Pyriproxyfen; Pesticide Tolerances
Federal Register, Volume 81 Issue 34 (Monday, February 22, 2016)
Federal Register Volume 81, Number 34 (Monday, February 22, 2016)
Rules and Regulations
Pages 8658-8663
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office www.gpo.gov
FR Doc No: 2016-03608
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-1012; FRL-9941-38
Pyriproxyfen; Pesticide Tolerances
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This regulation increases the currently established tolerance for residues of pyriproxyfen in or on tea from 0.02 parts per million (ppm) to 15 ppm. Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., c/o Valent U.S.A. Corporation, requested these tolerances under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA).
DATES: This regulation is effective February 22, 2016. Objections and requests for hearings must be received on or before April 22, 2016, and must be filed in accordance with the instructions provided in 40 CFR part 178 (see also Unit I.C. of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION).
ADDRESSES: The docket for this action, identified by docket identification (ID) number EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-1012, is available at http://www.regulations.gov or at the Office of Pesticide Programs Regulatory Public Docket (OPP Docket) in the Environmental Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/DC), West William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., Rm. 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the OPP Docket is (703) 305-5805. Please review the visitor instructions and additional information about the docket available at http://www.epa.gov/dockets.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Susan Lewis, Registration Division (7505P), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001; main telephone number: (703) 305-7090; email address: RDFRNotices@epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
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General Information
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Does this action apply to me?
You may be potentially affected by this action if you are an agricultural producer, food manufacturer, or pesticide manufacturer. The following list of North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide to help readers determine whether this document applies to them. Potentially affected entities may include:
Crop production (NAICS code 111).
Animal production (NAICS code 112).
Food manufacturing (NAICS code 311).
Pesticide manufacturing (NAICS code 32532).
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How can I get electronic access to other related information?
You may access a frequently updated electronic version of EPA's tolerance regulations at 40 CFR part 180 through the Government Printing Office's e-CFR site at http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40tab_02.tpl.
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How can I file an objection or hearing request?
Under FFDCA section 408(g), 21 U.S.C. 346a, any person may file an objection to any aspect of this regulation and may also request a hearing on those objections. You must file your objection or request a hearing on this regulation in accordance with the instructions provided in 40 CFR part 178. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, you must identify docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-1012 in the subject line on the first page of your submission. All objections and requests for a hearing must be in writing, and must be received by the Hearing Clerk on or before April 22, 2016. Addresses for mail and hand delivery of objections and hearing requests are provided in 40 CFR 178.25(b).
In addition to filing an objection or hearing request with the Hearing Clerk as described in 40 CFR part 178, please submit a copy of the filing (excluding any Confidential Business Information (CBI)) for inclusion in the public docket. Information not marked confidential pursuant to 40 CFR part 2 may be disclosed publicly by EPA without prior notice. Submit the non-CBI copy of your objection or hearing request, identified by docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-1012, by one of the following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be CBI or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
Mail: OPP Docket, Environmental Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/DC), (28221T), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001.
Hand Delivery: To make special arrangements for hand delivery or delivery of boxed information, please follow the instructions at http://www.epa.gov/dockets/contacts.html.
Additional instructions on commenting or visiting the docket, along with more information about dockets generally, is available at http://www.epa.gov/dockets.
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Summary of Petitioned-for Tolerance
In the Federal Register of December 2, 2015 (80 FR 75449) (FRL-
9939-55), EPA issued a document pursuant to FFDCA section 408(d)(3), 21 U.S.C. 346a(d)(3), announcing the filing of a pesticide petition (PP #4E8326) by Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., c/o Valent U.S.A. Corporation, 1600 Riviera Avenue, Suite 200, Walnut Creek, CA 94596. The petition requested that 40 CFR 180.510 be amended to increase the currently established tolerance for residues of pyriproxyfen in/on tea from 0.02 ppm to 15.0 parts per million (ppm). That document referenced a summary of the petition prepared by Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., c/o Valent U.S.A. Corporation, the registrant, which is available in the docket, http://www.regulations.gov. There were no substantive comments received in response to the notice of filing.
Based upon review of the data supporting the petition, the petitioned-for tolerance for residues of pyriproxyfen in/on tea (15.0 ppm) must be corrected to 15 ppm, consistent with current practices for setting tolerances. The reason for this change is explained in Unit IV.D.
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Aggregate Risk Assessment and Determination of Safety
Section 408(b)(2)(A)(i) of FFDCA allows EPA to establish a tolerance (the legal limit for a pesticide chemical residue in or on a food) only if EPA determines that the tolerance is ``safe.'' Section 408(b)(2)(A)(ii) of FFDCA defines ``safe'' to mean that ``there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue, including all anticipated dietary exposures and all other exposures for which there is reliable information.'' This includes exposure through drinking water and in residential settings, but does not include occupational exposure. Section 408(b)(2)(C) of FFDCA requires EPA to give special consideration to exposure of infants and children to the pesticide chemical residue in establishing a tolerance and to ``ensure that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue. . . .''
Consistent with FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(D), and the factors specified in FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(D), EPA has reviewed the available scientific data and other relevant information in support of this action. EPA has sufficient data to assess the hazards of and to make a determination on aggregate exposure for pyriproxyfen including exposure resulting from the tolerances established by this action. EPA's assessment of exposures and risks associated with pyriproxyfen follows.
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Toxicological Profile
EPA has evaluated the available toxicity data and considered its validity, completeness, and reliability as well as the relationship of the results of the studies to human risk. EPA has also considered available information concerning the variability of the sensitivities of major identifiable subgroups of consumers, including infants and children.
Pyriproxyfen elicits low acute toxicity by oral, dermal, inhalation, and ocular routes of exposure. Pyriproxyfen is not a skin irritant and was negative in the dermal sensitization study in guinea pigs. Based on repeated dose studies in mice, rats, and dogs the liver, kidney, and hematopoietic system are the primary targets of pyriproxyfen. Neurotoxicity, in the form of reduced motor activity, occurred only at a doses well above those required to elicit toxicity in the liver, kidney, and hematopoietic system indicating the nervous system is not a principle target. There was no evidence of prenatal or postnatal sensitivity or increased susceptibility in developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits, and in a 2-generation reproduction toxicity study in rats. An immunotoxicity study showed no adverse effects on the immune system. No significant systemic toxicity was observed in the 21-day dermal toxicity study in rats. In a 28-day inhalation study, salivation in females and sporadic decreased body weight gains in males was observed at 1 milligram/Liter (mg/L); however, these effects were not considered biologically relevant. There is no evidence for carcinogenicity to humans based on the absence of carcinogenicity in mice and rats. Pyriproxyfen is negative for mutagenic activity in a battery of mutagenicity studies conducted with both the parent and/or metabolites. Specific information on the studies received and the nature of the adverse effects caused by pyriproxyfen as well as the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) and the LOAEL from the toxicity studies can be found at http://www.regulations.gov on pp. 10-18 in the document titled ``Pyriproxyfen. Human Health Risk Assessment for the Petition to Increase the Established Tolerance in/on Tea with a U.S. Registration for Imported Pyriproxyfen-treated Tea.'' in docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-1012.
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Toxicological Points of Departure/Levels of Concern
Once a pesticide's toxicological profile is determined, EPA identifies toxicological points of departure (POD) and levels of concern to use in evaluating the risk posed by human exposure to the pesticide. For hazards that have a threshold below which there is no appreciable risk, the toxicological POD is used as the basis for derivation of reference values for risk assessment.
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PODs are developed based on a careful analysis of the doses in each toxicological study to determine the dose at which no adverse effects are observed (the NOAEL) and the lowest dose at which adverse effects of concern are identified (the LOAEL). Uncertainty/safety factors are used in conjunction with the POD to calculate a safe exposure level--
generally referred to as a population-adjusted dose (PAD) or a reference dose (RfD)--and a safe margin of exposure (MOE). For non-
threshold risks, the Agency assumes that any amount of exposure will lead to some degree of risk. Thus, the Agency estimates risk in terms of the probability of an occurrence of the adverse effect expected in a lifetime. For more information on the general principles EPA uses in risk characterization and a complete description of the risk assessment process, see http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/riskassess.htm.
A summary of the toxicological endpoints for pyriproxyfen used for human risk assessment is shown in Table 1 of this unit.
Table 1--Summary of Toxicological Doses and Endpoints for Pyriproxyfen for Use in Human Health Risk Assessment
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Point of departure and
Exposure/Scenario uncertainty/safety RfD, PAD, LOC for risk Study and toxicological
factors assessment effects
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Acute dietary (All populations).... An appropriate endpoint attributable to a single oral dose was not
identified in the toxicology database, including the developmental and
reproduction toxicity studies.
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Chronic dietary (All NOAEL = 35.1 mg/kg/day Chronic RfD = 0.35 mg/ Subchronic (41321716) and
populations).\1\ UFA = 10x............. kg/day. chronic (43210503)--rat
UFH = 10x............. cPAD = 0.35 mg/kg/day. (co-critical). LOAEL =
FQPA SF = 1x.......... 141.28 mg/kg/day based on
decreased body weight and
body weight gain, anemia,
and increased relative
liver weight with elevated
cholesterol and
phospholipid levels.
Incidental oral short-term (1-30 NOAEL = 100 mg/kg/day. LOC for MOE = 100..... Rat developmental toxicity
days). UFA = 10x............. (44985002). Maternal LOAEL
UFH = 10x............. = 300 mg/kg/day based on
decreased body weight,
body weight gain, and food
consumption, and increased
water consumption.
Incidental oral intermediate-term NOAEL = 35.1 mg/kg/day LOC for MOE = 100..... Subchronic (41321716) and
(1-6 months).\1\ UFA = 10x............. chronic (43210503)--rat
UFH = 10x............. (co-critical). LOAEL =
141.28 mg/kg/day based on
decreased body weight and
body weight gain, anemia,
and increased relative
liver weight with elevated
cholesterol and
phospholipid levels.
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Dermal short- and intermediate-term Based on the systemic toxicity NOAEL of 1,000 mg/kg/day (limit dose) in the
(1-30 days and 1-6 months). 21 day dermal toxicity study in rats, quantification of dermal risks is
not required. In addition, no developmental concerns (toxicity) were seen
in either rats or rabbits.
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Dermal long-term (6 months- NOAEL = 35.1 mg/kg/day LOC for MOE = 100..... Subchronic (41321716) and
lifetime).\1\ DAF = 30% \2\......... chronic (43210503)--rat
UFA = 10x............. (co-critical). LOAEL =
UFH = 10x............. 141.28 mg/kg/day based on
decreased body weight and
body weight gain, anemia,
and increased relative
liver weight with elevated
cholesterol and
phospholipid levels.
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Inhalation short- and intermediate- Based on the absence of biologically relevant toxicity at 1.0 mg/L, the
term (1-30 days and 1-6 months). quantification of inhalation risks is not required. In addition, no
developmental concerns (toxicity) were seen in either rats or rabbits.
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Inhalation long-term (6 months- NOAEL = 35.1 mg/kg/day LOC for MOE = 100..... Subchronic (41321716) and
lifetime).\1\ UFA = 10x............. chronic (43210503)--rat
UFH = 10x............. (co-critical). LOAEL =
141.28 mg/kg/day based on
decreased body weight and
body weight gain, anemia,
and increased relative
liver weight with elevated
cholesterol and
phospholipid levels.
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Cancer (Oral, dermal, inhalation).. No evidence of carcinogenicity in mice and rats (TXR 0012966).
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Point of Departure (POD) = A data point or an estimated point that is derived from observed dose-response data
and used to mark the beginning of extrapolation to determine risk associated with lower environmentally
relevant human exposures. NOAEL = no observed adverse effect level. LOAEL = lowest observed adverse effect
level. UF = uncertainty factor. UFA = extrapolation from animal to human (interspecies). UFH = potential
variation in sensitivity among members of the human population (intraspecies). DAF = dermal absorption factor.
\1\ The NOAEL and LOAEL for the co-critical studies were based on the female endpoints from the chronic and sub-
chronic rat studies, respectively. Females demonstrated greater or equivalent sensitivity to oral pyriproxyfen
exposure relative to males; therefore, selection of two female endpoints accounted for effects observed in the
males and preserved consistency between the NOAEL and LOAEL.
\2\ DAF estimated by comparing the rat developmental LOAEL of 300 mg/kg/day to the 21-day rat dermal study NOAEL
of 1,000 mg/kg/day (No NOAEL) = 300/1,000 = 30%.
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Exposure Assessment
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Dietary exposure from food and feed uses. In evaluating dietary exposure to pyriproxyfen, EPA considered exposure under the petitioned-
for tolerances as well as all existing pyriproxyfen tolerances in 40 CFR 180.510. EPA assessed dietary exposures from pyriproxyfen in food as follows:
i. Acute exposure. Quantitative acute dietary exposure and risk assessments are performed for a food-use pesticide, if a toxicological study has indicated the possibility of an effect of concern occurring as a result of a 1-day or single exposure.
No such effects were identified in the toxicological studies for pyriproxyfen; therefore, a quantitative acute dietary exposure assessment is unnecessary.
ii. Chronic exposure. In conducting the chronic dietary exposure assessment EPA used the food consumption data from the USDA 2003-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, What We Eat in America (NHANES/WWEIA). As to residue levels in food, EPA assumed 100 percent crop treated (PCT) and tolerance-level residues.
iii. Cancer. Based on the data summarized in Unit III.A., EPA has concluded that pyriproxyfen does not pose a cancer risk to humans. Therefore, a dietary exposure assessment for the purpose of assessing cancer risk is unnecessary.
iv. Anticipated residue and percent crop treated (PCT) information. EPA did not use anticipated residue and/or PCT information in the dietary assessment for pyriproxyfen. Tolerance-level residues and/or 100 PCT were assumed for all food commodities.
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Dietary exposure from drinking water. The Agency used screening-
level water exposure models in the dietary exposure analysis and risk assessment for pyriproxyfen in drinking water. These simulation models take into account data on the physical, chemical, and fate/transport characteristics of pyriproxyfen. Further information regarding EPA drinking water models used in pesticide exposure assessment can be found at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/index.htm.
Based on the Tier 1 Rice Model and the Generic Estimated Exposure Concentration (GENEEC) model the estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) of pyriproxyfen for chronic exposure assessments are estimated to be 2.98 parts per billion (ppb) for surface water and 0.006 ppb for ground water.
Modeled estimates of drinking water concentrations were directly entered into the dietary exposure model. For chronic dietary risk assessment, the water concentration of value 2.98 ppb was used to assess the contribution to drinking water.
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From non-dietary exposure. The term ``residential exposure'' is used in this document to refer to nonoccupational, non-dietary exposure (e.g., for lawn and garden pest control, indoor pest control, termiticides, and flea and tick control on pets).
Pyriproxyfen is currently registered for flea and tick control (home environment and pet treatments) as well as products for ant and roach control (indoor and outdoor applications). Formulations include carpet powders, foggers, aerosol sprays, liquids (shampoos, sprays, and pipettes for pet treatments), granules, bait (indoor and outdoor), and impregnated materials (pet collars). EPA assessed residential exposure using the following assumptions: Although there is the potential for short-term residential handler dermal and inhalation exposure as well as short or intermediate-term post-application exposure from the registered uses of pyriproxyfen, there are no short or intermediate-
term dermal or inhalation PODs and quantitative assessments were not conducted.
Based on the registered use patterns, the following post-
application scenarios were assessed: Short- and intermediate-term hand-
to-mouth exposures for 1 to
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