Pyraclostrobin; Pesticide Tolerances
Federal Register, Volume 78 Issue 167 (Wednesday, August 28, 2013)
Federal Register Volume 78, Number 167 (Wednesday, August 28, 2013)
Rules and Regulations
Pages 53039-53047
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office www.gpo.gov
FR Doc No: 2013-20921
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0549; FRL-9395-5
Pyraclostrobin; Pesticide Tolerances
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: This regulation establishes tolerances for residues of pyraclostrobin in or on multiple commodities which are identified and discussed later in this document. This regulation additionally removes several permanent and time-limited tolerances that will be superseded by tolerances established by this action. Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR-4) and BASF Corporation requested tolerances associated with pesticide petition (PP) numbers 2E8069 and 2F8038, respectively, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA).
DATES: This regulation is effective August 28, 2013. Objections and requests for hearings must be received on or before October 28, 2013, and must be filed in accordance with the instructions provided in 40 CFR part 178 (see also Unit I.C. of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION).
ADDRESSES: The docket for this action, identified by docket identification (ID) number EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0549, is available at http://www.regulations.gov or at the Office of Pesticide Programs Regulatory Public Docket (OPP Docket) in the Environmental Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/DC), EPA West Bldg., Rm. 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the OPP Docket is (703) 305-
5805. Please review the visitor instructions and additional information about the docket available at http://www.epa.gov/dockets.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Lois Rossi, Registration Division (7505P),
Page 53040
Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001; telephone number: (703) 305-7090; email address: RDFNotices@epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
-
General Information
-
Does this action apply to me?
You may be potentially affected by this action if you are an agricultural producer, food manufacturer, or pesticide manufacturer. The following list of North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide to help readers determine whether this document applies to them. Potentially affected entities may include:
Crop production (NAICS code 111).
Animal production (NAICS code 112).
Food manufacturing (NAICS code 311).
Pesticide manufacturing (NAICS code 32532).
-
How can I get electronic access to other related information?
You may access a frequently updated electronic version of EPA's tolerance regulations at 40 CFR part 180 through the Government Printing Office's e-CFR site at http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40tab_02.tpl.
-
How can I file an objection or hearing request?
Under FFDCA section 408(g), 21 U.S.C. 346a, any person may file an objection to any aspect of this regulation and may also request a hearing on those objections. You must file your objection or request a hearing on this regulation in accordance with the instructions provided in 40 CFR part 178. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, you must identify docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0549 in the subject line on the first page of your submission. All objections and requests for a hearing must be in writing, and must be received by the Hearing Clerk on or before October 28, 2013. Addresses for mail and hand delivery of objections and hearing requests are provided in 40 CFR 178.25(b).
In addition to filing an objection or hearing request with the Hearing Clerk as described in 40 CFR part 178, please submit a copy of the filing (excluding any Confidential Business Information (CBI)) for inclusion in the public docket. Information not marked confidential pursuant to 40 CFR part 2 may be disclosed publicly by EPA without prior notice. Submit the non-CBI copy of your objection or hearing request, identified by docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0549, by one of the following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be CBI or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
Mail: OPP Docket, Environmental Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/DC), (28221T), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001.
Hand Delivery: To make special arrangements for hand delivery or delivery of boxed information, please follow the instructions at http://www.epa.gov/dockets/contacts.htm.
Additional instructions on commenting or visiting the docket, along with more information about dockets generally, is available at http://www.epa.gov/dockets.
-
-
Summary of Petitioned-for Tolerances
In the Federal Register of January 16, 2013 (78 FR 3377) (FRL-9375-
4), EPA issued a document pursuant to FFDCA section 408(d)(3), 21 U.S.C. 346a(d)(3), announcing the filing of a pesticide petition (PP 2E8069) by IR-4, 500 College Road East, Suite 201 W, Princeton, NJ 08540. The petition requested that 40 CFR 180.582 be amended by establishing tolerances for residues of the fungicide pyraclostrobin, carbamic acid, 2-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-
yloxymethylphenylmethoxy-, methyl ester and its metabolite methyl-
N-1-(4-chlorophenyl) pyrazol-3-yloxyotolyl carbamate (BF 500-3), expressed as the parent compound, in or on artichoke, globe at 3.0 parts per million (ppm); endive, belgium at 3.0 ppm; and persimmon at 3.0 ppm. The petition additionally requested that EPA establish tolerances in or on vegetable, bulb, group 3-07 at 0.9 ppm; vegetable, fruiting, group 8-10 at 1.4 ppm; fruit, citrus, group 10-10 at 2.0 ppm; fruit, pome, group 11-10 at 1.5 ppm; oilseed, group 20 at 0.45 ppm; caneberry subgroup 13-07A at 4.0 ppm; bushberry subgroup 13-07B at 4.0 ppm; small fruit, vine climbing subgroup (except fuzzy kiwi) 13-07F at 2.0 ppm; and low growing berry subgroup 13-07G at 1.2 ppm. Further, upon approval of these subgroup/crop group tolerances the petition also requested that the following existing tolerances be removed for berry, group 13 at 4.0 ppm; fruit, citrus, group 10 at 2.0 ppm; fruit, pome, group 11 at 1.5 ppm; grape at 2.0 ppm; strawberry at 1.2 ppm; vegetable, bulb, group 3 at 0.9 ppm; vegetable, fruiting, group 8 at 1.4 ppm; borage, seed at 0.45 ppm; castor oil plant, seed at 0.45 ppm; chinese tallowtree, seed at 0.45 ppm; crambe, seed at 0.45 ppm; cuphea, seed at 0.45 ppm; echium, seed at 0.45 ppm; euphorbia, seed at 0.45 ppm; evening primrose, seed at 0.45 ppm; flax seed at 0.45 ppm; gold of pleasure, seed at 0.45 ppm; hare's ear mustard, seed at 0.45 ppm, jojoba, seed at 0.45 ppm; lesquerella, seed at 0.45 ppm, lunaria, seed at 0.45 ppm; meadowfoam, seed at 0.45 ppm; milkweed, seed at 0.45 ppm; mustard, seed at 0.45 ppm; niger seed, seed at 0.45 ppm; oil radish, seed at 0.45 ppm; poppy, seed at 0.45 ppm; rapeseed, seed at 0.45 ppm; rose hip, seed at 0.45 ppm; safflower, seed at 0.45 ppm; sesame, seed at 0.45 ppm; stokes aster, seed at 0.45 ppm; sunflower, seed at 0.45 ppm; sweet rocket, seed at 0.45 ppm; tallowwood, seed at 0.45 ppm; tea oil plant, seed at 0.45 ppm; and ternonia, seed at 0.45 ppm. That document referenced a summary of the petition prepared on behalf of IR-
4 by BASF Corporation, the registrant, which is available in the docket, http://www.regulations.gov. There were no comments received in response to the notice of filing.
Additionally, in the Federal Register of August 22, 2012 (77 FR 50661) (FRL-9358-9), EPA issued a document pursuant to FFDCA section 408(d)(3), 21 U.S.C. 346a(d)(3), announcing the filing of a pesticide petition (PP 2F8038) by BASF Corporation, 26 Davis Drive, P.O. Box 13528, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-3528. The petition requested that 40 CFR 180.582 be amended by establishing tolerances for residues of the fungicide pyraclostrobin, carbamic acid, expressed as the parent compound, in or on sugarcane, cane at 0.2 ppm. No tolerances were proposed for the processed commodities refined sugar and molasses, as no concentration of pyraclostrobin residues are expected in these commodities. That document referenced a summary of the petition prepared by BASF Corporation, the registrant, which is available in the docket, http://www.regulations.gov. There were no comments received in response to the notice of filing.
Based upon review of the data supporting the petition, EPA has revised the proposed tolerance level in or on endive, belgium. Further, the petitioner later requested to amend low growing berry subgroup 13-
07G to exclude cranberry. The reasons for these changes are explained in Unit IV.C.
Page 53041
-
Aggregate Risk Assessment and Determination of Safety
Section 408(b)(2)(A)(i) of FFDCA allows EPA to establish a tolerance (the legal limit for a pesticide chemical residue in or on a food) only if EPA determines that the tolerance is ``safe.'' Section 408(b)(2)(A)(ii) of FFDCA defines ``safe'' to mean that ``there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue, including all anticipated dietary exposures and all other exposures for which there is reliable information.'' This includes exposure through drinking water and in residential settings, but does not include occupational exposure. Section 408(b)(2)(C) of FFDCA requires EPA to give special consideration to exposure of infants and children to the pesticide chemical residue in establishing a tolerance and to ``ensure that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue. . . .''
Consistent with FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(D), and the factors specified in FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(D), EPA has reviewed the available scientific data and other relevant information in support of this action. EPA has sufficient data to assess the hazards of and to make a determination on aggregate exposure for pyraclostrobin including exposure resulting from the tolerances established by this action. EPA's assessment of exposures and risks associated with pyraclostrobin follows.
-
Toxicological Profile
EPA has evaluated the available toxicity data and considered its validity, completeness, and reliability as well as the relationship of the results of the studies to human risk. EPA has also considered available information concerning the variability of the sensitivities of major identifiable subgroups of consumers, including infants and children.
There are no concerns for reproductive susceptibility, neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, genotoxicity, or immunotoxicity. The most consistently observed effects resulting from pyraclostrobin exposure across species, genders, and treatment durations were diarrhea and decreased body weight, body weight gain, and food consumption. Pyraclostrobin also causes intestinal disturbances, as indicated by increased incidence of diarrhea or duodenum mucosal thickening. These intestinal effects appeared to be related to the irritating action on the mucus membranes as demonstrated by irritation seen in the primary eye irritation study. In the rat acute and subchronic neurotoxicity studies, neuropathology and behavior changes were not observed.
In the rat developmental toxicity study, developmental toxicity including an increased incidence of dilated renal pelvis and cervical ribs occurred at a dose greater than the dose causing maternal toxicity (including decreased body weights and body weight gains and reduced food consumption and reduced food efficiency). The rabbit developmental toxicity study indicates qualitative evidence of increased developmental susceptibility based on increased resorptions per litter, increased post-implantation loss and dams with total resorptions, in the presence of maternal toxicity (reduced body weight gain, food consumption, and food efficiency). In a dose range-finding one-
generation reproduction study, systemic toxicity was manifested as decreased body weight and body weight gain in both the parents and offspring. The effects occurred at the same dose levels for both parental and the offspring, but the decrease in pup weight was more than that in the parental animals. However, the body weight effect was not found in the guideline 2-generation reproduction study in either parental or offspring animals at similar dose level. No reproductive toxicity was seen.
Pyraclostrobin has been classified as not likely to be carcinogenic to humans based on the lack of treated related increase in tumor incidence in adequately conducted carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice. Pyraclostrobin did not cause mutagenicity or genotoxicity in the in vivo and in vitro assays, nor did it cause immunotoxicity in T-cell dependent antibody response assays in mice with preliminary review.
Specific information on the studies received and the nature of the adverse effects caused by pyraclostrobin as well as the no-observed-
adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) and the lowest-observed-adverse-effect-
level (LOAEL) from the toxicity studies can be found at http://www.regulations.gov in document: ``Pyraclostrobin--Human Health Risk Assessment for a Section 3 Registration of New Uses on Sugarcane, Globe Artichoke, Belgium Endive, Persimmon, Greenhouse Grown Tomato Transplants for Home Consumer Market, and Residential Ornamentals, Landscape Gardens, Fruit Trees, and Nut Trees; Plus Crop Group Expansions/Revisions for Bulb Vegetable Group 3-07, Fruiting Vegetable Group 8-10, Citrus Fruit Group 10-10, Pome Fruit Group 11-10, Berry Subgroups 13-07A, B, F, and G, and Oilseed Group 20'' at pages 43-49 in docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0549.
-
Toxicological Points of Departure/Levels of Concern
Once a pesticide's toxicological profile is determined, EPA identifies toxicological points of departure (POD) and levels of concern to use in evaluating the risk posed by human exposure to the pesticide. For hazards that have a threshold below which there is no appreciable risk, the toxicological POD is used as the basis for derivation of reference values for risk assessment. PODs are developed based on a careful analysis of the doses in each toxicological study to determine the dose at which no adverse effects are observed (the NOAEL) and the lowest dose at which adverse effects of concern are identified (the LOAEL). Uncertainty/safety factors are used in conjunction with the POD to calculate a safe exposure level--generally referred to as a population-adjusted dose (PAD) or a reference dose (RfD)--and a safe margin of exposure (MOE). For non-threshold risks, the Agency assumes that any amount of exposure will lead to some degree of risk. Thus, the Agency estimates risk in terms of the probability of an occurrence of the adverse effect expected in a lifetime. For more information on the general principles EPA uses in risk characterization and a complete description of the risk assessment process, see http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/riskassess.htm.
A summary of the toxicological endpoints for pyraclostrobin used for human risk assessment is shown in Table 1. of this unit.
Page 53042
Table 1--Summary of Toxicological Doses and Endpoints for Pyraclostrobin for Use in Human Health Risk Assessment
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point of departure
Exposure/scenario and uncertainty/ RfD, PAD, LOC for Study and toxicological effects
safety factors risk assessment
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acute dietary (Females 13-49 NOAEL = 5.0 mg/kg/ Acute RfD = 0.05 mg/ Developmental toxicity--rabbit.
years of age). day. kg/day. LOAEL = 10.0 mg/kg/day based on
UFA = 10x........... aPAD = 0.05 mg/kg/ developmental toxicity findings
UFH = 10x........... day. of increased resorptions.
FQPA SF = 1x........
Acute dietary (General population NOAEL = 300 mg/kg/ Acute RfD = 3.0 mg/ Acute neurotoxicity--rat. LOAEL =
including infants and children). day. kg/day. 1000 mg/kg/day based on decreased
UFA = 10 x.......... aPAD = 3.0 mg/kg/ body weight gain in males.
UFH = 10 x.......... day.
FQPA SF = 1x........
Chronic dietary (All populations) NOAEL= 3.4 mg/kg/day Chronic RfD = 0.034 Carcinogenicity--rat. LOAEL = 9.2
UFA = 10x........... mg/kg/day. mg/kg/day based on decreased body
UFH = 10 x.......... cPAD = 0.034 mg/kg/ weight/body weight gain, kidney
FQPA SF = 1x........ day. tubular casts and atrophy in both
sexes; increased incidence of
liver necrosis and erosion/
ulceration of the glandular-
stomach and fore-stomach in
males.
Incidental oral short-term (1 to NOAEL= 5.8 mg/kg/day LOC for MOE = 100.. Subchronic toxicity--dog. LOAEL =
30 days) and intermediate-term UFA = 10 x.......... 12.9 mg/kg/day based on increased
(1 to 6 months). UFH = 10x........... incidence of diarrhea, clinical
FQPA SF = 1x........ chemistry changes, duodenum
mucosal hypertrophy, and
decreased body weight and food
intake/efficiency.
Dermal short-term (1 to 30 days) Oral study NOAEL = LOC for MOE = 100.. Developmental toxicity--rabbit.
and intermediate-term (1 to 6 5.0 mg/kg/day LOAEL = 10.0 mg/kg/day based on
months). (dermal absorption developmental toxicity findings
rate = 14%). of increased resorptions and
UFA = 10 x.......... maternal toxicity based on
UFH = 10x........... decreased body weight gain and
FQPA SF = 1x........ decreased food intake/efficiency.
Inhalation short-term............ Inhalation study LOC for MOE = 100.. Inhalation toxicity--rat. LOAEL =
(1 to 30 days) and intermediate- NOAEL = 0.23 mg/kg/ 6.9 mg/kg/day (air concentration
term (1 to 6 months). day. = 0.03 mg/L) based on duodenum
UFA = 10 x.......... mucosal hyperplasia and
UFH = 10 x.......... respiratory system findings
FQPA SF = 1x........ including alveolar histiocytosis
and olfactory atrophy/necrosis in
nasal tissue.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cancer (Oral, dermal, inhalation) Classification: ``not likely to be carcinogenic to humans'' based on the
absence of significant tumor increases in two adequate rodent
carcinogenicity studies.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FQPA SF = Food Quality Protection Act Safety Factor. LOAEL = lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level. LOC = level
of concern. mg/kg/day = milligram/kilogram/day. MOE = margin of exposure. NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect-
level. PAD = population adjusted dose (a = acute, c = chronic). RfD = reference dose. UF = uncertainty factor.
UFA = extrapolation from animal to human (interspecies). UFH = potential variation in sensitivity among
members of the human population (intraspecies).
-
Exposure Assessment
1. Dietary exposure from food and feed uses. In evaluating dietary exposure to pyraclostrobin, EPA considered exposure under the petitioned-for tolerances as well as all existing pyraclostrobin tolerances in 40 CFR 180.582. EPA assessed dietary exposures from pyraclostrobin in food as follows:
i. Acute exposure. Quantitative acute dietary exposure and risk assessments are performed for a food-use pesticide, if a toxicological study has indicated the possibility of an effect of concern occurring as a result of a 1-day or single exposure. Such effects were identified for pyraclostrobin.
In estimating acute dietary exposure, EPA used Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model software with the Food Commodity Intake Database (DEEM-FCID) Version 3.16, which uses food consumption data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, What We Eat in America (NHANES/WWEIA) from 2003 through 2008. As to residue levels in food, EPA used tolerance-level residues or highest field trial residues and empirical or default processing factors. Experimentally-derived processing factors were used for fruit juices, tomato, sugarcane, and wheat commodities. For all other processed commodities, DEEM default processing factors were assumed.
ii. Chronic exposure. In conducting the chronic dietary exposure assessment EPA used the food consumption data from the USDA's 2003-2008 NHANES/WWEIA. As to residue levels in food, EPA included tolerance-
level or average field trial residues, average percent crop treated (PCT) estimates when available, and empirical processing factors. Experimentally-derived processing factors were used for fruit juices, tomato, sugar cane, and wheat commodities. For all other processed commodities, DEEM default processing factors were assumed.
iii. Cancer. Based on the data summarized in Unit III.A., EPA has concluded that pyraclostrobin does not pose a cancer risk to humans. Therefore, a dietary exposure assessment for the purpose of assessing cancer risk is unnecessary.
iv. Percent crop treated (PCT) information. Section 408(b)(2)(F) of FFDCA states that the Agency may use data on the actual percent of food treated for assessing chronic dietary risk only if:
Condition a: The data used are reliable and provide a valid basis to show what percentage of the food derived from such crop is likely to contain the pesticide residue.
Page 53043
Condition b: The exposure estimate does not underestimate exposure for any significant subpopulation group.
Condition c: Data are available on pesticide use and food consumption in a particular area, the exposure estimate does not understate exposure for the population in such area.
In addition, the Agency must provide for periodic evaluation of any estimates used. To provide for the periodic evaluation of the estimate of PCT as required by FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(F), EPA may require registrants to submit data on PCT.
The following average PCT estimates were used in the chronic dietary risk assessments for the crops that are currently registered for pyraclostrobin: almonds 40%; apples 15%; apricots 25%; barley 10%; green beans 5%; blueberries 45%; broccoli 5%; cabbage 10%; caneberries 50%; cantaloupes 15%; carrots 35%; cauliflower 2.5%; celery 2.5%; cherries 50%; corn 10%; cotton 2.5%; cucumber 5%; dry beans/peas 10%; garlic 15%; grapefruit 25%; grapes 30%; hazelnuts (filberts) 15%; lemons 2.5%; lettuce 5%; nectarines 10%; onions 20%; oranges 5%; peaches 20%; peanuts 25%; pears 15%; green peas 5%; pecans 2.5%; peppers 10%; pistachios 30%; plums/prunes 5%; potatoes 15%; pumpkins 20%; soybeans 5%; spinach 5%; squash 15%; strawberries 65%; sugar beets 45%; sweet corn 5%; tangelos 15%; tangerines 10%; tomatoes 25%; walnuts 1%; watermelons 30%; wheat 5%.
In most cases, EPA uses available data from United States Department of Agriculture/National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA/NASS), proprietary market surveys, and the National Pesticide Use Database for the chemical/crop combination for the most recent 6-7 years. EPA uses an average PCT for chronic dietary risk analysis. The average PCT figure for each existing use is derived by combining available public and private market survey data for that use, averaging across all observations, and rounding to the nearest 5%, except for those situations in which the average PCT is less than one. In those cases, 1% is used as the average PCT and 2.5% is used as the maximum PCT. EPA uses a maximum PCT for acute dietary risk analysis. The maximum PCT figure is the highest observed maximum value reported within the recent 6 years of available public and private market survey data for the existing use and rounded up to the nearest multiple of 5%.
The Agency believes that the three conditions discussed in Unit III.C.1.iv. have been met. With respect to condition a, PCT estimates are derived from Federal and private market survey data, which are reliable and have a valid basis. The Agency is reasonably certain that the percentage of the food treated is not likely to be an underestimation. As to conditions b and c, regional consumption information and consumption information for significant subpopulations is taken into account through EPA's computer-based model for evaluating the exposure of significant subpopulations including several regional groups. Use of this consumption information in EPA's risk assessment process ensures that EPA's exposure estimate does not understate exposure for any significant subpopulation group and allows the Agency to be reasonably certain that no regional population is exposed to residue levels higher than those estimated by the Agency. Other than the data available through national food consumption surveys, EPA does not have available reliable information on the regional consumption of food to which pyraclostrobin may be applied in a particular area.
2. Dietary exposure from drinking water. The Agency used screening level water exposure models in the dietary exposure analysis and risk assessment for pyraclostrobin in drinking water. These simulation models take into account data on the physical, chemical, and fate/
transport characteristics of pyraclostrobin. Further information regarding EPA drinking water models used in pesticide exposure assessment can be found at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/index.htm.
Based on the Pesticide Root Zone Model/Exposure Analysis Modeling System (PRZM/EXAMS) and Screening Concentration in Ground Water (SCI-
GROW) models, the estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) of pyraclostrobin for acute exposures are estimated to be 35.6 parts per billion (ppb) for surface water and 0.06 ppb for ground water. Chronic exposures for non-cancer assessments are estimated to be 2.3 ppb for surface water and 0.02 ppb for ground water.
Modeled estimates of drinking water concentrations were directly entered into the dietary exposure model. For acute dietary risk assessment, the water concentration value of 35.6 ppb was used to assess the contribution to drinking water. For chronic dietary risk assessment, the water concentration of value 2.3 ppb was used to assess the contribution to drinking water.
3. From non-dietary exposure. The term ``residential exposure'' is used in this document to refer to non-occupational, non-dietary exposure (e.g., for lawn and garden pest control, indoor pest control, termiticides, and flea and tick control on pets). Pyraclostrobin is currently registered for the following uses and additional proposed uses that could result in residential handler and postapplication exposures: Treated gardens, fruit or nut trees, tomato transplants, and turf. EPA assessed residential exposure using the following assumptions: Short-term adult handler exposures via the dermal and inhalation routes resulting from application of pyraclostrobin to gardens, trees, and turf. Short-term dermal postapplication exposures were assessed for adults, youth 11 to 16 years old, and children 6 to 11 years old. Short-term dermal and incidental oral exposures were assessed for children 1 to Adult short-term aggregate assessment--Residential inhalation exposure from application pyraclostrobin to turf via manually pressurized hand wand or backpack sprayer; residential dermal postapplication exposure via activities on treated turf.
Youth (11-16 years old) short-term aggregate assessment--
Residential dermal exposure from postapplication golfing on treated turf.
Children (6-11 years old) short-term aggregate assessment--Residential dermal exposures from postapplication activities in treated gardens.
Children (1
-
