base on toxicity and exposure unless EPA determines that a different margin of safety will be safe for infants and children. Margins of safety are incorporated into EPA risk assessments either directly through use of a MOE analysis or through using uncertainty (safety) factors in calculating a dose level that poses no appreciable risk to humans.

      ii. Developmental toxicity studies. In a developmental study in rats, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity was 1 milligram/kilogram/day (mg/ kg/day), based upon tremors observed at the LOAEL of 2 mg/kg/day. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity was 1 mg/kg/day, based upon the increased incidence of hydroureter observed at the LOAEL of 2 mg/kg/ day. In a developmental study in rabbits, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity was 2.67 mg/kg/day, based upon head and forelimb twitching seen at the LOAEL of 4 mg/kg/day. There were no developmental effects observed.

      iii. Reproductive toxicity study. In the rat reproduction study, parental toxicity occurred as decreased body weight at the LOAEL of 5.0 mg/kg/day with a NOAEL of 3.0 mg/kg/day. There were no developmental (pup) or reproductive effects up to 5.0 mg/kg/day highest dose tested (HDT).

      iv. Prenatal and postnatal sensitivity. Prenatal: Since there was not a dose-related finding of hydroureter in the rat developmental study and in the presence of similar incidences in the recent historical control data, the marginal finding of hydroureter in rat fetuses at 2 mg/kg/day (in the presence of maternal toxicity) is not considered a significant developmental finding. Nor does it provide sufficient evidence of a special dietary risk (either acute or chronic) for infants and children which would require an additional safety factor. Postnatal: Based on the absence of pup toxicity up to dose levels which produced toxicity in the parental animals, there is no evidence of special postnatal sensitivity to infants and children in the rat reproduction study.

      [[Page 57977]]

      v. Conclusion. There is a complete toxicity data base for bifenthrin and exposure data are complete or are estimated based on data that reasonably accounts for potential exposures. Based on the above, EPA concludes that reliable data support use of the standard 100-fold UF, and that an additional UF is not needed to protect the safety of infants and children. Therefore, the FQPA safety factor for enhanced sensitivity of infants and children was reduced to 1X.

   4. Aggregate Risks and Determination of Safety

      To estimate total aggregate exposure to a pesticide from food, drinking water, and residential uses, the Agency calculates DWLOCs which are used as a point of comparison against the model estimates of a pesticide's concentration in water (EECs). DWLOC values are not regulatory standards for drinking water. DWLOCs are theoretical upper limits on a pesticide's concentration in drinking water in light of total aggregate exposure to a pesticide in food and residential uses. In calculating a DWLOC, the Agency determines how much of the acceptable exposure (i.e., the PAD) is available for exposure through drinking water e.g., allowable chronic water exposure (mg/kg/day)== cPAD (average food + chronic non-dietary, non-occupational exposure). This allowable exposure through drinking water is used to calculate a DWLOC.

      A DWLOC will vary depending on the toxic endpoint, drinking water consumption, and body weights. Default body weights and consumption values as used by the USEPA Office of Water are used to calculate DWLOCs: 2L/70 kg (adult male), 2L/60 kg (adult female), and 1L/10 kg (child). Default body weights and drinking water consumption values vary on an individual basis. This variation will be taken into account in more refined screening-level and quantitative drinking water exposure assessments. Different populations will have different DWLOCs. Generally, a DWLOC is calculated for each type of risk assessment used: acute, short-term, intermediate-term, chronic, and cancer.

      When EECs for surface water and ground water are less than the calculated DWLOCs, OPP concludes with reasonable certainty that exposures to bifenthrin in drinking water (when considered along with other sources of exposure for which OPP has reliable data) would not result in unacceptable levels of aggregate human health risk at this time. Because OPP considers the aggregate risk resulting from multiple exposure pathways associated with a pesticide's uses, levels of comparison in drinking water may vary as those uses change. If new uses are added in the future, OPP will reassess the potential impacts of bifenthrin on drinking water as a part of the aggregate risk assessment process.

      1. Acute risk. Using the exposure assumptions discussed in this unit for acute exposure, the acute dietary exposure from food to bifenthrin will occupy 60% of the aPAD for the U.S. population, 40% of the aPAD for females 13 years and older, 75% of the aPAD for infants (up to 1 year old) and 99.7% % of the aPAD for children (1 to 6 years old). In addition, despite the potential for acute dietary exposure to bifenthrin in drinking water, after calculating DWLOCs and comparing them to conservative model estimated environmental concentrations of bifenthrin in surface and ground water. EPA does not expect the aggregate exposure to exceed 100% of the aPAD, as shown in the following Table 2:

         Table 2.--Aggregate Risk Assessment for Acute Exposure to Bifenthrin

         Surface water EEC Ground water EEC Population subgroup

         aPAD (mg/kg)

         %aPAD (Food)

         (ppb)

         (ppb)

         Acute DWLOC (ppb)

         U.S. population

         0.01

         60

         0.10

         0.10

         140 Females 13 + yrs old

         0.01

         40

         0.10

         0.10

         180 Children (1-6 yrs old)

         0.01

         99.7

         0.10

         0.10

         0.30

      2. Chronic risk. Using the exposure assumptions described in this unit for chronic exposure, EPA has concluded that exposure to bifenthrin from food will utilize 3% of the cPAD for the U.S. population, and 8.2% of the cPAD for children (1 to 6 years old), the subpopulation at greatest exposure. Bifenthrin is also registered for residential use on outdoor lawn/gardens, inside households, pets and as a termiticide. Based on the use pattern, chronic residential exposure to residues of the bifenthrin is not expected. In addition, despite the potential for chronic dietary exposure to bifenthrin in drinking water, after calculating the DWLOCs and comparing them to conservative model estimated environmental concentrations of bifenthrin in surface and ground water, EPA does not expect the aggregate exposure to exceed 100% of the cPAD, as shown in the following Table 3:

         Table 3.--Aggregate Risk Assessment for Chronic (Non-Cancer) Exposure to Bifenthrin

         Surface water EEC Ground water EEC Population subgroup

         cPAD mg/kg/day

         %cPAD (Food)

         (ppb)

         (ppb)

         Chronic DWLOC (ppb)

         U.S. population................... 0.015................. 3.0................... 0.032................ 0.032................ 530 Infants, 1 yr old................. 0.015................. 3.0................... 0.032................ 0.032................ 450 Children (1-6 yrs old)............. 0.015................. 3.0................... 0.032................ 0.032................ 140

      3. Short-term and intermediate-term risk. Short-and intermediate- term aggregate exposure takes into account residential exposure plus chronic exposure to food and water (considered to be a background exposure level).

         Bifenthrin is currently registered for use(s) that could result in short- and intermediate-term residential exposure. Registered termiticide use of bifenthrin constitutes a chronic exposure scenario; however, the exposure is considered negligible. The Agency has determined that it is appropriate to aggregate chronic food and water and short-term and intermediate-term exposures for bifenthrin.

         Using the exposure assumptions described in this unit for short- term and intermediate-term exposures, EPA has concluded that food and residential exposures aggregated result in aggregate MOEs of 940 for adults, 350 for children

         [[Page 57978]]

         ages 1 to 6 years, and 470 for infants less than 1 year old, based on chronic food and residential use, e.g., turf representing the worst case residential exposure scenario. These aggregate MOEs do not exceed the Agency's level of concern for aggregate exposure to food and residential uses. In addition, short-term and intermediate-term DWLOCs were calculated and compared to the EECs for chronic exposure of bifenthrin in ground water and surface water. After calculating DWLOCs and comparing them to the EECs for surface and ground water, EPA does not expect short-term or intermediate-term aggregate exposure to exceed the Agency's level of concern, as shown in the following Table 4:

         Table 4.--Aggregate Risk Assessment for Short-Term and Intermediate-Term Exposure to Bifenthrin

         Short-Term and Population subgroup

         Aggregate MOE (food + Aggregate level of Surface water EEC Ground water EEC Intermediate-Term DWLOC residential)

         concern (LOC)

         (ppb)

         (ppb)

         (ppb)

         Adult (male)....................... 940.................. 100.................. 0.032................ 0.032................ 320 Adult (female)..................... 940.................. 100.................. 0.032................ 0.032................ 270 Children 1-6 yrs old............... 350.................. 100.................. 0.032................ 0.032................ 71

      4. Aggregate cancer risk for U.S. population. A quantitative (Q1*) dietary cancer risk assessment was not performed. Dietary risk concerns due to long-term consumption of bifenthrin are adequately addressed by the DEEM chronic exposure analysis using the chronic RfD. For the U.S. population, only 3.0% of the cPAD (cRfD) is occupied by chronic food exposure. Based on a comparison of the calculated DWLOCs and the estimated exposure to bifenthrin in drinking water (0.032 ppb), the Agency does not expect the chronic aggregate exposure to exceed 100% of the cPAD (cRfD) for adults. Thus, EPA concludes with reasonable certainty that the carcinogenic risk is within acceptable limits.

      5. Determination of safety. Based on these risk assessments, EPA concludes that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to the general population, and to infants and children from aggregate exposure to bifenthrin residues.

5. Other Considerations

   1. Analytical Enforcement Methodology

      Adequate enforcement methods are available for determination of the regulated bifenthrin residue in plants. The data gathering method is FMC method P-2132M, with a limit of quantitation of 0.05 ppm (given as 0.055 in some cases). This method is a variation of two other methods which have been submitted for inclusion in PAM II (FMC's Methods P-1031 and RAN-0140. This method has been adequately validated and is adequate for data collection. The method may be requested from: Calvin Furlow, PIRIB, IRSD (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: (703) 305-5229; e-mail address: furlow.calvin@epa.gov.

   2. International Residue Limits

      No Codex, Canadian, or Mexican maximum residue levels (MRL) have been established for residues of bifenthrin in/on potatoes. International harmonization is therefore not an issue for this tolerance.

6. Conclusion

   Therefore, the tolerance is established for residues of bifenthrin, in or on potato at 0.05 ppm.

7. Objections and Hearing Requests

   Under section 408(g) of the FFDCA, as amended by the FQPA, any person may file an objection to any aspect of this regulation and may also request a hearing on those objections. EPA procedural regulations which govern the submission of objections and requests for hearings appear in 40 CFR part 178. Although the procedures in those regulations require some modification to reflect the amendments made to the FFDCA by the FQPA of 1996, EPA will continue to use those procedures, with appropriate adjustments, until the necessary modifications can be made. The new section 408(g) provides essentially the same process for persons to ``object'' to a regulation for an exemption from the requirement of a tolerance issued by EPA under new section 408(d), as was provided in the old FFDCA sections 408 and 409. However, the period for filing objections is now 60 days, rather than 30 days.

   1. What Do I Need to Do to File an Objection or Request a Hearing?

      You must file your objection or request a hearing on this regulation in accordance with the instructions provided in this unit and in 40 CFR part 178. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, you must identify docket control number OPP-301047 in the subject line on the first page of your submission. All requests must be in writing, and must be mailed or delivered to the Hearing Clerk on or before November 27, 2000.

      1. Filing the request. Your objection must specify the specific provisions in the regulation that you object to, and the grounds for the objections (40 CFR 178.25). If a hearing is requested, the objections must include a statement of the factual issues(s) on which a hearing is requested, the requestor's contentions on such issues, and a summary of any evidence relied upon by the objector (40 CFR 178.27). Information submitted in connection with an objection or hearing request may be claimed confidential by marking any part or all of that information as CBI. Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2. A copy of the information that does not contain CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public record. Information not marked confidential may be disclosed publicly by EPA without prior notice.

         Mail your written request to: Office of the Hearing Clerk (1900), Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460. You may also deliver your request to the Office of the Hearing Clerk in Rm. C400, Waterside Mall, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460. The Office of the Hearing Clerk is open from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the Office of the Hearing Clerk is (202) 260-4865.

      2. Tolerance fee payment. If you file an objection or request a hearing, you must also pay the fee prescribed by 40 CFR 180.33(i) or request a waiver of that fee pursuant to 40 CFR 180.33(m). You must mail the fee to: EPA Headquarters Accounting Operations Branch, Office of Pesticide Programs, P.O. Box 360277M, Pittsburgh, PA 15251. Please identify the fee submission by labeling it ``Tolerance Petition Fees.''

         [[Page 57979]]

         EPA is authorized to waive any fee requirement ``when in the judgement of the Administrator such a waiver or refund is equitable and not contrary to the purpose of this subsection.'' For additional information regarding the waiver of these fees, you may contact James Tompkins by phone at (703) 305-5697, by e-mail at tompkins.jim@epa.gov, or by mailing a request for information to Mr. Tompkins at Registration Division (7505C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460.

         If you would like to request a waiver of the tolerance objection fees, you must mail your request for such a waiver to: James Hollins, Information Resources and Services Division (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460.

      3. Copies for the dcket. In addition to filing an objection or hearing request with the Hearing Clerk as described in Unit VII.A., you should also send a copy of your request to the PIRIB for its inclusion in the official record that is described in Unit I.B.2. Mail your copies, identified by the docket control number OPP-301047 to: Public Information and Records Integrity Branch, Information Resources and Services Division (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460. In person or by courier, bring a copy to the location of the PIRIB described in Unit I.B.2. You may also send an electronic copy of your request via e-mail to: opp-commat;epa.gov. Please use an ASCII file format and avoid the use of special characters and any form of encryption. Copies of electronic objections and hearing requests will also be accepted on disks in WordPerfect 6.1/8.0 file format or ASCII file format. Do not include any CBI in your electronic copy. You may also submit an electronic copy of your request at many Federal Depository Libraries.

   2. When Will the Agency Grant a Request for a Hearing?

      A request for a hearing will be granted if the Administrator determines that the material submitted shows the following: There is a genuine and substantial issue of fact; there is a reasonable possibility that available evidence identified by the requestor would, if established resolve one or more of such issues in favor of the requestor, taking into account uncontested claims or facts to the contrary; and resolution of the factual issues(s) in the manner sought by the requestor would be adequate to justify the action requested (40 CFR 178.32).

8. Regulatory Assessment Requirements

   This final rule establishes a tolerance under FFDCA section 408(d) in response to a petition submitted to the Agency. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has exempted these types of actions from review under Executive Order 12866, entitled Regulatory Planning and Review (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993). This final rule does not contain any information collections subject to OMB approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., or impose any enforceable duty or contain any unfunded mandate as described under Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) (Public Law 104-4). Nor does it require any prior consultation as specified by Executive Order 13084, entitled Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments (63 FR 27655, May 19, 1998); special considerations as required by Executive Order 12898, entitled Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994); or require OMB review or any Agency action under Executive Order 13045, entitled Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997). This action does not involve any technical standards that would require Agency consideration of voluntary consensus standards pursuant to section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (NTTAA), Public Law 104-113, section 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272 note). Since tolerances and exemptions that are established on the basis of a petition under FFDCA section 408(d), such as the tolerance in this final rule, do not require the issuance of a proposed rule, the requirements of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do not apply. In addition, the Agency has determined that this action will not have a substantial direct effect on States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132, entitled Federalism (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999). Executive Order 13132 requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure ``meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' ``Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations that have ``substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.'' This final rule directly regulates growers, food processors, food handlers and food retailers, not States. This action does not alter the relationships or distribution of power and responsibilities established by Congress in the preemption provisions of FFDCA section 408(n)(4).

9. Submission to Congress and the Comptroller General

   The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule, to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the United States. EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior to publication of this final rule in the Federal Register. This final rule is not a ``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).

   List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 180

   Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, Agricultural commodities, Pesticides and pests, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

   Dated: September 15, 2000.

   James Jones,

   Director, Registration Division, Office of Pesticide Programs.

   Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is amended as follows:

   PART 180--[AMENDED]

   1. The authority citation for part 180 continues to read as follows:

      Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321(q), (346a) and 371.

   2. Section 180.442 is amended by alphabetically adding the commodity ``potato'' to the table in paragraph (b) to read as follows:

      [[Page 57980]]

      Sec. 180.442 Bifenthrin; tolerances for residues.

      * * * * *

      (b)* * *

      Commodity

      Parts per million

      Expiration/Revocation date

      *

      *

      *

      * * Potato..............................................

      0.05

      12/31/2002 *

      *

      *

      * *

      * * * * *

      [FR Doc. 00-24785Filed9-26-00; 8:45 am]

      BILLING CODE 6560-50-S