Endangered and threatened species: Abutilon sandwicense, etc. (99 plant species from Oahu, HI),

[Federal Register: May 28, 2002 (Volume 67, Number 102)]

[Proposed Rules]

[Page37107-37156]

From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]

[DOCID:fr28my02-26]

[[Page37107]]

Part III

Department of the Interior

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AI24

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule concerning designation of critical habitat.

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose critical habitat for 99 of the 101 plant species known historically from the island of Oahu that are listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.

Critical habitat is not proposed for two species, Pritchardia kaalae and Cyrtandra crenata. We propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent for Pritchardia kaalae because it would likely increase the threat from vandalism or collection of this species on Oahu. Critical habitat is not proposed for Cyrtandra crenata, a species known only from Oahu, and for which we propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent because it has not been seen recently in the wild and no viable genetic material of this species is known to exist.

We propose critical habitat designations for 99 species within 25 critical habitat units totaling approximately 45,067 hectares (111,364 acres) on the island of Oahu.

If this proposal is made final, section 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that actions they carry out, fund, or authorize do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the extent that the action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat for the survival and recovery of the species. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.

We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the designations. We may revise or further refine critical habitat boundaries prior to final designation based on habitat and plant surveys, public comment on the proposed critical habitat rule, and new scientific and commercial information.

DATES: We will accept comments until July 29, 2002. Public hearing requests must be received by July 12, 2002.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:

1. You may submit written comments and information to the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

2. You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office at the address given above.

3. You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to: FW1PIE-- Oahu--crithab@r1.fws.gov. See the Public Comments Solicited section in Supplementary Information below for file format and other information about electronic filing.

You may view comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/541-3441; facsimile: 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there are 101 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported from the island of Oahu. Fifty-six of these species are endemic to Oahu, while 45 species are reported from one or more other islands, as well as Oahu (Table 1).

Table 1.--Summary of Island Distribution of 101 Species From Oahu

Island distribution

Species

NW Islands, Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Lanai

Maui

Hawaii Kahoolawe, Niihau

Abutilon sandwicense (No common name)................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern)...............

C

H

C

H

H

C ............ Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe).........................

C

C

C ............

C ............ ............ Alsinidendron obovatum (No common name)............... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Alsinidendron trinerve (No common name)............... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Bonamia menziesii (No common name)....................

C

C

H

C

C

C ............ Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano)................... ............

C ............

H

C ............ NW (H) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi).........................

C

C

H

C

C ............ ............ Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (akoko).......... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Chamaesyce deppeana (akoko)........................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Chamaesyce herbstii................................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Chamaesyce kuwaleana (akoko).......................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Chamaesyce rockii (akoko)............................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila)...................... ............

C ............ ............

C

C ............ Colubrina squamigera (pauoa).......................... ............

C ............ ............

C

C ............ Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)...........................

H

C

C

C

C

H ............ Cyanea acuminata (haha)............................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyanea crispa (haha).................................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha).............. ............

C

C

C

C ............ ............ Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (haha).................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............

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Cyanea humboltiana (haha)............................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyanea kolauensis (haha).............................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyanea longiflora (haha).............................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyanea pinnatifida (haha)............................. ............

H ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyanea st.-johnii (haha).............................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyanea superba (haha)................................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyanea truncata (haha)................................ ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa)........................

C

C

H

H ............ ............ Ni (H) Cyrtandra crenata (haiwale)........................... ............

H ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyrtandra dentata (haiwale)........................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyrtandra polyantha (haiwale)......................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyrtandra subumbellata (haiwale)...................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Cyrtandra viridiflora (haiwale)....................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Delissea subcordata (No common name).................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Diellia erecta (No common name).......................

H

C

C

H

C

C ............ Diellia falcata (No common name)...................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Diellia unisora (No common name)...................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Diplazium molokaiense (No common name)................

H

H

H

H

C ............ ............ Dubautia herbstobatae (naenae)........................ ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Eragrostis fostergii (No common name)................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Eugenia koolauensis (nioi)............................ ............

C

H ............ ............ ............ ............ Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko).........................

C

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)......................

C

C

H ............

C

C ............ Gardenia mannii (nanu)................................ ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Gouania meyenii (No common name)......................

C

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Gouania vitifolia (No common name).................... ............

C ............ ............

H

C ............ Hedyotis coriacea (kioele)............................ ............

H ............ ............

C

C ............ Hedyotis degeneri (No common name).................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Hedyotis parvula (No common name)..................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Hesperomannia arborescens (No common name)............ ............

C

C

H

C ............ ............ Hesperomannia arbuscula (No common name).............. ............

C ............ ............

C ............ ............ Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele).................

R

C

H

C

C

C ............ Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka)......................

C

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka)......................

C

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)............. ............

H

H

H

H

C Ni (H) Labordia cyrtandrae (kamakahala)...................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Lepidium arbuscula (anaunau).......................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla (nehe)............. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Lipochaeta tenuifolia (nehe).......................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (No common name) ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Lobelia monostachya (No common name).................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Lobelia niihauensis (No common name)..................

C

C ............ ............ ............ ............ Ni (H) Lobelia oahuensis (No common name).................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Lysimachia filifolia (No common name).................

C

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Mariscus pennatiformis (No common name)...............

H

H ............ ............

C

H

NW (C) Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi)............................ ............

C

C ............ ............ ............ Ni (H) Melicope lydgatei (alani)............................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Melicope pallida (alani)..............................

C

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Melicope saint-johnii (alani)......................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Myrsine juddii (kolea)................................ ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Neraudia angulata (No common name).................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Nototrichium humile (kului)........................... ............

C ............ ............

H ............ ............ Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)........................

C

C

C ............

C ............ ............ Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole)......................

H

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Phyllostegia hirsuta (No common name)................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Phyllostegia kaalaensis (No common name).............. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Phyllostegia mollis (No common name).................. ............

C

H ............

C ............ ............ Phyllostegia parviflora (No common name).............. ............

C ............ ............

H

H ............ Plantago princeps (laukahi kauhiwi)...................

C

C

C ............

C

H ............

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Platanthera holochila (No common name)................

C

H

C ............

C ............ ............ Pritichardia kaalae (loulu)........................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Pteris lidgatei (No common name)...................... ............

C

H ............

C ............ ............ Sanicula mariversa (No common name)................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Sanicula purpurea (No common name).................... ............

C ............ ............

C ............ ............ Schiedea hookeri (No common name)..................... ............

C ............ ............

H ............ ............ Schiedea kaalae (No common name)...................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Schiedea kealia (No common name)...................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Schiedea nuttallii (No common name)...................

C

C

C ............

H ............ ............ Sesbania tomentosa (ohai).............................

C

C

C

H

C

C Ni (H), Ka (C), NW (C) Silene lanceolata (No common name)....................

H

C

C

H ............

C ............ Silene perlmanii (No common name)..................... ............

H ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, popolo)...............

C

H ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Spermolepis hawaiiensis (No common name)..............

C

C

C

C

C

C ............ Stenogyne kanehoana (No common name).................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Tetramolopium filiforme (No common name).............. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (No common ............

C ............

H ............ ............ ............ name)................................................ Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (oheohe).................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Trematalobelia singularis (No common name)............ ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Urera kaalae (opuhe).................................. ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Vigna o-wahuensis (No common name).................... ............

H

C

C

C

C Ni (H), Ka (C) Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana (olopu)........ ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Viola oahuesis (No common name)....................... ............

C ............ ............ ............ ............ ............

KEY: C (Current)--population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)--population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)--reported from undocumented observations. NW--NW Hawaiian Islands. Ka--Kahoolawe. Ni--Niihau.

We have reconsidered our findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for these 56 federally protected plants from the island of Oahu is prudent. In this proposal, we are proposing that critical habitat is prudent for 54 of these species (Abutilon sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis) because the potential benefits of designating critical habitat essential for the conservation of these species outweigh the risk that may result from human activity because of critical habitat designation.

We propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent for Pritchardia kaalae because it would likely increase the threat from vandalism or collection of this species of loulu palm on Oahu. We propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent for Cyrtandra crenata, a species known only from Oahu that has not been seen recently in the wild and for which no viable genetic material is known to exist.

Proposed prudency determinations for 45 other species (Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea,

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Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis) which are reported from Oahu as well as Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, and/or the island of Hawaii were published in the proposed rules published on November 7, 2000, and January 28, 2000 (Kauai and Niihau, 65 FR 66808 and 67 FR 3939); on December 18, 2000 and April 3, 2002 (Maui and Kahoolawe 65 FR 79192 and 67 FR 15856); on December 27, 2000 and March 4, 2002 (Lanai 65 FR 82086 and 67 FR 9806); on December 29, 2000 and April 5, 2002 (Molokai 65 FR 83158 and 67 FR 16492); on May 14, 2002 (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 67 FR 34522), or elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register (Hawaii Island).

Critical habitat for 99 of these 101 species from Oahu is proposed at this time. Critical habitat is not proposed for two species, Pritchardia kaalae and Crytandra crenata, for which we determine that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for the reasons described above.

The Island of Oahu

The island of Oahu was formed from the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the younger Koolau volcano to the east and the older Waianae volcano to the west (60 FR 51398; Service 1995a, 1996b). Their original shield volcano shape has been lost as a result of extensive erosion, and today these volcanoes are called mountains or ranges, and consist of long, narrow ridges. The Koolau Mountains were built by eruptions that took place primarily along a northwest-trending rift zone and formed a range now approximately 60 kilometers (km) (37 miles (mi)) long (Service 1996b). Median annual rainfall for the Koolau Mountains varies from 100 to 710 centimeters (cm) (40 to 280 inches (in)), most of which is received at higher elevations along the entire length of the windward (northeastern) side (Service 1996b).

The Waianae Mountains were built by eruptions that took place primarily along three rift zones. The two principal rift zones run in a northwestward and south-southeastward direction from the summit, and a lesser one runs to the northeast. The range is approximately 32 km (20 mi) long. The caldera lies between the north side of Makaha Valley and the head of Nanakuli Valley (MacDonald et al. 1983). The Waianae Mountains are in the rain shadow of the parallel Koolau Mountains and receive much less rainfall, except for Mt. Kaala, the highest point on Oahu at 1,225 meters (m) (4,020 feet (ft)) (Wagner et al. 1999). The median annual rainfall for the Waianae Mountains varies from 51 to 19 cm (20 to 75 in), with only the small summit area of Mt. Kaala receiving the highest amount (Service 1995a).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Oahu

Abutilon sandwicense (No Common Name (NCN))

Abutilon sandwicense, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub that grows to 3 m (5 ft) tall and is covered with short glandular hairs. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the green or reddish-brown tipped petals which extend beyond the sepals (Bates 1999).

Abutilon sandwicense has been observed flowering in winter and spring. By summer, most plants have flowered and the fruits have usually dried up by fall. Fruit capsules develop within 6 weeks. Although seedlings are often initially abundant, few plants appear to survive to maturity for unknown reasons (56 FR 55770).

Historically, Abutilon sandwicense was known from nearly the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli Valley. This species is now known from Huliwai Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, Kaimuhole Gulch, Palikea Gulch, Makaha Valley, Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Makaleha Valley, Manuwai Gulch, Halona subdistrict, Mikilua subdistrict, Alaiheihe Gulch, and Nanakuli Valley on Federal, State, private, city, and county lands. The 16 known populations contain an estimated 253 to 263 individuals (Hawaii Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2001; Bates 1999).

Abutilon sandwicense typically grows on steep slopes or gulches in dry to mesic lowland forest between 149 and 875 m (489 and 2,870 ft) elevation. Associated species include Sapindus oahuensis (lonomea), Eugenia reinwardtiana (nioi), Hibiscus arnottianus (kokio keokeo), Psydrax odorata (alahee), Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), Antidesma pulvinatum (hame), Pittosporum sp. (hoawa), Pleomele sp. (hala pepe), Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao), Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Pisonia sp. (papala kepau), Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia), Pipturus albidus (mamaki), and Elaeocarpus bifidus (kalia) (Bates 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Environmental Division of the U.S. Army (EDA), in litt. 2001).

The major threats to Abutilon sandwicense are competition from the alien plant species Pimenta dioica (allspice), Hyptis pectinata (Comb hyptis), Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmasberry), Syzygium cumini (Java plum), Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), Ipomoea sp. (morning glory), Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), Ficus microcarpa (Chinese banyan), Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), Psidium guajava (guava), Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), Oplismenus hirtellus (basketgrass), Ageratina riparia (haumakua pamakani), Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), Toona ciliata (Australian red cedar), Grevillea robusta (silk oak), Montanoa hibiscifolia (tree daisy), Aleurites moloccana (kuku i), Rivina humilis (coral berry), Panicum maximum (Guinea grass), Melia azedarach (chinaberry), and Passiflora suberosa (huehue haole); fire; black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus); Chinese rose beetle (Adoretus sinicus); feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra hircus); and trampling by feral cattle (Bos taurus) (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Alsinidendron obovatum (NCN)

Alsinidendron obovatum, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a branching subshrub growing to 3 ft (1 m) tall with thick, somewhat fleshy leaves. This species and Alsinidendron trinerve can be distinguished from other members of the genus by their shrubby habit and fleshy purple sepals surrounding the capsule (Wagner et al. 1999).

Alsinidendron obovatum generally flowers after about 2 years of growth. Plants flower and fruit year round, but flowering is usually heavier in winter and spring depending on the level of precipitation. Plants survive 3 to 6 years, unless there are drought conditions (56 FR 55770).

Historically, Alsinidendron obovatum was known from the northern and

[[Page37112]]

southern end of the Waianae Range. This species remains in Keawapilau Gulch, Kahanakaiki Gulch, Makaleha, Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole Gulch on Federal and State lands. The five known populations contain about 8 to 10 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001;Wagner et al. 1999).

Alsinidendron obovatum typically grows on ridges and slopes in lowland diverse mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa (koa) and Metrosideros polymorpha between 476 and 943 m (1,561 and 3,093 ft) elevation. Associated species include Bidens torta (kookoolau), Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu), Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Pipturu sp. (mamaki), Machaerina sp. (uki), Peperomia sp. (ala ala wai nui), Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), Ilex anomala (kawau), Psydrax odorata, Coprosma sp. (pilo), Alyxia oliviformis (maile), or the endangered cyanea lingiflora (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The major threats to Alsinidendron obovatum are competition from the aggressive alien plant species Melinus minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Blechnum occidentale (NCN), Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Stachytarpheta dichotoma (owi), Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), and Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry); habitat degradation by feral pigs; trampling by humans; rockslides, and the small number of populations (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Alsinidendron trinerve (NCN)

Alsinidendron trinerve, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is very similar in appearance to A. obovatum but differs in that it has a more open inflorescence (flowering part of plant) with peduncles (stalk of a flower) more than 2 cm (0.8 in) long, sepals (leaves of the outer series floral leaves, i.e., calyx) with an acute tip, and usually is found in wet forests above 914 m (3,000 ft) in elevation. Alsinidendron obovatum has a congested inflorescence with peduncles less than 2 cm (0.8 in) long, sepals with a rounded tip, and usually grows in mesic forests 550 to 792 m (1,800 to 2,600 ft) in elevation (Wagner et al. 1999).

Alsinidendron trinerve flowers and fruits throughout the year with the possible exception of fall (56 FR 55770).

Historically, Alsinidendron trinerve was known from the north- central and southern Waianae Mountains. This species is known to be in Makaleha Gulch, on Mt. Kaala and Puu Kalena on Federal and State lands. The three known populations total between 18 and 34 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Alsinidendron trinerve typically grows on slopes in wet forest or the wetter portions of diverse mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and Ilex anomala or Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest between 833 and 1,233 m (2,732 and 4,044 ft) elevation. Associated species include Machaerina sp., Hedyotis sp. (NCN), Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Athyrium sandwichianum (akolea), Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Vaccinium sp. (ohelo), Phyllostegia sp. (NCN), Coprosma ochracea (pilo), Gunnera sp. (apeape), Nothoperanema rubiginosa, or Pipturus albidus (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).

The major threats to Alsinidendron trinerve are competition from the aggressive alien plant species Rubus argutus, Buddleia asiatica (butterfly bush), Clidemia hirta, and Kalanchoe pinnata; habitat degradation by feral pigs; trampling by humans along trails; and the small number of extant individuals (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (akoko)

Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a low-growing or upright shrub to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall with milky sap and leaves which fall off during the dry season, are mostly hairless and are arranged in two opposite rows along the stem. This species is distinguished from other members of the genus in the area in which it grows in that it is a woody shrub; the other members of the genus in the area are herbs or small subshrubs (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana has been observed flowering and fruiting throughout the year, probably in response to precipitation. Fruits mature in three to four weeks and plants live from five to ten years. No additional information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements or limiting factors (56 FR 55770).

Historically, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana was known from the northwestern end of the Waianae Mountains as well as from one collection from the southeastern end of the Koolau Mountains. This taxon remains at Kaena Point, Keawaula, Alau Gulch, Waianae Kai, and Kahanahaiki on State land and land under Federal jurisdiction. The 13 known populations contain 569 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana typically grows in coastal dry shrubland on windward talus slopes, leeward rocky cliffs, open grassy slopes, or on vegetated cliff faces between sea level and 862 m (0 and 2,827 ft) elevation. Associated species include: Lipochaeta lobata (nehe), Myoporum sandwicense (naio), Heteropogon contus (pili grass), Santalum sp.(ili ahi), Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), Psydrax odorata, Boerhavia sp. (alena), Waltheria indica (uhaloa), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Artemisia australis (ahinahina), Psilotum nudum (moa), Chamaesyce celastroides var. amplectans (akoko), Gossypium tomentosum (mao), Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis (pauohiiaka), Santalum freycinetianum (iliahi), or Sida fallax (ilima) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The major threats to Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana are competition from the alien plant species Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis repens (natal redtop), Schinus terebinthifolius, Pluchea symphytitfolia (sourbush), Hyptis pectinata, Panicum maximum, Grevillea robusta, and Acacia confusa (Formosakoa); fire; and effects of recreational activities (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce deppeana (Akoko)

Chamaesyce deppeana, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an erect subshrub up to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall with fuzzy branches. The hairless leaves, generally oval-shaped and often notched at their tips, are between 5 and 20 millimeter (mm) (0.2 and 0.8 in) long and 5 and 12 mm (0.2 and 0.5 in) wide; they are arranged in two opposite rows along the stem. The leaf margins are usually toothed. The small, petalless flower clusters, 1.5 to 3 mm (0.06 to 0.1 in) wide, are borne singly in the leaf axils (point between the stem and leaf stalk) and produce small capsules about 2 mm (0.1 in) long. Seeds have not been observed. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the following combination of characters leaves arranged in two rows on opposite sides of the branches, leaves glabrous, leaf apex notched, leaf margin toothed, and cyathia width (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce deppeana has been observed in flower in May and September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

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Historically, Chamaesyce deppeana was known only from southern Oahu. Because the few collections that were made were collected prior to the 20th century, it was thought to be extinct. In 1986, Joel Lau and Sam Gon of The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) rediscovered C. deppeana on State land in the southern Koolau Mountains of Oahu in Nuuanu Pali Wayside State Park near the Pali Lookout, a popular tourist attraction. About 50 individuals grow near there (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999).

The habitat of the only known population of Chamaesyce deppeana is windward-facing ridge crests, cliff faces and mixed native cliffs with such plant species as Metrosideros polymorpha or Bidens sandvicensis (kookoolau) between 274 and 661 m (899 and 2,168 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to the single known population of Chamaesyce deppeana are competition for water, space, light, and nutrients with the alien plant species Casuarina equisetifolia (common ironwood), Paspalum conjugatum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; and extinction due to naturally caused events because of the limited number of individuals and restricted range. Fire and impact by humans threaten the species as well (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Chamaesyce herbstii (Akoko)

Chamaesyce herbstii, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small tree ranging from 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall with thin, leathery leaves arranged in pairs on the same plane. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the flowering stalk and the color of the angular fruits (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce herbstii has been observed in flower year-round in January, May, July, September, and October (Service 1998b).

Historically, Chamaesyce herbstii was known from scattered populations in the northern and central Waianae Mountains on the island of Oahu. Currently, this species is known from four populations with between 162 and 164 individuals in the central and northern Waianae Mountains--South Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole (Kukuiula) Gulch, Kapuna Gulch, and West Makaleha-Central Makaleha. These populations are found on private and State lands (HINHP Database 2001; Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2001).

Chamaesyce herbstii typically grows in shaded gulch bottoms and slopes in mesic Acacia koa/Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forests or diverse mesic forests at elevations between 435 and 886 m (1,427 and 2,906 ft). Associated plant species include Xylosma sp. (maua), Pteralyxia sp. (kaulu), Morinda trimera (noni), Hedyotis sp., Coprosma sp., Pipturis albidus, Diplazium sandwichianum (hoio), Antidesma platyphyllum, Hibiscus arnottianus var. arnottianus (kokio keokeo), Melicope sp. (alani), Pouteria sandwicense (alaa), or Urera glabra (opuhe) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The primary threats to Chamaesyce herbstii are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with alien plant species such as Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as hurricanes) and/ or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce kuwaleana (Akoko)

Chamaesyce kuwaleana, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an erect shrub 20 to 90 cm (8 to 36 in) tall with leaves arranged in two rows along the stem. This species is distinguished from other species of the genus in its habitat by its stalked, oval to rounded leaves with untoothed margins, and the bent stalk supporting the small capsule (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce kuwaleana bear fruits in spring and early summer and is usually done fruiting by fall. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (56 FR 55770).

Historically, Chamaesyce kuwaleana was known from the central Waianae Mountains and Moku Manu Island off the eastern coast of Oahu. This species is currently known only from Kauaopuu Peak, Mauna Kuwale, Waianae Kai-Lualualei Ridge, Puu Kailio, and Kauaopuu in the Waianae Mountains, on Federal and State lands. The four populations contain around 2,001 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999; GDSI 2001).

Chamaesyce kuwaleana typically grows in thin guano soil on basaltic rock, on arid, exposed volcanic cliffs, on dry or mesic rocky ridges, or on sparsely vegetated slopes between sea level and 596 m (0 to 1,955 ft) elevation. Associated species include Heteropogon contortus, Bidens sp. (kookoolau), Artemisia sp. (hinahina), Plectranthus parviflorus (ala ala wai nui), Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Schiedea sp. (NCN), Carex sp. (NCN), Sida fallax, or Dodonaea viscosa (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999; Service 1998b).

The major threats to Chamaesyce kuwaleana are competition from the alien plant species Leucaena leucocephala, Opuntia sp. (prickly pear), Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass), Schinus terebinthifolius, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Melinis repens; fire; two-spotted leafhoppers (Saphonia rufofascia); and the small number of populations (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Chamaesyce rockii (Akoko)

Chamaesyce rockii, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is usually a compact shrub or sometimes a small tree typically ranging from 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall, but in protected sites it has been known to reach 4 m (13 ft) in height. This species differs from others in the genus in that it has large, red, capsular fruit (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce rockii has been observed fruiting in February. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce rockii was known historically from scattered populations along the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu. Today, 16 populations are located in Waikakalaua Gulch, Kaukonahua-Kahana summit area, Punaluu-Kaluanui, Peahinaia Trail Laie-Kaipapau-Kawai Nui junction area, Puu Keahiakahoe, Halawa Trail, summit ridge between Aiea Ridge Trail and Waimano Trail, Ewa Forest Reserve, Halemano Gulch, Kawaiiki- Opaeula Ridge, Puu Kainapuaa, Kawai Iki Stream, Maakua Gulch, and Kaipapau-Loloa Ridge, on State, Federal, and private lands. Currently the total number of plants is estimated to be between 641 and 773 plants (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Chamaesyce rockii typically grows on gulch slopes, gulch bottoms, and ridge crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe) forest and shrubland between 208 and 871 m (682 and 2,857 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include Bidens sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Hedyotis terminalis, Psychotria spp. (kopiko), Melicope spp., Coprosma longifolia (pilo), Diplopterygium pinnatum (uluhe lau nui), Cibotium sp. (hapuu),

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Broussaisia arguta, Dubautia laxa (naenae pua melemele), Machaerina sp., Psychotria fauriei (kopiko), Wikstroemia sp. (akia), or the endangered species Myrsine juddii (kolea) (HINHP Database 2001).

The primary threats to Chamaesyce rockii are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; trail clearing; potential impacts from military activities; and competition with alien plant species such as Paspalum conjugatum, Pterolepis glomerata (NCN), Leptospermum scoparium (tea tree), Psidium cattleianum, and Clidemia hirta (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea acuminata (Haha)

Cyanea acuminata, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 6.6 ft) tall with inversely lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped or elliptic leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the color of the petals and fruit and length of the calyx lobes, flowering stalk, and leaf stalks (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea acuminata has been observed fruiting in February and November. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Cyanea acuminata was known from 31 scattered populations in the Ko olau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, fewer than 200 plants are known from 22 populations on private, city, county, State, and Federal lands on Puu o Kona, near South Kaukonahua Stream, in Halemano Gulch, Kawai Iki Gulch, near Poamoho Stream, on Schofield-Wai Kane Trail, Helemano-Punaluu summit ridge, Konahuanui, in Kamana Nui Valley, Pukele, in Makaua Gulch, on Niu-Waimanalo summit ridge, Waahila Ridge, Kaipapau, Puu Keahia Kahoe, Kaala, Kaluanui, Pia Gulch, Makaleha, and Maakua Gulch (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyanea acuminata typically grows on slopes, ridges, or stream banks between 216 and 1,208 m (708 and 3,962 ft) elevation. The plants are found in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis, Acacia koa- Metrosideros polymorpha wet or mesic forest or shrubland, or Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest with one or more of the following associated native species Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), Charpentiera sp. (papala), Cyrtandra spp. (hai wale), Antidesma sp. (hame), Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Athyrium sandwichianum, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Melicope spp., Thelypteris sandwicensis (palapalaia), Hedyotis centranthoides (NCN), Broussaisia argutus, Pipturus albidus, Labordia sp. (kamakahala), Chamaesyce sp., Pisonia sp., Touchardia latifolia (olona), Machaerina sp., Sadleria sp. (amau), Wikstroemia sp., Dubautia laxa, Ilex anomala, Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia ha), or Phyllostegia sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to Cyanea acuminata are habitat degradation and/ or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; potential predation by rats (Rattus rattus); competition with the alien plant species Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline fruticosa (ti), Schinus terebinthifolius, Musa sp., (banana), Passiflora suberosa, Dioscorea sp. (yam), Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), Rubus argutus, Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, and Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea crispa (Haha)

Cyanea crispa, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with leaves clustered at the ends of succulent stems. The broad oval leaves, 30 to 75 cm (12 to 30 in) long and 9 to 16 cm (3.5 to 6.3 in) wide, have undulating, smooth or toothed leaf margins. Each leaf is on a stalk 0.8 to 4 cm (0.3 to 1.6 in) long. Clusters of three to eight fuzzy flowers grow on stalks 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 in) long, with each flower borne on a stalk 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long. The calyx lobes are oval or oblong, 6 to 12 mm (0.2 to 0.5 in) long, and often overlapping at their base. The fused petals, 4 to 6 cm (1.6 to 2.4 in) long and fuzzy, are pale magenta with darker longitudinal stripes. The fruits are spherical berries 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, that contain many minute, dark seeds. Cyanea crispa is distinguished from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its leaf shape, distinct calyx lobes, and the length of the flowers and stalks of flower clusters (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea crispa was observed in flower in April 1930. It was more recently observed fruiting in June and September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Historically, Cyanea crispa was known from scattered locations throughout the upper elevations of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu from Kaipapau Valley to the north to Waialae Iki Ridge to the southeast. This species is now known from Federal, State, city, county, and private lands in Hidden Valley, Palolo Valley, Kapakahi Gulch, Moanalua Valley, Wailupe, Koolau Summit Trail, Kawaipapa Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Kaipapa Gulch, Maunawili, and Pia Valley. There are a total of 11 locations containing a total of 56 individual plants (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyanea crispa is found in habitats ranging from steep, open mesic forests to gentle slopes or moist gullies of closed wet forests and streambanks, at elevations between 56 and 959 m (184 and 3,146 ft ). Associated plant species include Diospyros sp. (lama), Pipturus albidus, Cibotium chamissoi, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Broussaisia argutus, Dubautia sp. (naenae), Psychotria sp., Thelypteris cyatheoides (palapalai), Antidesma platyphylla, Cyrtandra spp., Pisonia umbellifera (papala kepau), or Touchardia latifolia (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The major threats to Cyanea crispa are habitat alteration and predation by feral pigs; competition with the alien plant species Zingiber zerumbet (awapuhi), Setaria palmifolia (palm grass), Arthrostema ciliatum (NCN), Psidium guajava, Pterolepis glomerata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), Clidemia hirta, and Psidium cattleianum; and extinction due to naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals, their limited gene pool, and restricted distribution (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (Haha)

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, usually unbranched, growing from 1 to 3.2 m (3.3 to 10.5 ft) tall with wide, deeply lobed leaves. This subspecies can be distinguished from the other two by its short, narrow, calyx lobes which are not fused or overlapping (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae flowers and fruits year round, depending on rainfall. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental

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requirements, or limiting factors (59 FR 32932).

Historically, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae was known from the southern Waianae Mountains from Puu Hapapa to Kaaikukai. This taxon is known to be extant in Kaluaa Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, North Palawai Gulch, and Pahole Gulch. The populations are on State and private lands. A total of six populations are known which contain 16 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; GDSI 2000).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae typically grows on steep, moist, shaded slopes in diverse mesic to wet lowland forests between 404 and 1,075 m (1,325 and 3,528 ft) elevation. Associated species include Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi (kopiko), Streblus pendulinus (aiai), Perrottetia sandwicensis, Dubautia sp., Rumex sp. (sorrel), Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., Nothocestrum sp. (aiea), Dryopteris unidentata (NCN), Freycinetia arborea, Cibotium chamissoi, Myrsine lessertiana (kolea lau nui), Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis acuminata (au), Selaginella arbuscula (lepelepe a moa), Charpentiera obovata (papala), Cyrtandra waianaeensis (hai wale), Pipturus albidus, Claoxylon sandwicense (poola), Pisonia umbellifera, Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Antidesma platyphyllum, Diplazium sandwichianum, or Cyanea membranacea (haha) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition from alien plant species such as Buddleia asiatica, Passiflora suberosa, Blechnum occidentale, Thelypteris parasitica (NCN), Psidium cattleianum, Aleurites moluccana, Toona ciliata, Setaria palmifolia, Rubus rosifolius, Lantana camara (lantana), Myrica faya (firetree), Ageratina riparia, Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta, and Schinus terebinthifolius; predation of seeds or fruits by introduced slugs; and extinction caused by naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 32932; Service 1998b).

Cyanea humboltiana (Haha)

Cyanea humboltiana, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 to 2 m (3.2 to 6.6 ft) tall and inversely egg-shaped to broadly elliptic leaves. The leaf edges are hardened and have shallow, ascending rounded teeth. This species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the downward bending flowering stalk and the length of the flowering stalk (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea humboltiana has been observed in flower from September through January. No further information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea humboltiana was known historically from 17 populations from the central portion to the southern end of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, between 133 and 239 plants are known from eight locations Konahuanui summit, Moanalua-Kaneohe summit, Wailupe summit, Poamoho Trail, Opaeula Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Kaluanui, and Lulumahu Gulch. These populations occur on Federal, private, State, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyanea humboltiana is usually found in wet Metrosideros polymorpha/ Dicranopteris linnearis lowland shrubland between 261 and 959 m (856 and 3,146 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include ferns, Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia laxa, Cibotium chamissoi, Syzygium sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), Bobea elatior (ahakea), Sadleria sp., Wikstroemia sp., Broussaisia argutus, Phyllostegia sp., Melicope sp., Machaerina angustifolia (uki), Ilex anomala, or Scaevola mollis (naupaka kuahiwi) (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Cyanea humboltiana are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential predation by rats; competition with the alien plant species Axonopus fissifolius (narrow- leaved carpet grass), Erigeron karvinskianus, Pterolepis glomerata, Psidium cattleianum, and Clidemia hirta; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of remaining populations. The Konahuanui summit population is also threatened by trampling by hikers (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea koolauensis (Haha)

Cyanea koolauensis, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with woody stems, 1 to 1.5 m (3.5 to 5 ft) tall with linear to narrowly elliptic leaves with a whitish underside. The leaf edges are hardened with shallow, ascending rounded teeth. Cyanea koolauensis is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the leaf shape and width; the whitish green lower leaf surface and; the lengths of the leaf stalks, calyx lobes, and hypanthium (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea koolauensis has been observed in flower and fruit during the months of May through August. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea koolauensis was known historically from 27 scattered populations throughout the Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, 25 populations totaling fewer than 80 plants are known from the Waimea- Malaekahana Ridge to Hawaii Loa Ridge in the Koolau Mountains. These populations occur on private, city, county, State, and Federal lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyanea koolauensis is usually found on slopes, streambanks, and ridge crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest or shrubland at elevations between 163 and 959 m (535 and 3,146 ft). Associated plant species include Acacia koa, Bobea elatior, Syzygium sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp. Dubautia sp., Cibotium sp., Hedyotis sp., Wikstroemia sp., Bidens sp., Machaerina sp., Diploterygium pinnatum, Pritchardia martii (loulu hiwa), Sadleria sp., Broussaisia argutus, Melicope sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Psychotria mariniana, or Scaevola sp. (naupaka) (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to Cyanea koolauensis are habitat destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; trail clearing, potential predation by rats; competition with the aggressive alien plant species Pterolepis glomerata, Heliocarpus popayanensis (moho), Clidemia hirta, and Psidium cattleianum; trampling by hikers; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea longiflora (Haha)

Cyanea longiflora, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) long and elliptic or inversely lance-shaped leaves. Mature leaves have smooth or hardened leaf edges with shallow, ascending, rounded teeth. Cyanea longiflora differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the fused calyx lobes (Lammers 1999).

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Cyanea longiflora has been observed in flower in February, April, and May and in fruit in August. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea longiflora was known historically from five populations in the Waianae Mountains and six populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, four populations with less than 217 individuals of this species are known on State, Federal, city, county, and private lands Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Makaha Valley, Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole Gulch in the Waianae Mountains (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Cyanea longiflora is usually found on steep slopes, bases of cliffs, or ridge crests in mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest in the Waianae Mountains usually between 221 and 1,191 m (725 and 3,906 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Cibotium sp., Schiedea sp., Psychotria sp., Antidesma sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma sp., or Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to Cyanea longiflora are habitat degradation and/ or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; potential predation by rats; competition with the alien plant species Psidium cattleianum and Rubus argutus; potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining, widely dispersed populations (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea pinnatifida (Haha)

Cyanea pinnatifida, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, usually unbranched, growing from 0.8 to 3.0 m (2.6 to 10 ft) tall, with deeply lobed leaves. This species differs from other members of the genus on Oahu by its leaves, which are deeply cut into two to six lobes per side. The only other member of the genus on Oahu with lobed leaves has 9 to 12 lobes per side (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea pinnatifida has been observed flowering in August. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Cyanea pinnatifida was known from the central Waianae Mountains. The last known wild individual died in August 2001 (Trae Menard, TNCH, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999). Currently, this species is known only from individuals under propagation at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum and the National Tropical Botanical Garden (Greg Koob, Service, pers. comm. 2002).

Cyanea pinnatifida typically grows on steep, wet, rocky slopes in diverse mesic forest between 450 and 881 m (1,476 and 2,890 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Strongylodon ruber (nunuiiwi), Pisonia umbellifera, Pisonia sandwicensis (papala kepau), Psychotria sp., Canavalia sp. (awikiwiki), Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, and native ferns (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to Cyanea pinnatifida are the small number of extant individuals; competition from the alien plant species Toona ciliata, Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites moluccana, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Blechnum occidentale, and Clidemia hirta; habitat degradation by feral pigs; slugs; trampling by humans on or near trails; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Cyanea st-johnii (Haha)

Cyanea st-johnii, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with a woody stem 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) long with lance-shaped to inversely lance- shaped leaves. The leaf edges are thickened, smoothly toothed, and curl under. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the leaves, the distinctly curled leaf margins, and the petal color (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea st-johnii has been observed in flower in July through September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea st-johnii was known historically from 11 populations in the central and southern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, 57 plants are known from six locations Waimano Trail summit to Aiea Trail summit, the summit ridge crest between Manana and Kipapa Trails, between the summit of Aiea and Halawa trails, Summit Trail south of Poamoho Cabin, and Wailupe-Waimanalo summit ridge. These populations are found on city, county, private, and State lands, and lands under Federal jurisdiction (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Database 2000).

Cyanea st-johnii typically grows on wet, windswept slopes and ridges between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) elevation in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed lowland shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland shrubland. Associated plant species include Psychotria sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Melicope sp., Broussaisia argutus, Cibotium sp., Labordia sp., Scaevola mollis, Dubautia laxa, Hedyotis sp., Antidesma sp., Sadleria pallida (amau), Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia, Bidens macrocarpa (kookoolau), Chamaesyce clusifolia (akoko), or Freycinetia arborea (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Cyanea st-johnii are habitat degradation and/ or destruction by feral pigs; potential predation by rats; slugs and snails; competition with the alien plant species Axonopus fissifolius, Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass), Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), and Clidemia hirta; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals. The plants between the summit of Aiea and Halawa Trail are also threatened by trampling by hikers (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea superba (Haha)

Cyanea superba, of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a perennial with a very isolated geography and is morphologically very different from its closest relatives. It grows to 6 m (20 ft) tall and has a terminal rosette of large leaves each 50 to 100 cm long (20 to 40 in) by 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) wide atop a simple, unbranched trunk (Lammers 1999).

The flowering season of Cyanea superba varies from year to year depending on precipitation. It ranges from late August to early October. Generally, flowering is at its peak in early to mid-September. Fruits have been known to mature in 2 to 5 months, depending on climatic conditions (Service 1998b).

Historically, Cyanea superba was collected from the gulches of Makaleha on Mt. Kaala in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there is one natural population on the Makua Military Reservation with one individual and an out-planted population of 140 individuals on State and Federal lands in the Waianae Mountains (Service 1998b; Matt Keir, EDA, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

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Cyanea superba grows in the understory on sloping terrain on a well drained rocky substrate within mesic forest between 232 and 872 m (761 and 2,860 ft) in elevation with one or more of the following associated native species Diospyros sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis, and Pisonia brunoniana (papala kepau) (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Cyanea superba are degradation of its habitat due to competition with the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Aleurites moluccana., Psidium cattleianum, and Melinis minutiflora; wildfires generated in the nearby military firing range; feral pigs; a restricted range which makes it vulnerable to even a small, local, environmental disturbance and a single incident which could destroy a significant percentage of the known individuals; and the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor (56 FR 46235; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyanea truncata (Haha)

Cyanea truncata, of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched or sparsely branched shrub covered with small sharp prickles and oval leaves, which are wider above their middle, and lined with hardened teeth along the margins. Cyanea truncata is distinguished from other members of this genus by the length of the flower cluster stalk, and the size of the flowers and flower lobes (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea truncata was observed in flower in December 1919 and November 1980, the last time the species was observed before feral pigs extirpated that population. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Historically, Cyanea truncata was known from Punaluu, Waikane, and Waiahole in the northern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. One population of at least one individual is known to exist in Hanaimoa Gulch on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Cyanea truncata typically grows on windward slopes and streambanks in mesic to wet forests at elevations between 54 and 705 m (177 and 2,312 ft). Associated plant species include Cyrtandra calpidicarpa (hai wale), Cyrtandra laxiflora (hai wale), Pipturus albidus, Cibotium chamissoi, Hibiscus arnottianus, Diospyros sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Cyrtandra propinqua (hai wale), Neraudia melastomifolia (maaloa), or Pisonia umbellifera (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to Cyanea truncata are habitat degradation and predation by feral pigs; competition with the invasive alien plant species Cordyline fruticosa, Oplismenus hirtellus, Thelypteris parasitica, Clidemia hirta, and Psidium cattleianum; rats; slugs; and extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra crenata (Haiwale)

Cyrtandra crenata, a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 ft) tall with few branches and leaves arranged in whorls of three, tufted at the end of branches. Cyrtandra crenata is distinguished from other species in the genus by the combination of its three-leaf arrangement, bilaterally symmetrical calyx, and brownish, hemispherical glands (Wagner et al. 1999).

Cyrtandra crenata has been observed in flower in June. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Historically, Cyrtandra crenata was known from Waikane Valley along the Waikane-Schofield Trail in the Koolau Mountains and was last observed in 1947 (HINHP Database 2001).

Cyrtandra crenata typically grows on steep slopes, in ravines, or gulches in mesic to wet forests between elevations of 328 and 779 m (1,076 and 2,555 ft) with associated native plant species such as Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, and Machaerina angustifolia (Wagner et al. 1999; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

The primary threat to Cyrtandra crenata is extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the species' restricted range and the small number of individuals that are thought to exist (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra dentata (Haiwale)

Cyrtandra dentata, a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a sparingly branched shrub ranging from 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall with papery textured leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number and arrangement of the flowers, the length of the bracts and flower stalks, and the shape of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).

Cyrtandra dentata has been observed in flower and fruit in May and November. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra dentata was historically known from six populations in the Waianae Mountains and three populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species is found only in the Pahole Gulch, Kapuna Valley, Ekahanui Gulch, Keawapilau Gulch, Kahanahaiki, Kawai Iki Gulch, Opaeula Stream, and Makaleha Valley on Federal, State, city, and county lands (within TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve). The eight known populations total 136 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Cyrtandra dentata typically grows in gulches, slopes, streambanks, or ravines in mesic or wet forest with Urera glabra, Acacia koa, Pisonia sandwicensis, Pipturis albidus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, or Syzygium sandwicensis at elevations between 255 and 953 m (836 and 3,126 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The major threats to Cyrtandra dentata are competition with the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium guajava, Aleurites moluccana, Thelypteris parasitica, Belchnum occidentale, Clidemia hirta, and Psidium cattleianum; potential predation by rats; potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as landslides/hurricanes/flooding) and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of extant populations and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra polyantha (Haiwale)

Cyrtandra polyantha, a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched or few- branched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) in height with leathery, elliptic, unequal leaves. Cyrtandra polyantha is distinguished from other species in the genus by the texture and hairiness of the leaf surfaces and the length, shape, and degree of cleft of the calyx. This species differs from C. crenata by the lack of short-stalked glands and by its leathery leaves, opposite leaf arrangement, and radially symmetrical calyx (Wagner et al. 1999).

No information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors for Cyrtandra polyantha (Service 1998b).

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Historically, Cyrtandra polyantha was known from the Kalihi region and from Kulepeamoa Ridge above Niu Valley on the leeward (southwest) side of the southern Koolau Mountains. Currently, one population with three individuals is extant on the summit ridge between Kuliouou and Waimanalo on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001).

Cyrtandra polyantha grows on ridges of valleys in Metrosideros polymorpha mesic or wet forests at elevations between 331 and 762 m (1,086 and 2,499 ft). Cyrtandra polyantha probably grows in association with Machaerina angustifolia, Dicranopteris linearis, Broussaisia arguta, Coprosma foliosa (pilo), and Psychotria sp. (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

The primary threats to Cyrtandra polyantha are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition with the invasive plant species, Clidemia hirta, Melinus minutiflora, Ageratina adenophora, and Erigeron karvinskianus; extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and their restricted distribution (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyrtandra subumbellata (Haiwale)

Cyrtandra subumbellata, a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 10 ft) tall. Papery in texture, the leaves are almost circular to egg- shaped, 12 to 39 cm (4.7 to 15.4 in) long, and 3 to 19 cm (1.2 to 7.5 in) wide (Wagner et al. 1999).

Cyrtandra subumbellata has been observed in fruit in September. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Cyrtandra subumbellata was known from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are two populations containing 12 individuals in the central Koolau Mountains Schofield-Waikane Trail, Puu Ohulehule, and in Kaukonahua drainage on Federal, private, and State lands (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyrtandra subumbellata typically grows on moist, forested slopes or gulch bottoms dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis-Acacia koa wet forests between 345 and 790 m (1,132 and 2,591 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Machaerina sp., Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia arguta, and Thelypteris sp. (palapalai) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner et al. 1999).

The primary threats to Cyrtandra subumbellata are competition with the alien plant species Clidemia hirta; impacts from military activities; predation by rats; fire; and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Cyrtandra viridiflora (Haiwale)

Cyrtandra viridiflora, a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small shrub 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the leaves, which are thick, fleshy, heart-shaped, and densely hairy on both surfaces (Wagner et al. 1999).

Cyrtandra viridiflora has been observed in fruit and flower from May through September. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Cyrtandra viridiflora was known from scattered populations in the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu. This species is now known only from seven locations in the northern Koolau Mountains on Federal, State, and private lands at Kawainui-Laie summit divide, Kawainui-Kaipapau summit divide, Maakua-Kaipapau Ridge, and the Peahinaia Trail. Fifty-two plants are known from eight populations at Puu Kainapuaa, Maakua-Kaipapau Ridge, Kawai Nui Drainage, Opaeula Gulch, and Kawai Nui-Laie Divide (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Cyrtandra viridiflora is usually found on wind-blown ridge tops in cloud-covered wet forest or shrubland at elevations between 443 and 867 m (1,453 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant species include Diplopterygium (pinnatum), Psychotria sp., Freycinetia arborea, Dubautia sp., Ilex anomala, Melicope sp., Hedyotis sp., Cheirodendron platyphyllum (olapa), Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina sp., Metrosideros rugosa (lehua papa), or Dicranopteris linearis (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The major threats to Cyrtandra viridiflora are habitat degradation or destruction by feral pigs; impacts from military activities, predation by rats, competition with the alien plant species Clidemia hirta and Psidium catteianum; and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Delissea subcordata (NCN)

Delissea subcordata, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a branched or unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the shape and size of the leaves, the length of the calyx lobes and corolla, and the hairless condition of the anthers (Lammers 1999).

Fertile plants of Delissea subcordata have been observed in July. An examination of herbarium specimens show that this plant flowers throughout the year. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Delissea subcordata was known from scattered populations in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu. A specimen collected by Mann and Brigham in the 1860s and labeled from the island of Kauai is believed to have been mislabeled. Delissea subcordata is now known from 18 populations at South Huliwai Gulch, Palikea Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, South Mohiakea Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, Kapuhi Gulch, South Ekahanui Gulch, Waikoekoe Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, North Palawai Gulch, Kealia land section, Kapuna Gulch, Keawapilau Gulch, North Huliwai Gulch, Kuaokala, and Kolekole. This species is found on private, Federal, and State lands. The total number of plants in the 18 remaining populations is estimated to be fewer than 70 (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Delissea subcordata typically grows on moderate to steep gulch slopes in mixed mesic forests between 162 and 1,025 m (531 and 3,362 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include a variety of native trees such as Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Hedyotis acuminata, Streblus pendulinus, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax odoratum, Bobea sp. (ahakea), Myrsine lanaiensis, Claoxylon sandwicense, Charpentiera obovata, Chamaesyce multiformis (akoko), Pouteria sandwicensis, Antidesma sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Pisonia sp., Diospyros hillebrandii (lama), Nestegis sandwicensis, or Psychotria hathewayi (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The major threats to Delissea subcordata are habitat degradation and/

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or destruction by pigs and goats; impacts from military activities, including road construction and housing development; predation by rats and slugs; competition with the alien plant species Passiflora suberosa, Blechnum occidentale, Toona ciliata, Syzygium cumini, Oplismenus hirtellus, Pimenta dioica, Grevillea robusta, Melinus minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, and Lantana camara; fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Diellia falcata (NCN)

Diellia falcata, in the polypodium family (Polypodiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, grows from a rhizome (underground stem), 1 to 5 cm (0.4 to 2 in) long and 0.5 to 2 cm (0.2 to 0.8 in) in diameter, which is covered with small black or maroon scales. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the color and texture of its leaf stalk, the venation pattern of its fronds, the color of its scales, its rounded and reduced lower pinnae, and its separate sori arranged on marginal projections (Wagner 1952; Service 1998b).

Diellia falcata hybridizes with Diellia unisora. It has been observed with fronds bearing sori (fern spores) year round. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Diellia falcata was known from almost the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Manini Gulch to Palehua Iki, as well as from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, from Kaipapau Valley to Aiea Gulch. This species remains in Waieli Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, Makaleha Valley, Makaha Valley, Palikea Gulch, Makua Valley, Kaimuhole Gulch, Kuaokala-Manini Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Puu Ku Makalii, Kapuna Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Waianae Kai, Pualii Gulch, Napepeiauolelo Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, Makua, Kamaileunu Ridge, Kaluaa Gulch, and Huliwai Gulch on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands. The 29 known locations contain fewer than 6,000 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Diellia falcata is a terrestrial fern which typically grows in deep shade or open understory on moderate to moderately steep slopes and gulch bottoms in diverse mesic forest between 224 and 953 m (735 and 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated species include Pisonia sandwicensis, Doodia kunthiana (NCN), Dryopteris unidentata, Antidesma sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, Psydrax odorata, Pipturis sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea, Athyrium sandwichianum, Dryopteris unidentata, Nephrolepis exaltata (kupukupu), Diospyros hillebrandii, Acacia koa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Myrsine lanaiensis, Selaginella arbuscula, Carex meyenii (NCN), Sophora chrysophylla (mamane), Claoxylon sandwicense, Psychotria sp., Hibiscus sp., Xylosma sp., Melicope sp., Coprosma foliosa, Asplenium kaulfussii (NCN), Nothocestrum sp., Charpentiera sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Sapindus oahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, or Pouteria sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Diellia falcata are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien plant species Psidium cattleianum, Syzygium cumini, Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Grevillea robusta, Lantana camara, Melinus minutiflora, Heliocarpus popayanensis, Blechnum occidentale, Kalanchoe pinnata, Ageratina riparia, Psidium guajava, Rubus argutus, Thelypteris parasitica, Toona ciliata, Passiflora lingularis (sweet granadilla), Aleurites moluccana, Clidemia hirta, Schefflera actinophylla (octopus tree), and Paspalum conjugatum; and fire (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Diellia unisora (NCN)

Diellia unisora, a short-lived perennial in the fern family Polypodiaceae, grows from a slender, erect rhizome (underground stem), 0.5 to 3 cm (0.2 to 1.2 in) tall and 0.5 to 1 cm (0.2 to 0.4 in) in diameter, which is covered with the bases of the leaf stalks and a few small black scales. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by a rhizome completely covered by the persisting bases of the leaf stalks, and few, very small scales; by sori mostly confined to the upper pinnae margins; and by delicate fronds gradually and symmetrically narrowing toward the apex (Wagner 1952).

Diellia unisora hybridizes with Diellia falcata. Otherwise, little is known about its reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Diellia unisora was known from steep, grassy, rocky slopes on the western side of the Waianae Mountains, Oahu. This species is known to be extant in four areas of the southern Waianae Mountains at South Ekahanui Gulch, Palawai Gulch, and the Pualii-Napepeiauolelo Ridge. The four known populations, which are on State and private lands, contain fewer than 800 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Diellia unisora is a terrestrial fern which typically grows on moderate to steep slopes or gulch bottoms in deep shade or open understory mesic forest between 382 and 953 m (1,253 and 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated species include Coprosma sp., Rumex sp., Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Carex meyenii, Doryopteris unidentata, Chamaesyce multiformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Bidens torta, Eragrostis grandis (kawelu), Hedyotis terminalis, Alyxia oliviformis, Myrsine lessertiana, Hedyotis schlecthendahliana (kopa), Selaginella arbuscula, Acacia koa, or Metrosideros polymorpha (59 FR 32932; HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Diellia unisora are habitat degradation by feral pigs and competition from the alien plant species Ageratina riparia, Clidemia hirta, Schefflera actinophylla, Blechnum occidentale, Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, Passiflora suberosa, and Psidium cattleianum (59 FR 32932; HINHP Database 2001).

Dubautia herbstobatae (Naenae)

Dubautia herbstobatae, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, spreading shrub to 50 cm (20 in) tall. Dubautia herbstobatae is distinguished from other species on Oahu by the presence of the outer bracts of the flower heads fused, forming a cup surrounding the florets and the presence of one large vein showing in each leaf (Carr 1999).

Dubautia herbstobatae is likely out-crossing and possibly self- incompatible (i.e., pollen from the same plant will not produce seed). Flowering usually occurs in May and June. Pollination is almost certainly achieved by insect activity and fruit dispersal is probably quite localized and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (Service 1998b).

Dubautia herbstobatae is known to be extant from four locations in the northern Waianae Mountains, on Ohikilolo and Kamaileunu Ridges, Keaau, and Waianae Kai on State lands and land under Federal jurisdiction; fewer than 100 individuals are known from these locations (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Dubautia herbstobatae typically grows on rock outcrops, ridges, moderate slopes, or vertical cliffs in dry

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or mesic shrubland at elevations between 266 and 978 m (872 and 3,208 ft). Associated species include Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), Schiedea mannii (NCN), Carex meyenii, Bidens torta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Lysimachia waianaensis (kolokolo kuahiwi), and Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu) (56 FR 55770; EDA, in litt. 2001; HINHP Database 2001)

The major threats to Dubautia herbstobatae are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien plant species Ageratina riparia, Bromus mollis (soft chest), Melinis repens, Grevillea robusta, Schinus terebinthifolis, Leucana leucocephala, and Melinis minutiflora; fire; visitation and possible trampling by humans; and the small number of individuals (56 FR 55770).

Eragrostis fosbergii (NCN)

Eragrostis fosbergii, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial species with stout, tufted culms (stems) 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 in) long, which usually arise from an abruptly bent woody base. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its stiffly ascending flowering stalk and the long hairs on the margins of the glumes and occasionally on the margins of the lemmas (O'Connor 1999).

No information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Eragrostis fosbergii was known only from the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, from the slopes of Mount Kaala and in Waianae Kai and its associated ridges. Only six individuals are known to remain in Waianae Kai and on Kumaipo Trail in four populations on Federal and State lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Eragrostis fosbergii typically grows on ridge crests or moderate slopes in dry and mesic forests between 578 and 941 m (1,896 and 3,086 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include; Chamaesyce sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Sphenomeris sp. (palaa), Nephrolepis exaltata, Doodia sp. (ohu pukupulauii), Bidens sp., Melicope sp., Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psydrax odorata, Dodonaea viscosa, or Eragrostis grandis (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

The major threats to Eragrostis fosbergii are degradation of habitat by feral pigs and goats; competition with alien plant species such as Schinus terebinthifolis, Grevillea robusta, and Psidium cattleianum; trampling by hikers; hybridization with Eragrostis grandis; and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; G. Koob, pers. comm. 2001).

Gardenia mannii (Nanu)

Gardenia mannii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a tree 5 to 15 m (16 to 50 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shape and number of the calyx spurs (Wagner et al 1999).

Gardenia mannii has been observed in flower and fruit in June and September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors. (Service 1998b)

Historically, Gardenia mannii was known from seven widely scattered populations in the Waianae Mountains and 39 populations distributed along almost the entire length of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are 31 populations of Gardenia mannii at Haleauau Gulch, Peahinaia Ridge, Kaunala Gulch and Kaunala-Waimea Ridge, Castle Trail, Halawa Valley and Halawa-Kalauao Ridge, Moanalua Valley, Makaua- Kahana Ridge, Poamoho and Halemano Gulches, Kaluaa and Maunauna Gulches, Waimano Trail, Kawailoa Trail, Puu Hapapa and Waieli Gulch, Wiliwilinui Ridge, Koloa Stream, Waialae Nui-Kapakahi Ridge, Manaiki Valley, Laie Trail, Malaekahana-Waimea Summit Ridge, Haleauau Gulch, Schofield-Waikane Trail, Kaukonahua Gulch, Kapakahi Gulch, Manana Trail, Peahinaia Trail and Opaeula Stream, Kamana Nui Stream, Pukele, Hanaimoa Gulch, Papali Gulch, Kawai Nui, and Kaipapau Gulch. The 31 extant populations occur on private, State, and Federal lands. The existing populations total between 69 and 80 plants (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Gardenia mannii is usually found on moderate to moderately steep gulch slopes, ridge crests, in gulch bottoms, and on streambanks in mesic or wet forests between 82 and 1,050 m (269 and 3,444 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include Coprosma foliosa, Pisonia sp., Bobea sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Cheirodendron sp. (NCN), Perotettia sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus sp., Cibotium sp., Thelypteris sp., Pipturus sp., Ilex anomala, Freycinetia arborea, Boehmeria grandis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, Hedyotis acuminata, Alyxia oliviformis, and Psychotria mariniana (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Gardenia mannii are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with alien plant species such as Toona ciliata, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium guajava, Leptospermum scoparium, Clidemia hirta, Rubus argutus, and Psidium cattleianum; fire; and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the widely dispersed, small number of remaining individuals. The Kapakahi Gulch population is also threatened by the black twig borer (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Hedyotis degeneri (NCN)

Hedyotis degeneri, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a prostrate shrub with four-sided stems and peeling, corky bark. This species can be distinguished from others in the genus on Oahu by its low-growing habit, the peeling corky layers on older stems, and the short, crowded, leafy shoots growing in the leaf axils; two varieties within the species are recognized Hedyotis var coprosmifolia and Hedyotis var. degeneri (Wagner et al. 1999).

This species has been observed in flower in November, June, and July, and in fruit in July. No further information is available on flowering cycle, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Hedyotis degeneri is known from Mt. Kaala in the northern Waianae Mountains. Variety coprosmifolia has not been collected since the 1980s and no current populations are known. Five populations, totaling 60 individuals, of variety degeneri are known from Makaleha, Pahole Gulch, Kahanahaiki, and Alaiheihe Gulch on Federal, State, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).

Hedyotis degeneri typically grows on ridge crests in diverse mesic forest between 349 and 1,083 m (1,145 and 3,552 ft) elevation. Associated species include Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe), Dicranopteris linearis, Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia), Dodonaea viscosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Cocculus sp. (huehue), Lysimachia hillebrandii (kolokolo kuahiwi), Chamaesyce multiformis, Lobelia yuccoides (NCN), Gahnia sp. (NCN), Pleomele sp., Carex meyenii, Psydrax odorata, Metrosideros

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polymorpha, or Hedyotis terminalis (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Hedyotis degeneri are habitat destruction by feral pigs; competition from the alien plant species Grevillea robusta, Clidemia hirta, Blechnum occidentale, Toona ciliata, Psidium guajava, Ageratina adenophora, Rubus argutus, Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, and Psidium cattleianum; and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals and populations (HINHP Database 2001).

Hedyotis parvula (NCN)

Hedyotis parvula, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small, many-branched shrub, either upright or sprawling, with stems usually no more than 30 cm (1 ft) in length. Closely spaced, overlapping leaves which are uniform in size along the stem separate this species from other members of the genus on Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999).

Hedyotis parvula has been observed flowering in both winter and summer. The plant is found in dry areas and flowering may be induced by rain. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Hedyotis parvula was known from the central and southern Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli Valley. Currently, this species is known from five locations on Federal, State, city, and county lands at Makaleha Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei- Nananakuli Ridge, Ohikilolo Ridge, and Halona. Five populations totaling between 116 and 131 individuals are known (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI 2001).

Hedyotis parvula typically grows on and at the base of cliff faces, rock outcrops, and ledges in mesic habitat at elevations between 331 and 1,160 m (1,086 and 3,805 ft). Associated species include Eragrostis sp. (kawelu), Carex sp., Rumex sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Chamaesyce sp., Bidens sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Psydrax odorata, Metrosideros tremuloides (lehua ahihi), or Plectranthus parviflorus (alaala wai nui) (56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).

The major threats to Hedyotis parvula are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien plant species Ageratina riparia, Myrica faya, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Melinis minutiflora; and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and populations (56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Labordia cyrtandrae (Kamakahala)

Labordia cyrtandrae, a member of the logania family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub 0.7 to 2 m (2.3 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its fleshy, hairy, cylindrical stem which flattens upon drying, the shape and length of the floral bracts, and the length of the corolla tube and lobes (Wagner et al. 1999).

Labordia cyrtandrae has been observed flowering from May through June, and fruiting from July through August, is sporadically fertile year round. The flowers are functionally unisexual and male and female flowers are on separate plants. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Labordia cyrtandrae was known from both the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu; in the Koolau Mountains, this species ranged from Kawailoa Trail to Waialae Iki, extending almost the entire length of the mountain range. This species currently is known only from 20 individuals in nine populations in Haleauau Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Kaala, and Makaleha. These populations occur on State, city, county, and private lands (GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Labordia cyrtandrae typically grows in shady gulches, slopes, and glens in mesic to wet forests and shrublands dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Diplopterygium pinnatum, and/or Acacia koa between the elevations between 212 and 1,233 m (695 and 4,044 ft). Associated plant species include Broussaisia argutus, Cyrtandra sp., Phyllostegia sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma sp., Bidens torta, Artemisia australis, Dubautia plantaginea (naenae), Rumex sp., Lysimachia hillebrandii, Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., Boehmeria grandis, Peperomia membranaceae (ala ala wai nui), Pouteria sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Psychotria sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The greatest threats to Labordia cyrtandrae are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with the alien plant species Axonopus fissifolius, Juncus planifolius (NCN), Setaria gracilis (yellow foxtail), Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Rubus argutus, and Psidium cattleianum; fire; and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and populations (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

Lepidium arbuscula (Anaunau)

Lepidium arbuscula, a member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), is a gnarled shrub 0.6 to 1.2 m (2 to 4 ft) tall. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by its height (Wagner et al. 1999).

Lepidium arbuscula has been observed in flower in February. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Lepidium arbuscula was known from 11 populations in the Waianae Mountains, Oahu. Currently, there are a total of approximately 1,000 individuals known from 10 locations on Federal, State, city, and county lands at Kamaileunu Ridge, Lualualei-Nanakuli Ridge, Kapuhi Gulch, northwest of Puu Kaua, Manini Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Ohikilolo Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, the ridge between the Paahoa and Halona subdistricts, northwest of Puu Ku Makalii, and Halona subdistrict (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Lepidium arbuscula on Oahu generally grows on exposed ridge tops and cliff faces in mesic and dry vegetation communities between 131 and 978 m (430 and 3,208 ft) elevation. This species is typically associated with native plant species such as Metrosideros polymorpha, Peperomia sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Sida fallax, Schiedea ligustrina (NCN), Artemisia australis, Rumex albescens (huahu ako), Styphelia tameiameiae, Psydrax odorata, Carex wahuensis (NCN), Chamaesyce multiformis, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Dubautia sp., Sophora chrysophylla, Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., or Carex meyenii (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The primary threats to Lepidium arbuscula are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats; potential impacts from military activities; competition with alien plants; and fire. The population at the head of Kapuhi Gulch is also threatened by its proximity to a road (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla (Nehe)

Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae),

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is a low, somewhat woody, perennial herb with arched or nearly prostrate stems that may be up to 150 cm (59 in) long. Aside from a very rare coastal species, this species is the only member of its genus on Oahu with four-parted disk florets. This variety has narrower leaves, spaced more closely along the stem, than those of Lipochaeta lobata var. lobata, the only other variety of the species (Wagner et al. 1999).

Flowering of Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla is probably rain- induced. Populations may consist of fewer distinct individuals than it appears because many ``individuals'' are connected underground by the roots and are probably clones. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla was known from the southern Waianae Mountains, from Kolekole Pass to Lualualei. Currently, there are a total of 147 individuals found in five locations on State, Federal, city, and county lands Lualualei-Nanakuli Ridge, Kauhiuhi, Puu Hapapa, Mikilua, and Kamaileunu Ridge, (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).

Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla typically grows on cliffs, ridges, and slopes in dry or mesic shrubland at elevations between 256 and 978 m (840 and 3,208 ft). Associated species include Diospyros sp., Eragrostis sp., Artemisia australis, Lipochaeta tenuis (nehe), Stenogyne sp. (NCN), Carex meyenii, Dodonaea viscosa, Peperomia sp., Psydrax odorata, and Bidens sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The major threats to Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla include competition from alien plant species such as Ageratina riparia, Passiflora suberosa, Lantana camara, Grevillea robusta, Kalanchoe pinnata, Erigeron karvinskianus, Ageratina adenophora, Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, and Melinis minutiflora; habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fire; and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and populations (HINHP Database 2001).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia (Nehe)

Lipochaeta tenuifolia, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a low growing, somewhat woody perennial herb with short, more or less erect branches. Its five-parted disk florets and its deeply cut, stalkless leaves separate this species from other members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia has been observed flowering in April. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia occurs in the northern half of the Waianae Mountains, from Kaluakauila Gulch to Kamaileunu Ridge and east to Mt. Kaala, and northwest, southwest, southeast, and north of Puu Ku Makalii on State, Federal, city, and county lands. The 12 known populations contain between 759 to 1,174 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia typically grows on ridgetops and bluffs in open areas and protected pockets of dry to mesic forests and shrublands and forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis at elevations between 67 and 978 m (220 and 3,208 ft). Associated species include Diospyros sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis sp., Artemisia australis, Schiedea sp., Carex meyenii, Rumex sp., Dubautia sp., Bryophyllum sp. (NCN), Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (ulei), Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Doryopteris sp. (kumu niu), Santalum sp., Myoporum sandwicense, Sapindus oahuensis, or Bidens sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).

The major threats to Lipochaeta tenuifolia are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition for light and space from alien plant species including Ageratina riparia, Blechnum occidentale, Grevillea robusta, Panicum maximum, Lantana camara, Hyptis pectinata, Rivina humilis, Aleurites moluccana, Toona ciliata, Coffea arabica (coffee), Schinus terebinithifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, and Psidium cattleianum; and fire (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (NCN)

Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched, woody shrub 0.3 to 1 m (1 to 3.5 ft) tall. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the stem, the length and color of the corolla, the leaf width, the length of the floral bracts, and the length of the calyx lobes. The subspecies koolauensis is distinguished by the greenish or yellowish white petals and the branched flowering stalks (61 FR 53089; Lammers 1990).

Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis has been observed in flower in September and fruit in December. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis was known from only two populations in the central Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, this subspecies is known from four populations in the central Koolau Mountains; on Federal, State, and private lands Waimano- Waiawa Ridge, Waimano, plateau above Sacred Falls, and Kaukonahua Gulch. The total number of plants is estimated to be fewer than 270 (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis typically grows on moderate to steep slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet shrublands and bogs at elevations between 383 and 867 m (1,256 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant species include--Sadleria pallida, Isachne distichophylla (ohe), Vaccinium dentatum (ohelo), Cibotium sp., Melicope sp., Bidens sp., Scaevola sp., Machaerina angustifolia, Dicanthelium koolauensis (NCN), or Broussaisia arguta (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The primary threats to Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis are-- habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with the alien plant species Axonopus fissifolius, Pterolepis glomerata, Sacciolepis indica, and Clidemia hirta; trampling by hikers; landslides; and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor of the one remaining population (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lobelia monostachya (NCN)

Lobelia monostachya, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a prostrate woody shrub with stems 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) long. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by its narrow, linear leaves without stalks and its short pink flowers (Lammers 1999).

This species has been observed in flower in May and June. Further information is not available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Lobelia monostachya was known only from the Koolau Mountains and had not been seen since its original discovery in the 1800s in Niu Valley, and in the 1920s in Manoa Valley. In 1994, Joel Lau discovered one individual in a previously unknown

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location in Wailupe Valley on State and private lands. Currently, a total of three plants are known (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Lobelia monostachya occurs on steep, sparsely vegetated cliffs in mesic shrubland between 44 and 614 m (144 and 2,014) elevation. Associated plant species include--Artemisia australis, Carex meyenii, Psilotum nudum, or Eragrostis sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Lobelia monostachya are--predation by rats; competition with the alien plants Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratum riparia, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Melinis minutiflora; and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the low number of individuals in the only known population (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lobelia oahuensis (NCN)

Lobelia oahuensis, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a stout, erect, unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall. Lobelia oahuensis differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characters erect stems 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long, dense rosettes of leaves at the end of stems, lower leaf surfaces covered with coarse grayish or greenish hairs, and flowers 42 to 45 mm (1.7 to 1.8 in) long (Lammers 1999).

This species was observed in flower during November. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Lobelia oahuensis was known from Kahana Ridge, Kipapa Gulch, and the southeastern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Ten populations totaling 42 individuals are located on private, State, and Federal lands. These populations occur on Mt. Olympus, Konahuanui summit, Waikakalaua-Waikane Ridge, Puu o Kona, the summit area between Aiea and Halawa Valley, Puu Keahiakahoe and the summit ridge south of Puu Keahiakahoe, Waialae Nui-Waimanalo and Kapakahi-Waimanalo, Puu Kalena, and Eleao (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Lobelia oahuensis grows on steep slopes between elevations of 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) on summit cliffs in cloudswept wet forests or in lowland wet shrubland that are frequently exposed to heavy wind and rain. Associated plant species include--Sadleria squarrosa (amau), Peperomia sp., Broussaisia arguta, Scaevola sp., Vaccinium sp., Hedyotis sp., Cibotium sp., Freycinetia arborea, Lycopodium sp. (wawae iole), Bidens sp., Wikstroemia sp., Phyllostegia sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa), Dubautia laxa, or Labordia hosakae (kamakahala) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Lammers 1999).

The primary threats to Lobelia oahuensis are--competition with the alien plant species Rubus rosifolius, Rubus argutus, Paspalum conjugatum, Erigeron karvinskianus, and Clidemia hirta and habitat degradation by feral pigs (HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope lydgatei (Alani)

Melicope lydgatei, a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small shrub that has leaves arranged oppositely or in threes. The species' leaf arrangement (opposite or in groups of three), the amount of fusion of the fruit sections, and the hairless exocarp (outermost layer of the fruit wall) and endocarp (innermost layer) distinguish it from others in the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).

This species has been observed in flower in May and in fruit from June to July. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Melicope lydgatei was formerly known throughout the Koolau Mountains of Oahu from Hauula to Kahana, Kipapa Gulch to Waimano, and Kalihi Valley to Wailupe Valley. Only four populations, totaling between 14 to 15 individuals, remain within its historical range on State and private lands along Poamoho Trail, along Peahinaia Trail, and along Manana Trail (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Melicope lydgatei typically grows in association with--Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, or Bobea elatior on ridges in mesic and wet forests at elevations between 349 and 671 m (1,145 and 2,201 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The primary threat to Melicope lydgatei is a threat of extinction due to random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor because of the small number of individuals and populations remaining (59 FR 14482).

Melicope saint-johnii (Alani)

Melicope saint-johnii, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a slender tree 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite or occasionally occur in threes on young lateral branches. The leaves are narrowly to broadly elliptic, sometimes elliptic egg-shaped or rarely lance-shaped. Three to 11 flowers are arranged on an flowering stalk and are usually functionally unisexual, with staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers. The staminate flowers have broadly egg- shaped sepals which are hairless to sparsely covered with hair. The triangular petals are densely covered with hair on the exterior. The pistillate flowers are similar in hairiness to staminate flowers, but are slightly smaller in size. The dry fruit splits at maturity. The exocarp is hairless, whereas the endocarp is hairy. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the combination of the hairless exocarp, the hairy endocarp, the densely hairy petals, and the sparsely hairy to smooth sepals (Stone et al. 1999).

No information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors.

Historically, Melicope saint-johnii was known from both the Waianae and Koolau Mountains at Makaha to Mauna Kapu in the Waianae Mountains and Papali Gulch in Hauula, Manoa-Aihualama, Wailupe, and Niu Valley in the Koolau Mountains. Today five locations of this species are found on Federal and private lands from the region between Puu Kaua and Puu Kanehoa to Mauna Kapu in the southern Waianae Mountains. Fewer than 170 individuals of this species are known (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope saint-johnii typically grows on mesic forested ridges and gulch bottoms between elevations of 240 and 953 m (787 and 3,126 ft). Associated native plant species include--Artemisia australis, Eragrostis sp., Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Bidens torta, Alyxia oliviformis, Carex wahuensis, Panicum beechyi (NCN), Rumex albescens, Pittosporum sp., Pleomele halapepe (hala pepe), Pipturus albidus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Coprosma longifolia, Labordia kaalae (kamakahala), or Psychotria hathewayi (HINHP Database 2001).

The primary threats to Melicope saint-johnii are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; potential predation by the black twig borer; potential fire; and competition with alien plant species such as Psidium cattleianum, Clidemia hirta, Passiflora suberosa, Melinis minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius, Myrica faya, Ageratum riparia, Passiflora subcordata (huehue haole), Lantana camara, Ageratina adenophora, and Grevillea robusta; and risk of extinction due to naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor because of the few

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individuals remaining and their restricted distribution (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001).

Myrsine juddii (Kolea)

Myrsine juddii, a member of the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a many branched shrub ranging from 1 to 2 m (3.5 to 6.6 ft) tall. The leathery leaves are narrowly inverse lance-shaped or more elliptic. The upper leaf surface is hairless, whereas the lower surface is sparsely to moderately covered with short, coarse, stiff, whitish or brownish hairs toward the base and along the midrib. The leaf base is broadly wedge-shaped to heart-shaped, and the margins are smooth and curl under. The flowers are unisexual and the plants are dioecious (male and female flowers are on separate plants). Flowers occur in groups of four to eight in tight clusters surrounded by small bracts. The yellowish green petals are narrowly inverse lance-shaped. The fleshy, round fruit contains a single seed. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the hairiness of the lower leaf surface and the shape of the leaf base. In addition, the hairy leaves distinguish this species from all other species of Myrsine on Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999).

Myrsine juddii has been reported from only three populations in the central Koolau Mountains--the North Kaukonahua-Kahana Summit divide, Peahinaia Trail, and Puu Kainapuaa to Poamoho Trail. These populations are found on State and Federal lands. The total number is thought to be around 5,000 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Myrsine juddii typically grows on ridge crests and gulch slopes in wet forests and shrublands dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis at elevations between 384 and 867 m (1,260 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant species include-- Machaerina sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana), Psychotria mariniana, and Syzygium sandwicensis (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The primary threats to Myrsine juddii are habitat degradation and/ or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with alien plant species such as Clidemia hirta and Psidium cattleianum; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001).

Neraudia angulata (NCN)

Neraudia angulata, a member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is an erect shrub 3 m (10 ft) tall. Leaves are thin and elliptic to oval in outline. The upper leaf surface has a few silky hairs, and the lower surface is moderately hairy. Flowers are male or female and grow on different plants. The female flowers produce a dry-walled fruit which is surrounded by fleshy, fused sepals. This species is distinguished from other species in its genus by the conspicuously angled, ridged, fleshy calyx in the female flower. There are two varieties, N. a. var. angulata and N. a. var. dentata, that differ in the types of leaf hairs on the lower surface of the leaves and the type of leaf margin (Wagner et al. 1999).

Neraudia angulata flowers and fruits from early spring to summer. Fruits mature in about a month. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Neraudia angulata was known from almost the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Kaluakauila Gulch nearly to Puu Manawahua. This species is currently known from Kaluakauila Gulch along Makua-Keaau Ridge to Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands. The five known populations are estimated to comprise approximately 51 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Neraudia angulata var. angulata typically grows on slopes, ledges, or gulches in lowland mesic or dry forest between 189 and 978 m (620 and 3,208 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include-- Diospyros sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Bidens sp., Artemisia australis, Sida fallax, Carex meyenii, Psydrax odorata, Hibiscus sp., Pisonia sandwicensis (ulu), or Nestegis sandwicensis. Neraudia angulata var. dentata typically grows on cliffs, rock embankments, gulches, and slopes in mesic or dry forests between 110 and 978 m (361 and 3,208 ft). Associated native plant species include Diospyros sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Alyxia oliviformis, Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Pisonia sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Hibiscus sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Bidens torta, Canavalia sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Carex sp., Charpentiera sp., Sida fallax, Streblus pendulinus, or Eragrostis sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

The major threats to Neraudia angulata var. angulata are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; military activities; competition from the alien plant species Ageratina riparia, Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora subcordata, Melinis minutiflora, and Psidium cattleianum; fire; and the small number of extant individuals. The major threats to Neraudia angulata var. dentata are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fire; and competition with the alien plant species Melinis minutiflora, Tecoma castanifolia (yellow elder), Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis sp., Ageratina riparia, Montanoa hibiscifolia, Passiflora suberosa, Ageratina adenophora, Psidium guajava, Pimenta dioica, Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Schefflera actinophylla, Oplismenus hirtellus, Leucaena leucocephala, Blechnum occidentale, and Erigeron karvinskianus (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN)

Phyllostegia hirsuta, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an erect subshrub or vine with stems densely covered with coarse or stiff hairs. The wrinkled leaves are egg-shaped, and both leaf surfaces are moderately covered with long, flat hairs. The upper surface is inconspicuously dotted with glands, while the lower surface is more densely glandulose. The egg-shaped floral bracts are 3 to 6 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) long. The flowers have two lips the upper one is approximately 3 mm (0.1 in) long and the lower one is 5 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long. The tubular portion of the flower is slightly curved. The corolla is white and usually purple-tinged on the upper lip. The fruit is a nutlet about 3 mm (0.1 in) long. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the texture, hairiness, and size of the leaves and the length of the upper bracts (Wagner et al. 1999).

Phyllostegia hirsuta has been observed in flower in February and in fruit in June. Cultivated material flowered in July. No other information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors is available (Service 1998b).

Historically, Phyllostegia hirsuta was known from widespread populations in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, this species is found in 23 locations with a total of between 214 and 227 individuals from the ridge between Makaha and Waianae Kai to the south fork of North Palawai Gulch in the Waiaanae Mountains and from

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Kawainui Gulch in Kawailoa Training Area to south Kaukonahua drainage in the Koolau Mountains. These populations occur on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Phyllostegia hirsuta is usually found on steep, shaded slopes, cliffs, ridges, gullies, and streambanks in mesic or wet forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis between 195 and 1,202 m (640 and 3,943 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Pisonia sp., Diplazium sandwichiana, Freycinetia arborea, Chamaesyce multiformis, Hibiscus sp., Rumex albescens, Machaerina angustifolia, Clermontia kekeana (oha wai), Perotettia sandwicenum, Cibotium sp., Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Ilex anomala, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Melicope sp., Psychotria sp., Astelia sp. (painiu), Antidesma platyphyllum, Dubautia laxa, Cyanea membranacea, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Myrsine sandwicensis (kolea), Scaevola gaudichaudiana (naupaka kuahiwi), Pleomele sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Streblus pendulinus, Claoxylon sandwicense, Nothocestrum sp., Neraudia sp. (NCN), Zanthoxylum kauaense (ae), Labordia kaalae, Cyrtandra waianaeensis, Phyllostegia grandiflora (NCN), Liparis hawaiiensis (awapuhiakanaloa), Dubautia sherffiana (naenae), Pouteria sandwicensis, Brousaissia arguta, Pipturis sp., Coprosma longifolia, Hedyotis terminalis, Myrsine lessertiana, or native ferns (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

The primary threats to Phyllostegia hirsuta are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; rockslides; rats; and competition with Passiflora suberosa, Blechnum occidentale, Pimenta dioica, Paspalum conjugatum, Rubus rosifolius, Drymaria cordata, Axonopus fissifolius, Athyrium sp. (NCN), Adiantum raddianum, Melinis minutiflora, Physalis peruviana (poha), Buddleia asiatica, Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, or Psidium cattleianum (HINHP Database 2001).

Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN)

Phyllostegia kaalaensis, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an herb. The egg-shaped leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) long. Usually six flowers are arranged along a flowering stalk. The calyx is glabrous and the corolla tube is hairless. The species is distinguished from others of the genus by the spreading, pointed teeth on the leaf edges and by the hairs along the margins of the calyx and bracts (Wagner et al. 1999).

No information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Phyllostegia kaalaensis has been known from only six scattered populations in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species is known from four populations containing a total of fewer than 45 plants, in Waianae Kai, Pahole Gulch, central Ekahanui Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, and Palikea Gulch. These populations occur on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Phyllostegia kaalaensis is found on gulch slopes and bottoms and on almost vertical rock faces in mesic forest or Sapindus oahuensis forest between 374 and 796 m (1,227 and 2,611 ft) elevation. Associated plant include Myrsine lanaiensis, Myrsine lessertiana, Psychotria hathewayi, Antidesma platyphyllum, Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, Hibiscus sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Neraudia melastomifolia, Streblus pendulinus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, or Urera glabra, (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Phyllostegia kaalaensis are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs and goats; fire; trail clearing; competition with the alien plant species Rubus rosifolius, Thelypteris parasitica, Ageratina adenophora, Buddleia asiatica, Psidium guajava, Lantana camara, Blechnum occidentale, Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline fruticosa, Oplismenus hirtellus, Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), Passiflora ligularis, Toona ciliata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora subcordata, Clidemia hirta, and Psidium cattleianum; and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations and individuals (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001).

Pritchardia kaalae (loulu)

Pritchardia kaalae, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a single-stemmed palm up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. The waxy, hairless leaves are thin and papery or thick and leathery. Sometimes small points, dots, or linear, rusty scales are scattered on the lower leaf surface. The flowering stalks are composed of one or more branches. The round fruits are approximately 2 cm (0.8 in) in diameter. Pritchardia kaalae is distinguished from other members of the genus by the hairless or scaly leaves (Read and Hodel 1999).

Pritchardia kaalae plants have been observed in fruit in April, August and October and may fruit throughout the year. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Pritchardia kaalae was known from scattered populations in the central and north-central Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, six populations are known from Manuwai Gulch, East Makaleha, Kaumokunui Gulch, Waianae Kai-Haleauau summit divide, Makua-Keaau Ridge and Makaha Valley, totaling about 200 individuals. These populations are located on Federal, State, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Pritchardia kaalae is typically found on steep slopes and gulches in mesic forest or shrubland between elevations of 421 and 1,123 m (1,381 and 3,683 ft). Associated plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bidens sp., Pipturus sp., Dubautia sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Eragrostis sp., Metrosideros tremuloides, or Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe) (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; EDA, in litt. 2001).

Major threats to Pritchardia kaalae are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fruit predation by rats; potential impacts from military activities; competition with the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratina adenophora, and Rubus argutus; potential fire; and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Sanicula mariversa (NCN)

Sanicula mariversa, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is an upright herb, 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) tall which produces a caudex (a single branched stem from a sturdy base) growing just beneath the surface of the soil. There are many heart- to kidney-shaped, leathery, three- to five-lobed leaves growing from the base of the plant. Leaves on the stem become smaller and more deeply lobed the closer they are to the tip of the stem. Flowers are arranged in one to four more or less flat-topped clusters; each cluster comprises 10 to 20 flowers and is located at the end of the stem or in the leaf axils. Each flower cluster has eight to 12 bracts beneath it and comprises both male and

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hermaphroditic flowers. There are five nearly circular, fused, toothed, yellow petals. The egg-shaped fruit is covered with hooked prickles and separates into two single-seeded parts. The larger size of the plant and basal leaves, the color of the flower petals, and the hooked prickles on the fruit separate this species from others of the genus in Hawaii (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Sanicula mariversa is known to flower from February through May, and fruits can be found until August. Dry fruits remain on infructescences for a long time and may persist beyond August. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Sanicula mariversa was known from the central Waianae Mountains from Makua-Keaau Ridge to Kaluaa-Lualualei Summit Ridge. This species is now extant on Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau-Makaha Ridge, Kamaileunu Ridge, and northwest of Puu Kanehoa on Federal, State, city, and county lands. The four known populations contain approximately 170 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Sanicula mariversa typically grows on well-drained, dry slopes and rock faces in mesic shrublands and open grassy areas at elevations between 582 and 978 m (1,909 and 3,208 ft). Associated species include Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp., Bidens torta, Metrosideros tremuloides, Doryopteris sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The major threats to Sanicula mariversa are habitat degradation by feral goats; fire; erosion; competition from the alien plant species Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Melinus minutiflora; trampling by humans on or near trails; and the risk of extinction due to the small number of populations (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Schiedea kaalae (NCN).

Schiedea kaalae, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), has a short woody caudex less than 20 cm (8 in) long. The thick, single- veined leaves are bunched at the top of the stem; they are long and elliptic or broader toward the tip and can reach a length of 24 cm (9.4 in) and a width of 6 cm (2.4 in). Flowers are in a panicle (an open, much branched inflorescence). The flowers lack petals, but have purple bracts and sepals. Stamens and nectaries each number five and are about 4 to 5 mm (0.2 in) long. Capsules are about 4 mm (0.2 in) long, and seeds are dark grayish brown and about 1 mm (0.04 in) long. This species can be distinguished from other members of its genus by its very short stems and its thick leaves with one conspicuous vein (Wagner et al. 1999).

This plant has been observed in flower from March through June. Based on field and greenhouse observations, Schiedea kaalae has perfect flowers (each individual has both male and female reproductive organs). A series of experimental self-pollinations, within-population crosses, and crosses among populations have demonstrated that Schiedea kaalae experiences moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results indicate that reductions in population size could result in expression of inbreeding depression in seedlings, with potentially deleterious consequences for the long-term persistence of this species. Consistent with the evidence for inbreeding depression, Schiedea kaalae appears to be an outcrossing species. Under greenhouse conditions, flowers do not set fruit unless pollinated. In the field, this species was observed being visited by the introduced syrphid fly, Simosyrphus grandicornis. The fly did not appear to be foraging for nectar but may have been feeding on pollen. Individuals of Schiedea kaalae appear to be long- lived, but there is no evidence of regeneration from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of Schiedea kaale, like those of other Schiedea species in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by introduced slugs and snails, which have been observed feeding on Schiedea membranacea, a mesic forest species from Kauai. Schiedea occurring in dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably because dry areas have fewer alien predators (Service 1998b; Weller and Sakai, unpublished data).

Historically, Schiedea kaalae was known from the north-central and south-central Waianae Mountains and the northern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. This species remains on State and private lands at Pahole Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Puu Kaua, Palawai Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, and Makaua Stream. The eight known populations contain only 49 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Schiedea kaalae typically grows on steep slopes, cliffs, streambanks, and deep shade in diverse mesic and wet forests at elevations between 64 and 869 m (210 and 2,850 ft). Associated species include Pisonia sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Pouteria sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, Pipturus albidus, Cyrtandra laxiflora, Hedyotis acuminata, Selaginella arbuscula, Cyrtandra calpidicarpa, Boehmeria grandis, Claoxylon sandwicense, Diospyros hillebrandii, Dryopteris unidentata, Alyxia oliviformis, Charpentiera sp., Athyrium sandwichianum, Xylosma hawaiiensis (maua), Nothocestrum longifolium (aiea), Athyrium arnottii (hoio), or Pisonia umbellifera (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The major threats to Schiedea kaalae are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition from the alien plant species Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Blechnum occidentale, Ageratina riparia, Psidium guajava, Thlypteris parasitica, Oplismenus hirtellus, Cordyline fruticosa, Rubus rosifolius, Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratina adenophora, Passiflora subcordata, Clidemia hirta, Melinus minutiflora, and Myrica faya; fire; predation by introduced slugs and snails; and the small number of extant individuals and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

Schiedea kealiae (NCN)

Schiedea kealiae, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a subshrub with weakly ascending to sprawling stems which form loose clumps. The lower stems are smooth while the upper stems and flowering stalk bear glands. The opposite leaves are lance-shaped to elliptic lance-shaped and conspicuously three-veined with a prominent midrib. The flowering stalk have numerous unisexual flowers in crowded clusters. The green sepals of the male flowers are approximately 2.5 mm (0.1 in) long. The sepals of the female flowers, 1.5 to 2.2 mm (0.06 to 0.09 in) long, are slightly shorter. The nectaries are inconspicuous. The capsular fruit is 2 to 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.1 in) long. The species is distinguished from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the sepals and nectaries and the flowering stalk exclusively with stalkless glands (Wagner et al. 1999).

Schiedea kealiae has been observed in flower in December. A series of self-pollinations, intra-populational crosses, and crosses among populations have demonstrated that many related Schiedea sp. experience moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results indicate that reductions in population size could result in expression of inbreeding depression among seedlings, with potentially deleterious consequences for the long

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term persistence of this species. Individuals of Schiedea kealiae appear to be long-lived, however there is no evidence of regeneration from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of Schiedea species occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by introduced slugs and snails, which have been observed feeding on Schiedea membranacea, a mesic forest species from Kauai. Schiedea occurring in dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably because dry areas have fewer alien predators (Service 1998b; Weller and Sakai, unpublished data).

Historically, Schiedea kealiae was known from the northern Waianae Mountains and one collection from the Palikea area, near the southern end of the same mountain range. Currently, four populations totaling between 265 and 315 plants are located on the cliffs above Dillingham Airfield and Camp Erdman and at Kaena Point at the northern end of the Waianae Mountains. These populations occur on private and State lands, and State lands under Federal jurisdiction (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; U.S. Army (Army) 2001b).

Schiedea kealiae is usually found on steep slopes and cliff faces and bases in dry remnant Erythrina sandwicensis forest at elevations between 46 and 341 m (151 and 1,118 ft). Associated plant species include Sicyos sp. (anunu), Plumbago zeylanica, Lepidium bidentatum (anaunau), Lipochaeta remyi (nehe), Myoporum sandwicense, Hibiscus arnottianus, Psydrax odorata, Bidens sp., or Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Schiedea kealiae are competition with the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Panicum maximum, and Leucaena leucocephala; predation by introduced slugs and snails; lack of a pollinator; and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations. The Kaena Point population is additionally threatened by naturally-occurring rock slides and fire (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Silene perlmanii (NCN)

Silene perlmanii, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a perennial plant with stems that are woody at the base. It usually is much branched from the base and often forms clumps. Stems are 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 in) long, and leaves are in the shape of narrow ellipses. A few flowers are arranged in clusters at the ends of stems. Each flower has fused sepals with five lobes and white, deeply notched petals. Mature capsules have not been seen. It is the only species of the genus on Oahu and can be distinguished from other Silene species by its white petals and a calyx which is more than 19 mm (0.7 in) long and densely covered with short hairs (Wagner et al. 1999).

Silene perlmanii flowers in the spring, depending on climatic conditions. Flowers last for a day. Fruits develop in a few weeks. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Silene perlmanii was discovered in the 1980s and was known from a few individuals in two populations in the southern Waianae Mountains on Federal and privately owned lands. The populations were about 1.6 km (1 mi) apart at Palikea and Palawai Gulch. As of December 1997, no individuals are known to be extant in the wild (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). Currently, this species is known only from individuals under propagation at the National Tropical Botanical Garden (G. Koob, pers. comm. 2002).

Silene perlmanii typically grew on steep rocky slopes in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest at elevations between 493 and 919 m (1,617 and 3,014 ft) (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

The major threats to Silene perlmanii are competition from the alien plant species Erigeron karvinskianus, Ageratina adenophora, Passiflora suberosa, Schinus terebinthifolius, Myrica faya, and Melinis minutiflora; feral pigs; and the risk of extinction from naturally- occurring events and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN)

Stenogyne kanehoana is a scandent vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae) with stems weakly four-angled, hairy, and 1 to 2 m (3 to 6 ft) long. The leaves are oppositely arranged and are narrowly ovate to oblong-ovate, and thin but densely hairy. The flowers are in clusters of three to six per leaf axil; the petals are fused into a strongly curved tube, white or pale yellow with short, pink, corolla lobes. The fruit consists of four fleshy, black nutlets. Stenogyne kanehoana is distinguished from the only other member of the genus occurring on Oahu, S. kaalae, primarily by the size and color of its flowers. The flowers of S. kanehoana are large, white to yellow, and tipped in pink, while those of S. kaalae are small and deep purple (Weller and Sakai 1999).

Stenogyne kanehoana generally flowers from February through March, but flowering depends on precipitation and flowers have been noted from January to as late as April. Fruits mature within 6 weeks. The life span of this species appears to be about 7 to 12 years. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Stenogyne kanehoana was known from the east ridge of Puu Kanehoa, Waianae Mountains, near the summit of the ridge connecting Puu Kanehoa with Puu Hapapa to the north and Puu Kaua to the south; a distance totaling approximately 2.8 km (1.75 mi). This population consisting of two plants near the summit of Puu Kanehoa on privately owned land was found dead recently. An additional population in Kaluaa Gulch was discovered in 2000 by Joan Yoshioka of TNCH. This population consist of one to six individual plants and is located on private owned land (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1998b; 57 FR 20592).

The remnant population of Stenogyne kanehoana is found in lowland mesic forest between 559 and 1,168 m (1,834 and 3,831 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psychotria sp., Freycinetia arborea, Bidens sp., Chamaesyce sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Cibotium sp., or Scaevola sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Stenogyne kanehoana are habitat degradation and competition for space, water, light, and nutrients by naturalized, alien species (especially Clidemia hirta, Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Passiflora suberosa, and Paspalum conjugatum). The extremely small number of individual plants and their restricted distribution increases the potential for extinction from naturally- occurring events. Other potential threats which have been suggested include fire and deforestation, but, at present, these probably are not serious threats to the species. Feral pigs, the two spotted leafhopper, and hikers are also thought to be a threat to this species (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 57 FR 20592).

Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN)

Tetramolopium filiforme, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) tall with complexly branched stems. The leaves are much longer than wide; from 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long and 0.4 to 1.2 mm (0.02 to 0.05 in) wide. The

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flower heads are single or grouped in clusters of two to four, each having a bell-shaped involucre (one or more whorls of bracts situated below and close to a flower, flower cluster, or fruit). There are 35 to 52 white or pale lavender ray florets in a single circle at the edge of the head. There are 18 to 30 maroon (rarely yellow) disk florets in the center of each head. The ray florets are female, while the disk florets function as male flowers. Fruits are achenes (a small dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit). This species is distinguished from the other extant species on Oahu by its separate male and female flowers both on the same plant, and its inflorescence of one to four heads (Lowrey 1999).

In cultivation, Tetramolopium filiforme germinates in about 3 weeks. Fifteen weeks after germination, the plants are approximately 9 cm (3.5 in) high and they produce their first buds. The first blossoms are noted about 18 weeks after germination. During growth an inflorescence forms at the apex of each shoot while new shoots develop laterally. Tetramolopium filiforme is relatively short-lived and usually lives less than 5 years. In the wild, it usually flowers in the late winter or spring but flowering can also be induced by heavy rainfall (Service 1998b).

Historically, Tetramolopium filiforme was known from the northern Waianae Mountains, from Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau Valley, and Makaha Valley. This species remains in Keaau Valley, Kahanahaiki Valley, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei, Waianae Kai and Puu Kawiwi on Federal, State, city, and county lands. The six known populations are estimated to contain approximately 253 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Tetramolopium filiforme typically grows on dry cliff faces and ridges in dry and mesic forests at elevations of 247 to 978 m (810 to 3,208 ft). Associated species include Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Peperomia tetraphylla (ala ala wai nui), Schiedea sp., Sida fallax, Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, or Schiedea mannii (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Tetramolopium filiforme are habitat degradation by feral goats; competition from the alien plant species Ageratina riparia, Lantana camara, Melinis repens, Acacia confusa, Kalanchoe pinnata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, and Erigeron karvinskianus; fire; military activities; and a risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and trampling or collection by humans on or near trails (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (Oheohe)

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, a member of the ginseng family (Araliaceae), is a tree 2.5 to 10 m (8 to 33 ft) tall, either hairless or with fuzzy, short-lived hairs on the young leaves and flower clusters. The leaves have seven to 21 leathery, oval to elliptic leaflets per leaf. Each leaflet is folded upward along the midvein. The flowers are usually arranged in threes or in an umbrella-shaped arrangement. Petals usually number five or six per flower, with an equal number of stamens. The ovary, which usually has three or four sections, appears placed atop the receptacle (base of the flower) in a superior position, due to the expansion of the ovary disk (outgrowth of the receptacle) and the reduction of the hypanthium (basal portion of the flower). Fruits are purplish, oval or top-shaded drupes, that enclose a papery endocarp and single seeds. Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa is distinguished from all other species in the genus in that its ovary appears fully superior (Lowrey 1999).

This species was observed in flower and fruit in November 1991 and in fruit in May and September. No further information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa was historically known from Punaluu, Waikakalaua Gulch, Mount Olympus, and the region between Niu and Wailupe, all in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. This species was also sighted in the Waianae Range at Palikea in 1954. Currently, 20 populations are scattered along the summit ridges of the Koolau Mountains from the region of Paumalu at the northern extreme to Kuliouou and Waimanalo at the southeastern most point, on Federal, State, city, and county lands. Fewer than 100 individuals are known (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa is typically found on windswept summit ridges, slopes, or in gullies in wet or sometimes mesic lowland forests and shrublands between elevations of 93 and 959 m (305 and 3,146 ft). Associated plant species include Cheirodendron sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Syzygium sandwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Melicope spp., Tetraplasandra oahuensis (ohe mauka), Bobea elaitor, Acacia koa, Cibotium chamissoi, Lobelia hypoleuca (NCN), Myrsine fosbergii (kolea), Pouteria sandwicensis, Wikstroemia sp., Sadleria sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, Freycinetia arborea, Broussaisia arguta, Psychotria spp., Labordia sp., Hedyotis fosbergii (manono), Bidens sp., Dubautia laxa, Cibotium sp., or the endangered Cyanea humboldtiara (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 14482).

The major threats to Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa are competition with the alien plant species Pterolepis glomerata, Aleurites moluccana, Eucalyptus sp. (gum tree), Setaria palmifolia, Araucaria columnaris (Norfolk Island pine), Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardisia), Sacciolepis indica, Erigeron karvinskianus, Axonopus fissifolius, Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta and Psidium cattleianum; the two spotted leafhopper; habitat degradation by feral pigs; and reduced reproductive vigor due to the species' limited gene pool, a consequence of the small number of extant individuals (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 14482).

Trematolobelia singularis (NCN)

Trematolobelia singularis, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulacea), is an unbranched shrub with stems 0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 ft) long. The long and narrow leaves are 10 to 18 cm (4 to 7 in) long and 1 to 1.8 cm (0.4 to 0.7 in) wide. The unbranched, erect flowering stalk is 20 to 42 cm (8 to 16.5 in) long. The violet petals are about 5 cm (0.2 in) long and collectively form a three-lobed tube. The largest lobe is curved downward and the other two are bent backward, giving the appearance of two lips. The capsules are almost round and contain numerous small, wind-dispersed seeds. This species differs from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the unbranched, erect flowering stalk (Lammers 1999).

This species has been observed in flower in October. No additional information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Trematolobelia singularis has been reported only from the southern Koolau Mountains. Approximately 165 plants are known from three populations Moanalua-Tripler Ridge summit to Puu Keahiakahoe, Konahuanui, and Puu Lanipo. These populations are found on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

This species usually grows on steep, windswept cliff faces or slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

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linearis lowland wet shrubland from 545 to 953 m (1,788 to 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Eugenia sp.(nioi), Wikstroemia sp., Melicope sp., Sadleria sp., Cibotium sp., Broussaisia arguta, or Dubautia laxa (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

The threats to Trematolobelia singularis are habitat degradation by feral pigs; potential predation by rats and slugs; competition with the aggressive alien plant species Clidemia hirta; and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations are serious (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Urera kaalae (Opuhe)

Urera kaalae, a member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a small tree or shrub 3 to 7 m (10 to 23 ft) tall. The sap of the plant becomes greenish black when exposed to air. The leaves are pale green, thin and membranous, heart-shaped, 10 to 27 cm (4 to 11 in) long by 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) wide, with three main veins and toothed margins. The flowers are either male or female and may grow on the same or different plants. They are arranged in three-branched inflorescences. Sepals of male flowers are fused into rather globe-shaped structures about 1.5 mm (0.06 in) long. Sepals of female flowers are less than 1 mm (0.04 in) long, and the inner pair becomes slightly fleshy to enclose the achene along about half of its 1 mm (0.04 in) length. This species can be distinguished from the other Hawaiian species of the genus by its heart-shaped leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).

Urera kaalae has been observed flowering in the spring. It is difficult to predict when seeds will be produced, and, when they are produced, they are often sterile. This may be an indication of pollinator limitation. The plants are fast-growing. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Urera kaalae was known from the central to southern windward Waianae Mountains, from Waianae Uka to Kupehau Gulch. This species now occurs only in North and South Ekahanui, Pualii Gulch, Napepeiauolelo, Halona, and Kaluaa Gulches, North and South Palawai, Puu Hapapa, Napepeiauolelo Gulch, and Waianae Kai on Federal, State, and private lands. The 11 known populations contain approximately 41 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Urera kaalae typically grows on slopes and in gulches in diverse mesic forest at elevations of 439 to 1,074 m (1,440 to 3,523 ft). Associated species include Hibiscus sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Canavalia sp., Charpentiera sp., Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona), Claoxylon sandwicense, Pleomele sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, Chamaesyce sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium sp., Streblus pendulinus, Hedyotis acuminata, Asplenium kaulfusii, Doryopteris sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, Pipturus albidus, Urera glabra, Psychotria sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, or Nestegis sandwicensis (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).

The major threats to Urera kaalae are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition from the alien plant species Psidium guajava, Pimenta dioica, Buddleia asiatica, Thelypteris parasitica, Rubus rosifolius, Clidemia hirta, Passiflora suberosa, Heliocarpus popayaensis, Schinus terebinthifolius, Myrica faya, Passiflora subcordata, Melinis minutiflora, and Psidium cattleianum; fire; rockslides; and the small number of extant individuals and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001).

Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana (Olopu)

Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a branched shrub up to 90 cm (3 ft) tall. The toothed leaves, usually clustered at branch tips, are triangular-oval to heart-shaped in outline. Each flowering stalk produces one or two flowers with five sepals and five white, purple-tinged petals. Capsules contain dark brown to almost black seeds. This subspecies can be distinguished from the other members of the genus in the Waianae Mountains by the small size of its leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).

Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana has been observed in fruit and flower in April, August and October. No further information is available on flowering cycle, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana was known from the central and southern Waianae Mountains and Makaleha Valley. This taxon now occurs on Kamaileunu Ridge, Palikea Ridge (between Nanakuli and Lualualei), Puu Hapapa, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Halona, and Puu Kumakalii on Federal, State, city, and county lands. The five known populations contain 59 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana typically grows on dry cliffs, rocky ledges, and steep slopes in mesic shrubland and cliff vegetation at elevations of 414 to 1,149 m (1,358 to 3,769 ft). Associated species include Sida fallax, Chamaesyce sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Schiedea sp., Dubautia sp., Peperomia sp., Lipochaeta tenuis, Rumex sp., Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, or Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe) (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien the plant species Myrica faya, Schinus terebinthifolius, Erigeron karvinskianus, Ageratina adenophora, Ageratum riparia, and Melinis minutiflora; fire; landslides; and the small number of extant individuals and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Viola oahuensis (NCN)

Viola oahuensis, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is usually an erect, unbranched subshrub 6 to 40 cm (2.4 to 16 in) tall. The papery-textured leaves are elliptic-egg-shaped to elliptic. The leaf stalks are typically 0.5 to 1 cm (0.2 to 0.4 in) long. The narrowly triangular stipules (either pair of appendages borne at the base of the leaf in many plants) have fringed edges. One to two flowers are borne on stalks typically 25 to 60 mm (1 to 2.4 in) long. The petals are pale yellow, the upper ones 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, the lateral ones 10 to 13.5 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) long, and the lower one 12 to 16 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in) long. The capsules are 9 to 16 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long. This species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by the stipule characters, the length of the leaf stalks, and the length and papery texture of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).

Viola oahuensis has been observed flowering in August and September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Viola oahuensis was known from 17 populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu scattered

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over about a 37 km (23 mi) distance from Puu Kainapuaa to Palolo. The nine extant populations, which total fewer than 200 individuals, are now found from the Kawainui-Koloa summit divide to the Waimalu- Koolaupoko divide. These populations are found on Federal, State, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Viola oahuensis is generally found on exposed, windswept ridges of moderate to steep slope in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis shrublands and Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs in the cloud zone from 415 to 959 m (1,361 to 3,146 ft) elevation. This species typically grows among wind-stunted Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., Labordia sp., Dubautia laxa, Wikstroemia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Antidesma sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Bidens macrocarpa, Machaerina sp., Sadleria sp., or Vaccinium sp. (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

The primary threats to Viola oahuensis are habitat degradation and/ or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with Pterolepis sp. (NCN), Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, and Paspalum conjugatum; and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/ or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations (Service1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Multi-Island Species

Adenophorus periens (Pendant kihi fern)

Adenophorus periens, a member of the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the ground) fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna (a leaflet or primary division of a pinnate leaf or frond) margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the placement of the sori on the pinnae, and the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).

Little is known about the life history of Adenophorus periens, which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high humidity. Its breeding system is unknown but outbreeding is very likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat which may indicate their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak differences between the seasons in the habitats where this species is found, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or reproduction. Adenophorus periens appears to be susceptible to volcanic emissions and/or resultant acid precipitation. Additional information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is not available (Linney 1989).

Historically, Adenophorus periens was known from Kauai, the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. This species is no longer extant on the island of Oahu. It was collected in 1909 on the west ridge of Palolo crater and the west ridge of Palolo Valley (HINHP Database 2001).

Adenophorus periens grows epiphytically on trees in Metrosideros polymorpha and Metrosideros rugosa wet forests between 309 and 867 m (1,014 and 2,844 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron spp., Machaerina angustifolia, Syzygium sanwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, or Cibotium sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The threats to Adenophorus periens are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats and competition with the alien plant species Psidium cattleianum (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2001).

Alectryon macrococcus (Mahoe)

Alectryon macrococcus, a member of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties, macrococcus and auwahiensis, both trees with reddish brown branches and net veined paper, or leather, leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg- shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs, only when young in A. macrococcus var. macrococcus, and whether young or mature (persistent) in A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis. Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis is only found on the island of Maui. The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished from other members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 in) or more in diameter (Wagner et al. 1999).

Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively slow growing, long lived tree that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought. Little else is known about the life history of this species. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, and specific environmental requirements are unknown (Service 1997).

Currently and historically, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus occurs on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Oahu, there are a total of 34 populations containing around 300 individuals. These populations are found in Kapuna Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, Manuwai Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Makua Valley, Puu Ku Makalii, Nanakuli- Lualualei Ridge, Palikea Gulch, Makaha, Pahole Gulch, Makaleha Valley, Waianae Kai, Waieli Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Kaaua Gulch, Puu Hapapa, Mikilua subdistrict, Kaawa Gulch, and Napepeiauolelo Gulch on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; EDA, in litt. 2001).

Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus grows on slopes, ridges, or in gulches within mesic lowland forests between elevations of 367 and 941 m (1,204 and 3,086 ft). Associated native plant species include Pisonia sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Streblus pendulinus, Psychotria hathewayi, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, Diplazium sandwichianum, Claoxylon sandwicense, Neraudia sp., Pipturus albidus, Diospyros hillebrandii, Charpentiera sp., Hibiscus arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Myrsine lanaiensis, Psydrax odorata, Canavalia sp., or Alyxia oliviformis (HINHP Database 2001).

The threats to Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Oahu are impacts of feral goats and pigs; impacts of the alien plant species Heliocarpos popayanensis, Toona ciliata, Syzygium cumini, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum occidentale, Oplismenus hirtellus, Psidium guajava, Melinus minutiflora, Clidemia hirta, Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass), Buddleia asiatica, Thelypteris parasitica, Rubus rosifolius, Passiflora suberosa, Lanatana camara, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Psidium cattleianum; damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats, mice (Mus domesticus), and insects; fire; depressed reproductive vigor; loss of pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; and due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

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Bonamia menziesii (NCN)

Bonamia menziesii, a member of the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Bonamia menziesii. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii. There are 16 total populations containing a total of fewer than 100 individual plants on Oahu. On Oahu, populations are found in Niu Valley, Makaleha Valley, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Wailupe, Waialae Nui- Kapakahi Ridge and Kapakahi Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Keawaula, Hawaii loa Ridge and Kului Gulch, Nanakuli Valley, Kuaokala, Halona, Waialae Iki, Kapuna Gulch, Mikilua, Waianae Kai, and Alaiheihe Gulch on Federal, State, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Bonamia menziesii is found on steep slopes or level ground in dry or mesic forest in open or closed canopy at elevations between 31 and 809 m (102 and 2,654 ft). Associated species include Alyxia oliviformis, Pleomele sp., Sida fallax, Waltheria indica, Erythrina sandwicensis (wili wili), Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., Acacia koa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psydrax odorata, Dianella sandwicensis (ukiuki), Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata (mokihana), Melicope barbigera (alani), Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).

The primary threats to Bonamia menziesii on Oahu are habitat degradation and possible predation by wild and feral pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with the alien plant species Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass), Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites moluccana, Psidium cattleianum, Montanoa hibiscifolia, Schinus terebinthifolius, Grevillea robusta, Toona ciliata, Pimenta dioica, Kalanchoe pinnata, Panicum maximum, Melia azerdarach, Syzygium cumini, Leucaena leucocephala, Lantana camara, Hyptis pectinata, and Rivina humilis; fire; an alien bug (Physomerus grossipes); and military activities (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2001).

Cenchrus agrimonioides (Kamanomano)

Cenchrus agrimonioides, a member of the grass family (Poaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a grass with leaf blades which are flat or folded and have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. laysanensis and Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides. They differ from each other in that var. agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves. Cenchrus agrimonioides var. laysanensis is only known from the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and position of the bristles (O'Conner 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Cenchrus agrimonioides. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown, however, this species has been observed to produce fruit year round (Service 1999).

Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was known from the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, and Maui. This variety is currently extant on Oahu and Maui. Currently, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is known from a total of eight populations containing between 113 and 118 individuals on Oahu. On Oahu, populations are found in the Pahole Gulch, on the Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, in or near Kahanahaiki Gulch, in east Makaleha, Puu Kaua, Huliwai Gulch, and in the Pualii Drainage, on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; 61 FR 53108; Service 1999).

Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is usually found on dry upper slopes, or ridges in lowland mixed mesic forest at elevations between 357 and 890 m (1,171 and 2,919 ft). Associated plant species include Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Alyxia oliviformis, Psydrax odorata, Diospyros sandwicensis, Carex wahuensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Bobea sp., Chamaesyce multiformis, Gahnia beecheyi (NCN), Coprosma foliosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Eragrostis variabilis (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The major threats to Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on Oahu are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Blechnum occidentale, Ageratina riparia, Psidium cattleianum, Grevillea robusta, Passiflora suberosa, Clidemia hirta, Casuarina sp. (ironwood), Paspalum conjugatum, and Rubus argutus; trampling and fire from military activities; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001).

Centaurium sebaeoides (Awiwi)

Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from Centaurium erythraea, which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April. Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Populations are found in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains (56 FR 55770).

Historically, Centaurium sebaeoides was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. This species is currently extant on Kauai, Maui, Lanai, and Oahu. Currently on Oahu, three populations of this species remains with a total of between 60 and 80 individuals at Kaena Point, Koko Head, and on the slopes above Halona Point on State, private, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs in arid coastal areas or on coral plains below 368 m (1,207 ft) elevation. Associated species include Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Jacquemontia ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta (nehe), or Lysimachia sp. (kolokolo kuahiwi) (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770; Wagner et al. 1999).

The major threats to Centaurium sebaeoides on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral goats and cattle; competition from the alien plant species Leucaena leucocephala; trampling by humans on or near trails; and fire (56 FR 55770; Service 1999).

Colubrina oppositifolia (Kauila)

Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of the Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and

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a long-lived perennial, is a tree with extremely hard red wood. This species is readily distinguished from the other species in Hawaii by several characters opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).

Colubrina oppositifolia was observed in fruit and flower during September and June, and in flower during December and January. No other life history information is currently available (HINHP Database 2001).

Historically, Colubrina oppositifolia was known from Oahu, Maui and the island of Hawaii. This species now occurs on the island of Hawaii, Oahu, and Maui. Currently there are a total of five populations containing a total of 61 individuals on Oahu. On Oahu, populations are found in Kaumokunui Gulch, Makaleha Valley, and Manuwai Gulch on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Habitats of Colubrina oppositifolia are lowland dry and mesic forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis, found at elevations between 277 and 761 m (909 and 2,496 ft). Associated native species include Alyxia oliviformis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, or Reynoldsia sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2001).

The threats to this species on Oahu are habitat destruction by feral pigs and goats; competition with the alien plant species Syzygium cumini, Psidium cattleianum, Aleurites moluccana, Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; the introduction of black twig borer; Chinese rose beetles; fire; small population numbers; limited distributions; and disturbance by military and unauthorized personnel (59 FR 10305; Service 1996c; HINHP Database 2001).

Ctenitis squamigera (Pauoa)

Ctenitis squamigera, a member of the wood fern family (Aspleniaceae), has a rhizome creeping above the ground that is densely covered with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. It can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of Ctenitis by the dense covering of tan colored scales on its frond (Degener and Degener 1957).

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown for Ctenitis squamigera (Service 1998a).

Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from Kauai; Kaluanui, southeast of Kahana Bay, Pauoa, Nuuanu, Niu, and Wailupe in the Koolau Mountains, Mt. Kaala NAR and Schofield Barracks in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu; Molokai; Maui; and the island of Hawaii. This species is currently extant on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently on Oahu, four populations with more than 80 individuals are found in the Waianae Mountains in Makaleha Valley, Kaaawa Gulch, Makua Valley and Waianae Kai Forest Reserve on Federal, State, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Ctenitis squamigera is found on gentle to steep slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha/Diospyros sandwicensis mesic forest and diverse mesic forest at elevations of 387 to 923 m (1,269 to 3,027 ft). Associated native plant taxa include Alyxia oliviformis, Hibiscus sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Pouteria sandwicensis, Carex meyenii, Dodonaea viscosa, Freycinetia arborea, Pisonia sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Doodia kunthiana, Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., or Xylosma sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The primary threats to Ctenitis squamigera on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the alien plant species, Blechnum occidentale, Ageratina riparia, Toona ciliata, Clidemia hirta, Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Psidium guajava, Psidium cattleianum and Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; decreased reproductive vigor and extinction caused by naturally occurring events due to the small number of existing populations (Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 49025).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (Haha)

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub with pinnately divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes which overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Currently and historically, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is known from the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. On Oahu, there are populations known from Palikea Gulch, North Haleauau Gulch, Pahole NAR, Pia Gulch, Kului Gulch, and in Waialae Iki-Kapakahi on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands in a total of six populations containing nine individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is typically found in mesic forest often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia koa, or on rocky or steep slopes of stream banks, at elevations between 114 and 746 m (374 and 2,447 ft). Associated plant species include Cyanea angustifolia (haha), Joinvillea sp. (ohe), Clermontia persicaefolia (oha wai), Melicope sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Antidesma sp., Bobea sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., or Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).

The threats to Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Oahu are habitat degradation and/or destruction caused by wild and feral goats and pigs; competition with the alien plant species, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, and Toona ciliata; random naturally occurring events causing extinction due to the small number of existing individuals; fire; trampling by hikers and/or military activities; landslides; rats; and predation by various species of slugs (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).

Cyperus trachysanthos (Puukaa)

Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a perennial grass-like plant with a short rhizome (underground stem). The culms (aerial stems) are densely tufted, obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, sticky, and leafy at the base. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf sheath with partitions at the nodes, the shape of the glumes, and the length of the culms (Koyama 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Cyperus trachysanthos. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos was known from Niihau, Kauai, scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. This species is now extant on Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, it is known from the Kaena Point NAR, nearby Manini Gulch, State land at Diamond Head, Makapuu, Queens Beach, and the Kawainui Marsh area, on Federal, State, and private lands. There are six

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populations with a total of 40 individuals on Oahu (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999)

Cyperus trachysanthos is usually found in wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, seasonal ponds, or wet cliff seeps) on coastal cliffs or talus slopes at elevations above 248 m (813 ft). Associated native species include Hibiscus tiliaceus (hau) (Service 1999; Koyama 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001).

The threats to Cyperus trachysanthos on Oahu are a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of populations; competition with alien plant species; feral goats; fire; off-road vehicles to all populations; and pumping of wetlands for flood and mosquito control; modifications to the wetland topography; mowing; herbicide application; and run-off from nearby Hawaii Army National Guard (HIARNG) activities such as the cleaning of vehicles, dumping of paints or thinners, or the use of pesticides to the Diamond Head population (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).

Diellia erecta (NCN)

Diellia erecta, a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a fern that grows in tufts of three to nine lance shaped fronds which emerge from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the genus in having brown or dark gray scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length, fused or separate sori (one of the dots on the underside of a fertile fern frond consisting of a cluster of spores) along both margins, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori (Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).

Little is known about the life history of Diellia erecta. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Diellia erecta was known from Kauai; the Koolau Mountains on Oahu; Molokai; Lanai; Maui; and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii. On Oahu, it is known from a single population containing at least 20 plants on Hawaii Loa Ridge on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Diellia erecta is found on moderate to steep gulch slopes or sparsely vegetated rock faces in mesic forest at elevations between 118 and 550 m (387 and 1,804 ft). Associated native plant species include Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).

The major threats to Diellia erecta on Oahu are habitat degradation by pigs; competition with alien plant species, including Blechnum occidentale, Psidium cattleianum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Cordyline fruticosa, Oplismenus hirtellus, Schefflera actinophylla, Clidemia hirta, and Phymatosorus scolopendria (NCN); and random naturally occurring events causing extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)

Diplazium molokaiense, a member of the woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome. The leaf stalks are 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) long and green or straw colored. The frond is thin textured, ovate-oblong, 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 in) long and 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) wide, truncate at the base, and pinnate with a pinnatifid apex. The sori are 0.8 to 1.3 cm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long and lie alongside the side veins of the pinnae. Diplazium molokaiense can be distinguished from other species of Diplazium in the Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characters, including venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements and limiting factors are for Diplazium molokaiense are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically, Diplazium molokaiense was found on Kauai, Makaleha and Schofield Barracks on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. However, within the last 20 years, only one population of one individual has been recorded from Waiopai Gulch, East Maui on DHHL land. This species was last collected on Oahu in 1945 from Kolekole Pass to Kaala (HINHP Database 2001).

Diplazium molokaiense on Oahu was found on steep rocky wooded gulch walls in wet forests from 618 to 1,202 m (2,027 to 3,943 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2001).

No other information is available for Diplazium molokaiense on Oahu.

Eugenia koolauensis (Nioi)

Eugenia koolauensis, a member of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is a small tree or shrub between 2 and 7 m (7 and 23 ft) tall with branch tips covered with dense brown hairs. Eugenia koolauensis is one of two species in the genus that are native to Hawaii, it differs from the other species in having leaves that are densely hairy on the lower surface and leaf margins that curve under the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).

This species has been observed in flower from February to December in various years. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Eugenia koolauensis was historically known from Maunaloa on western Molokai and from Kaipapau Valley, Hanaimoa and Kahawainui Gulches, and a gully southeast of Kahuku on Oahu. Currently, this species is only found on Oahu in ten populations on Federal, State, and private lands Hanaimoa Gulch, Papali Gulch, Kaleleiki Gulch, Aimuu Gulch, Kaunala Gulch, Pahipahialua Gulch, Oio Gulch, and Palikea Gulch. A total of fewer than 70 individuals occur in the Koolau populations (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Eugenia koolauensis is found on gentle to steep slopes or ridges in mesic or dry forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros sp. from 57 to 437 m (187 to 1,433 ft) in elevation. Other associated plant species include Bobea elaitor, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Carex meyenii, Myrsine lessertiana, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele halapepe, or Psydrax odorata (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The major threats to Eugenia koolauensis on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition with alien plant species such as Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus sp., Cordyline fruticosa, Passiflora laurifolia (yellow granadilla), Oplismenus hirtellus, Acacia confusa, Araucaria columnaris, Toona ciliata, Melia azedarach, Grevillea robusta, Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Passiflora suberosa, Panicum maximum, Hyptis pectinata, Ardisia elliptica, Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, and Lantana camara; and the limited numbers of this species make it vulnerable to extinction due to naturally caused events and reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2001).

Euphorbia haeleeleana (Akoko)

Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a dioecious (female and male flowers on separate

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plants) tree 3 to 14 m (10 to 46 ft) tall. The alternate leaves are papery in texture, elliptic, and usually 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) long and 4 to 6 cm (2 in) wide. Male trees bear many small male flowers within a cyathium (a compact inflorescence with small individual flowers). The female trees have cyathia with a single female flower surrounded by numerous abortive male flowers. The capsules (dry fruit that open at maturity) are round. This species is distinguished from others in the family in that it is a tree, whereas most of the other species are herbs or shrubs, as well as by the large leaves with prominent veins (Wagner et al. 1999).

Individual trees of Euphorbia haeleeleana bear only male or female flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce viable seed. This species sets fruit between August and October. Little else is known about the life history of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999).

Euphorbia haeleeleana is known historically and currently from northwestern Kauai and the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. On Oahu, six populations of approximately 134 individuals are known from Keawaula Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, Kaumokunui-Kaumokuiki Ridge, and Alaieihe Gulch on Federal, State, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu is usually found in dry forest that is often dominated by Diospyros sp. The plant is typically found at elevations between 156 and 586 m (512 and 1,922 ft). Associated plant species include Psydrax odorata, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Reynoldsia sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis (HINHP Database 2001).

The main threats to Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu are habitat degradation and/or destruction by wild and feral ungulates including goats and pigs; predation by rats; fire; potential military activities; and competition with the alien plant species, Panicum maximum, Grevillea robusta, Toona ciliata, Lantana camara, Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Melia azedarach, Psidium cattleianum, Passiflora suberosa, Schinus terenbinthifolius, Hyptis pectinata, Melinus minutiflora, Kalanchoe pinnata, Caesalpinia decapetala (wait-a-bit), Ficus microcarpa, Digitaria insularis (sourgrass), Rivina humilis, Coffea arabica, and Leucaena leucocephala (HINHP Database 2001).

Flueggea neowawraea (Mehamehame)

Flueggea neowawraea, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a long-lived perennial, is a large tree up to 30 m (100 ft) tall and 2 m (7 ft) in diameter with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark. The thin, papery, oval leaves, 4 to 14 cm (1.5 to 5.5 in) long and 2 to 9 cm (0.8 to 3.5 in) wide, are green on the upper surface and pale green on the lower surface. This species is usually dioecious (having separate male and female plants) with unisexual flowers lacking petals. Male flowers, on stalks less than 4 mm (0.2 in) long, have five green sepals with brownish tips. The female flowers, on stalks 1 to 2.5 mm (0.04 to 0.1 in) long, have sepals of unequal length with irregular margins. This species is the only member of the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its large size; scaly bark; the shape, size, and color of the leaves; flowers clustered along the branches; and the size and shape of the fruits (Hayden 1999).

Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce viable seed. Little else is known about the life history of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; Hayden 1999).

Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known from Molokai, Oahu, Kauai and the island of Hawaii. Currently, Flueggea neowawraea is known from Kauai, Oahu, east Maui, and Hawaii. On Oahu, Flueggea neowawraea is known from 19 locations with approximately 31 individuals on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands Makua Valley, Makaha, Alaiheihe Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Makaleha Valley, Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Keaau Valley, Kahanahaiki Valley, Kaawa Gulch, Waianae Kai, Palikea Gulch, Manuwai Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Kauhiuhi, Mikilua, and Lualualei (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Flueggea neowawraea occurs on gulch slopes, ridge crests, or near streams in dry or mesic forest at elevations of 323 to 1,006 m (1,059 to 3,300 ft). Associated plant species include Pisonia sandwicensis, Hibiscus arnottianus, Morinda sandwicensis (noni), Hedyotis terminalis, Alyxia oliviformis, Chamaesyce multiformis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sp., Pleomele sp., Myoporum sandwicense, Pteralyxia sp., Pipturis albidus, Diospyros hillebrandii, Pisonia umbellifera, Charpentiera sp., Claoxylon sandwicensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Sapindus oahuensis, Pittosporum sp., Erythrina sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicense, Antidesma pulvinatum, Bobea sp., Psydrax odorata, Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Streblus pendulina, and Chamaesyce herbstii (akoko) (HINHP Database 2001; Hayden 1999).

The primary threat to the continued existence of Flueggea neowawraea on Oahu is the black twig borer that has affected all known Flueggea neowawraea plants. Other major threats include habitat degradation by feral and wild ungulates, pigs and goats; competition with the alien plant species Aleurites moluccana, Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium spp., Grevillea robusta, Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora suberosa, Toona ciliata, Clidemia hirta, Lantana camara, Ficus macrophylla, Blechnum occidentale, Kalanchoe pinnata, Syzygium cumini, Ageratina riparia, Rivina sp., Melinis minutiflora, and Ficus microcarpa; fire; Chinese rose beetle; the small population size with its limited gene pool and depressed reproductive vigor, compounded by a requirement for cross-pollination because the species is dioecious; military activities are possible threats at the Lualualei Naval Reservation and the Army's Schofield Barracks; and predation of the fruit by rats (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2001).

Gouania meyenii (NCN)

Gouania meyenii, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an erect to spreading shrub. The main character that tells this species apart from other members of its genus are its two to three winged fruits, peduncle length, and the hairiness of the fruits (Wagner et al. 1999).

Gouania meyenii flowers from March to May. Seed capsules develop in about six to eight weeks. Plants appear to live about ten to 18 years in the wild. No other information exists on specific environmental requirements or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Gouania meyenii was known from central and southern areas of the Waianae Mountains, from Kamaileunu Ridge to Honouliuli. This species was also recorded from Diamond Head in 1831. Currently, this species is found on Oahu and Kauai. On Oahu, this species is found on Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge on State, private, city, and county lands. The three known populations on Oahu contain an

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estimated 63 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI 2001).

Gouania meyenii typically grows on moderate to steep slopes in dry shrubland or mesic lowland forest at elevations of 17 to 930 m (56 to 3,050 ft). Associated plant species include Diospyros sandwicensis, Charpentiera sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Pisonia sp., Hibiscus sp., Canavalia sp., Sophora chrysophylla, Sida fallax, Schiedea sp., Dubautia sherffiana, Psydrax odorata, Eragrostis sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Sapindus oahuensis, Myrsine sp. (kolea) Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp., Lysimachia sp., or Senna gaudichaudii (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Gouania meyenii on Oahu are competition from the alien plant species Pimenta dioica, Psidium guajava, Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, Grevillea robusta, Leucaena leucocephala, Kalanchoe pinnata, Oplismenus hirtellus, Psidium cattleianum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; and the small number of extant populations and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001).

Gouania vitifolia (NCN)

Gouania vitifolia, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a climbing shrub or woody vine with tendrils. The species is the only Hawaiian member of the genus with tendrils and toothed leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).

Gouania vitifolia flowers from March to May. Seed capsules develop in about 6 to 8 weeks. Plants appear to live about 10 to18 years in the wild. No other information exists on specific environmental requirements or limiting factors. (Service 1998b).

Historically, Gouania vitifolia was known from West Maui; the Kau District of the island of Hawaii; and the northwestern portion of the Waianae Mountains in Makaleha, Keaau, and Waianae Kai Valleys on Oahu. Currently, this species is extant on Oahu and the island of Hawaii. On Oahu, it is known from two populations on State and private lands, located at Waianae Kai and Keaau Valley, totaling 44 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).

Gouania vitifolia typically grows on the sides of ridges and gulches in dry to mesic forests at elevations of 39 to 978 m (128 to 3,208 ft). Associated plant species include Erythrina sandwicensis, Dodonea viscosa, Hibiscus arnottianus, Pipturis albidus, Urera glabra, Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Nestegia sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, or Diospyros sandwicensis (Service 1998b).

The major threats to Gouania vitifolia are competition from alien plant species particularly Panicum sp. (panic grass), Leucaena leucocephala, Toona ciliata, Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites moluccana, Melinis minutiflora, Hyptis pectinata, Cordyline fruticosa, Passilfora edulis, Passiflora ligularis, Oplismenus hirtellus, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, Buddleia asiatica, Psidium cattleianum and Schinus terebinthifolius; habitat destruction by feral pigs; and a threat of random extinction and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 32932).

Hedyotis coriacea (Kioele)

Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small shrub with leathery leaves which are generally elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in) long and usually 1.5 to 3 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in) wide. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its small, triangular calyx lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, and the combination of capsules which are longer than wide and flower buds which are square in cross section (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis coriacea. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997).

Historically, Hedyotis coriacea was known from the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu and the Army's Pohakuloa Training Area on the island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is extant on Maui and Hawaii. This species was last collected on Oahu in the 1800s (HINHP Database 2001).

Hedyotis coriacea is found on steep, rocky, slopes in dry to mesic Dodonaea viscosa dominated shrublands or forests at elevations of 57 to 836 m (187 to 2,742 ft). Associated species include Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Alyxia oliviformis (HINHP Database 2001; 57 FR 20772).

The major threats to Hedyotis coriacea are the small number of remaining individuals; fire; and alien weeds (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Hesperomania arborescens (NCN)

Hesperomannia arborescens, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs from other Hesperomannia species in having the following combination of characters erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).

This species was observed in flower from April through June and fruit during March and June. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Hesperomannia arborescens was formerly known from Molokai, Lanai, and scattered populations throughout the Koolau Mountains, Oahu, from Koolauloa and Pupukea at its northern extreme to Konahuanui at the southern end. This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Oahu, there are 23 populations containing between 86 and 93 individuals on private, city, county, State, and Federal lands at a few disjunct locations upslope of Kahuku, Laie, and Malaekahana; along Poamoho Trail above Poamoho Stream; along Waikane-Schofield Trail near the ridge summit; at Kipapa Gulch; on Halawa Ridge; Waimanalo-Niu divide, Kainawaanui, Kaukonahua Gulch, Maakua-Kaipapau Ridge, Kapakahi Gulch, Halemano-Opaeula Ridge, Kawailoa Trail, Kaimananui Gulch, and upper Palolo Valley to Niu Valley (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; Service 1998b).

Hesperomannia arborescens on Oahu, is often found on slopes or ridges in association with Scaevola glabra (ohe naupaka), Broussaisia arguta, Melicope sp., Acacia koa, Machaerina angustifolia, Hedyotis terminalis, Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Scaevola gaudichaudiana (naupaka kahakai), Dubautia sp., Labordia sessilis (kamakahala), Cibotium sp., Perotettia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Wikstroemia sp., Cheirodendron sp., Coprosma sp., Myrsine sp., Bobea elatior, Hibiscus arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Psychotria mariniana, Syzygium sandwicensis, and common Melicope spp. It typically grows on steep slopes, ridge tops, and gulches in lowland wet forests and occasionally in shrublands between 110 and 1,147 m (361 and 3,762 ft) in elevation (HINHP Database

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2001; Wagner et al. 1999; Service 1998b).

The major threats to Hesperomannia arborescens are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the alien plant species Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, Leptospermum scoparium, and Axonopus fissifolius; fire; impact by humans; and extinction due to random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to this species' limited numbers (59 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2001)

Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)

Hesperomannia arbuscula, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft) tall. This species can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the erect flower heads and the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which are one to two times as long as wide (Wagner et al. 1999).

Hesperomannia arbuscula usually flowers in the spring depending on precipitation. Seeds mature in about 6 weeks and trees last about 10 to 15 years. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Hesperomannia arbuscula was known from the central and southern Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha to Puu Kanehoa on Oahu, and from West Maui. This species is currently known to be extant on the Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge and in Kaluaa and Kapuna Gulches on Oahu and on West Maui. The six known populations on Oahu contain between 90 and 92 individuals on State, private, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Hesperomannia arbuscula on Oahu typically grows on slopes and ridges in dry to wet forest dominated by Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations of 370 and 1,053 m (1,214 and 3,454 ft). Associated species include Syzygium sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, Antidesma sp., Bobea elatior, Hibiscus sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, Hedyotis terminalis, Bidens sp., Alyxia oliviformis, and Psychotria sp., or the endangered Cyanea longifleua (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner et al. 1999).

The major threats to Hesperomannia arbuscula on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition from the alien plant species Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus argutus, Clidemia hirta, and Schinus terebinthifolius; trampling by humans; and the small number of populations and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Hibiscus brackenridgei (Mao hau hele)

Hibiscus brackenridgei, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characteristics yellow petals, a calyx consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a single midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptic scar. Three subspecies of Hibiscus brackenridgei are now recognized, brackenridgei, molokaiana, and mokuleianus. Subspecies molokaiana and mokuleianus are found on the island of Oahu. When we listed this species in 1994 only two subspecies, brackenridgei and mokuleianus, were recognized. Subsequent to the final rule listing this species in 1994, we became aware of Wilson's (1993) taxonomic treatment of this group in which Hibicsus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was changed to subspecies status and recognized as distinct from Hibicsus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei. Wilson's (1993) treatment is cited in the supplement in the revised edition of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii as the basis for recognizing Hibicsus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana. We will address this name change in a future Federal Register notice (HINHP Database 2000; Bates 1999; Wilson 1993; Wagner et al. 1999).

Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year. Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination biology, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus is currently known from Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii; it may possibly occur on Kauai. On Oahu there are a total of fewer than 206 individual plants in five populations--Kaumokunui Gulch, Kawaiu Gulch, Palikea Gulch, Kihakapu Gulch, and Kaimuhole Gulch on State and private lands. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana is currently known from Oahu. On Oahu, there are a total of 5 individual plants in one population in Makua Valley on land under federal jurisdiction (Joel Lau, TNCH, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus on Oahu occurs on slopes, cliffs, and arid ledges in lowland dry forest and shrubland from 24 to 490 m (79 to 1,607 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include Erythrina sandwicensis, Heteropogon contortus, Waltheria indica, Doryopteris sp., Lepidium bidentatum, Lipochaeta remyi, Bidens amplectans (kookoolau), Chamaesyce sp., Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Pleomele halapepe, Diospyros hillebrandii, Dodonaea viscosa., Psydrax odorata, or Sida fallax. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana occurs in dry shrublands between 23 and 580 m (75 to 1,902 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Waltheria indica, Sida fallax, Doryopteris sp., Dodonea viscosa, and Heteropogon contortus (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The primary threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus on Oahu are habitat degradation and possible predation by pigs, goats, cattle, and rats; competition with the alien plant species Panicum maximum, Syzygium cumini, Melia azedarach, Aleurites moluccana, Hyptis pectinata, Leucaena leucocephala, Schinus terebinthifolius, Toona ciliata, Caesalpinia decapetala, Ageratum conyzoides, Glycine wightii (NCN), Grevillea robusta, Passiflora suberosa, Coffea arabica, Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree), and Passiflora edulis; road construction; fire; and susceptibility extinction caused by random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to small population size and a limited number of populations. The primary threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana on Oahu are habitat degradation and possible predation by pigs and goats; competition with the alien plant species Panicum maximum, Leucaena leucocephala, and Ageratum conyzoides; fire; Chinese rose beetle; and susceptibility extinction caused by random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to small population size and a limited number of populations (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 56333).

Isodendrion laurifolium (Aupaka)

Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a slender, straight shrub with few branches. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by its leathery, oblong- elliptic, narrowly elliptic lance-shaped leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental

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requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Isodendrion laurifolium was known from scattered locations on Kauai and the Waianae and Koolau mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species is found on Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, there are a total of between 22 and 23 individuals found in five locations on State, private, city, and county lands Makaha in the Waianae Mountains, East Makaleha Valley, Waianae Kai, Kaawa Gulch, and Kaumokunui Gulch, (Schofield Barracks Military Reservation) (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Isodendrion laurifolium on Oahu is usually found between 90 and 959 m (295 and 3,146 ft) elevation on gulch slopes, in ravines, and on ridges in diverse mesic or dry forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Eugenia reinwardtiana, or Diospyros sandwicensis with one or more of the following associated native plant species Nestegis sandwicensis, Hibiscus arnottianus, Alyxia oliviformis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Carex wahuensis, Charpentiera tomentosa (papala), Doodia sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Sapindus sp. (soapberry), Antidesma pulvinatum, Smilax melastomifolia (hoi kuahiwi), Antidesma platyphyllum, Xylosma hawaiiense, Hedyotis terminalis, Pisonia sp., or Pouteria sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).

The primary threats to Isodendrion laurifolium on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition with the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline fruticosa, Psidium cattleianum, Toona ciliata, and Grevillea robusta; and a potential threat from military activities (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53108).

Isodendrion longifolium (Aupaka)

Isodendrion longifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a slender, straight shrub. The hairless, leathery, lance shaped leaves distinguish this species from others in the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Isodendrion longifolium was known from scattered locations on Kauai and the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. Currently, Isodendrion longifolium is known from populations on Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, there are a total of 30 individual plants in four locations on Federal, State, and private lands Palikea Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, Makaua Gulch, and Kaukonahua Stream, (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Isodendrion longifolium on Oahu is found on steep slopes and stream banks in mixed mesic or lowland wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Dicranopteris linearis forest, usually between 363 and 964 m (1,191 and 3,162 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Syzygium sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Psydrax odorata, Alyxia oliviformis, Melicope sp., Pittosporum sp., Carex sp., Selaginella arbuscula, Isachne pallens (NCN), Bobea brevipes (ahakea lau lii), Antidesma sp., Cyanea sp. (haha), Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Psychotria sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).

The major threats to Isodendrion longifolium on Oahu are habitat degradation or destruction by feral goats and pigs; and competition with the alien plants, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, Thelypteris parasitica, Paspalum conjugatum, Oplismenus hirtellus, Ageratina riparia, and Blechnum occidentale. The Palikea Gulch population is potentially threatened by fire (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53108).

Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)

Isodendrion pyrifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub. The species is distinguished from other taxa in the genus by its smaller, green-yellow flowers, and hairy stipules and leaf veins (Wagner et al. 1999).

During periods of drought, this species will drop all but the newest leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants produce flowers with seeds ripening 1 to 2 months later. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1996c).

Isodendrion pyrifolium was known historically from Oahu's central Waianae mountains, Maui, Hawaii, Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai. Currently, this species is found on Hawaii. This species was last collected on Oahu in the late 1800s (HINHP Database 2001).

Isodendrion pyrifolium on Oahu was found on bare rocky hills and in wooded ravines in dry shrublands at low elevations from 363 to 964 m (1,191 to 3,162 ft.) (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2001).

No threat information is available for Isodendrion pyrifolium on Oahu.

Lobelia niihauensis (NCN)

Lobelia niihauensis, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a small, branched shrub. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its leaves lacking or nearly lacking leaf stalks, the magenta-colored flowers, the width of the leaf, and length of the flowers (56 FR 55770).

Lobelia niihauensis flowers in late summer and early fall. Fruits mature a month to 6 weeks later. Plants are long-lived and are known to live as long as 20 years (Service 1998b).

Historically, Lobelia niihauensis was known from the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Uluhulu Gulch to Nanakuli Valley), from Kauai, and Niihau. It is now known to be extant only on Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, this species remains on Ohikilolo Ridge, Kaimokuiki-Manuwai Ridge, Kamaileunu Ridge, Mt. Kaala, Makaha-Waianae Kai, Makua Military Reservation, Nanakuli, South Mohiakea Gulch, East of Puu Kalena, Kahanahaiki Valley, between Puu Hapapa and Puu Kanehoa, Puu Kailio, between Kolekole Pass and Puu Hapapa, North of Palikea, Puu Kaua- Kauhiuhi-Pahoa-Halona subdistricts, and Lualualei Naval Magazine in 21 populations containing between 362 and 397 individual plants on Federal, State, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Lobelia niihauensis on Oahu typically grows on exposed mesic or dry cliffs and ledges, at elevations from 339 to 926 m (1,112 to 3,037 ft). Associated plant species include Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, Schiedea mannii, Carex meyenii, Doryopteris sp., Sida fallax, Styphelia tameiameiae, Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta tenuis, or Artemisia sp. (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

On Oahu, the major threats to Lobelia niihauensis are habitat degradation and predation by feral goats, rats, and slugs; fire; military activities; and competition from the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia confusa, Grevillea robusta, Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, Melinis repens, Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Ficus microcarpa (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Lysimachia filifolia (NCN)

Lysimachia filifolia, a member of the primrose family (Primulaceae), is a small shrub 15 to 50 cm (0.5 to 1.6 ft) tall. The linear leaves measure 15 to 54 mm (0.6 to 2.1 in) long and 0.3 to 1.8 mm (0.01 to 0.07 in) wide and are

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usually alternately arranged. They are single veined and sparsely hairy or hairless. The bell shaped flowers are reddish purple, 6 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) long, and borne singly on flower stalks about 18 to 30 mm (0.7 to 1.2 in) long which elongate upon fruiting. Fruits are thick, hard capsules about 5 mm (0.2 in) long which contain numerous minute, nearly black, irregularly shaped seeds. This species is distinguished from other taxa of the genus by its leaf shape and width, calyx lobe shape, and corolla length (Service 1995b).

Little is known about the life history of Lysimachia filifolia. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995b).

Historically, Lysimachia filifolia was known only from Kauai. This species is now known from Oahu and Kauai. On Oahu, there is one population containing a total of 50 individuals, on the slopes of Waiahole Valley in the Koolau Mountains on State land (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

On Oahu, Lysimachia filifolia typically grows on mossy banks at the base of cliff faces within the spray zone of waterfalls or along streams in lowland wet forests at elevations of 65 to 798 m (213 to 2,617 ft). Associated plants include mosses, ferns, liverworts, and Pilea peploides (NCN) (Service 1995b; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).

The major threat to Lysimachia filifolia on Oahu is competition with the alien plant species Ageratina riparia, Schefflera actinophylla, Cordyline fruticosa, Pluchea sp. (sourbush), and Blechnum occidentale. Additionally, individuals of the species are vulnerable to rock slides. Because only one population of Lysimachia filifolia occurs on each of only two islands, the species is threatened by extinction due to naturally caused events (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 09304).

Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN)

Mariscus pennatiformis, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with a woody root system covered with brown scales. The stout, smooth, three-angled stems are between 0.4 and 1.2 m (1.3 and 4 ft) long, slightly concave, and 3 to 7 mm (0.1 to 0.3 in) in diameter in the lower part. The three to five linear, somewhat leathery leaves are 8 to 17 mm (0.3 to 0.7 in) wide and at least as long as the stem. Each flower cluster, umbrella-shaped and moderately dense, is 4 to 15 cm (1.5 to 6 in) long and five to 25 cm (2 to 10 in) wide. About five to 18 spikes, comprised of numerous spikelets, form each cluster. Each spikelet, measuring about 8 to 14 mm (0.3 to 0.6 in) in length, is yellowish brown or grayish brown and is comprised of eight to 25 densely arranged flowers. The glumes (bracts beneath each flower), which are less than twice as long as wide, are spreading and overlap tightly. The lowest glume does not overlap the base of the uppermost glume. This species differs from other members of the genus by its three-sided, slightly concave, smooth stems; the length and number of spikelets; the leaf width; and the length and diameter of stems. The two subspecies are distinguished primarily by larger and more numerous spikelets, larger achenes (dry, one-seeded fruits), and more overlapping and yellower glumes in ssp. pennatiformis as compared with ssp. bryanii. Subsequent to the final rule listing this species in 1994, we became aware of Tucker's (1994) treatment of this genus in which the genus Mariscus was changed to Cyperus. Tucker's (1994) treatment is cited in the supplement in the revised edition of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii as the basis for recognizing Mariscus as Cyperus. We will address this name change in a future Federal Register notice (Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999).

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown for Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis (Service 1999).

Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis was known from Kauai, Oahu (Waianae Mountains on a ridge above Makaha Valley), East Maui, the island of Hawaii, and from Laysan (ssp. bryani) in the Northwestern Islands. Only one population has been seen in the last 70 years on the main islands, when an unknown number of plants were seen sometime in Keanae Valley on Maui in the 1970s (HINHP Database 2001).

Mariscus pennatiformis typically grows in mesic and wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest and Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at elevations between 424 and 1,032 m (1,391 and 3,385 ft). The associated native plant species on Oahu are unknown (J. Lau, in litt. 2001).

No threat information is available for Mariscus pennatiformis on Oahu.

Marsilea villosa (Ihiihi)

Marsilea villosa, a member of the marsilea family (Marsileaceae) is an aquatic to semiaquatic fern similar in appearance to a four-leaved clover that requires periodic flooding to complete its life cycle. The species is the only member of the genus native to Hawaii and is closely related to Marsilea vestita of the western coast of the United States (Service 1996a).

Sexual reproduction of Marsilea villosa is initiated through the production of a hard sporocarp borne on the rhizome of a leaf pair node. The young sporocarp is covered with rust-colored hairs which are lost as the sporocarp matures. The sporocarp will mature only if the soil dries below threshold levels for leaf growth. The sporocarp remains in the soil for an extended period of time and must be scarified before it will open. It is not known how the sporocarp (a structure in or on which spores are produced) is scarified in Marsilea villosa but bacterial action is thought to erode the wall of the sporocarp to the point that water can be absorbed and force the sporocarp to open, as in other Marsilea species (Service 1996a).

Marsilea villosa was historically known from Oahu, Molokai, and Niihau. Currently, it is found on Oahu and Molokai. There are four populations with an unknown total number of individuals on the island of Oahu Koko Head Crater, on the Lualualei Naval Reservation, Kealakipapa, and Ihiihilauakea, on Federal, city, county, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1996a).

Marsilea villosa typically grows in cinder craters, vernal pools surrounded by lowland dry forest vegetation, mud flats, or lowland grasslands at elevations 424 and 1,032 m (1,391 and 3,385 ft ft). Associated native plant species include Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2001).

The main reason for the decline of Marsilea villosa on Oahu is habitat destruction and the destruction of natural hydrology; many of the areas from which it is known to have occurred are now sugar cane fields, industrial parks, housing developments, and pastures. The greatest immediate threats to the survival of this species are the encroachment and competition from naturalized, exotic plants, such as Prosopis pallida (kiawe), Panicum maximum, Bidens pilosa and Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass); and the disturbance of areas where the plant grows by off-road vehicles or by grazing cattle; continued development and habitat degradation; fire; small population size; and fragmentation, trampling and other impacts from humans and introduced mammals (57 FR 27863; HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope pallida (Alani)

Melicope pallida, a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a tree with

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grayish white hairs and black, resinous new growth. The species differs from Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, and other members of the genus by presence of resinous new growth, leaves folded and in clusters of three, and fruits with separate carpels (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Melicope pallida. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995b).

Melicope pallida is currently and historically known from Kauai and Oahu on State and private lands from the Waianae Mountains, the base of Mount Kaala and near Palikea, within TNCH's privately owned Honouliuli Preserve. On Oahu, it is currently known from the base of Mount Kaala near Palikea in the Waianae Mountains. There is a single population with a single individual (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Melicope pallida usually grows on steep rock faces in lowland dry or mesic forests at elevations of 234 to 841 m (768 to 2,758 ft). Associated plant species include Psychotria mariniana, Bobea elatior, Acacia koa, Cibotium sp., Wikstroemia oahuensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, Dryopteris sp. (NCN), Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra sp. (ohiohe), Xylosma hawaiiense or the endangered Abutilon sandwicense (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 09304).

The major threat to Melicope pallida on Oahu is competition from introduced plants, especially Andropogon virginicus, Psidium cattleianum, Pterolepis glomerata, Clidemia hirta, and Toona ciliata. A potential threat to Melicope pallida is the black twig borer, which is known to occur in areas where this species grows and to feed on members of the genus Melicope. Additional threats to Melicope pallida are fire; habitat degradation by feral pigs; and extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 09304).

Nototrichium humile (Kului)

Nototrichium humile, a member of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), is an upright to trailing shrub with branched stems to 1.5 m (5 ft) long. Stems and young leaves are covered with short hairs. Leaves are oppositely arranged, oval to oblong in outline, 3 to 9 cm (1.2 to 3.5 in) long, and 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2.0 in) wide. Stalkless flowers are arranged in a spike at the ends of the stem. Membranous bracts grow below each flower. Two of the bracts and the sepals fall off with the mature fruit. This species is distinguished from the only other species in the genus by its inflorescence, a slender spike 4 mm (0.2 in) in diameter or less, which is covered with short hairs (Wagner et al. 1999).

Nototrichium humile is found on and at the base of rock cliffs and talus slopes in areas that do not receive full sun all day. Plants have been observed flowering after heavy rain, but flowering is generally heaviest in the spring and summer. Fruits mature a few weeks after flowering. In cultivation, this species is known to live for more than a decade (Service 1998b).

Historically and currently, Nototrichium humile is known from Oahu and Maui. Currently, on Oahu, it is found in Kapuhi Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Kealia, Kahanahaiki, Kaluakauila Gulch, along Makua-Keaau Ridge to Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, and Nanakuli, where it occurs on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands. There are a total of 21 populations containing between 775 and 995 individuals on the island of Oahu (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Nototrichium humile typically grows at elevations of 185 to 806 m (607 to 2,644 ft) on cliff faces, gulches, streambanks, or steep slopes in dry or mesic forests often dominated by Sapindus oahuensis or Diospyros sandwicensis. Associated species include Erythrina sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, Myoporum sandwicense, Metrosideros polymorpha, Antidesma pulvinatum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Charpentiera sp., Hibiscus sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Pisonia umbellifera, Lipochaeta tenuis, Stenogyne sp., Artemisia australis, Bidens cervicata (kookoolau), Carex wahuensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Peperomia sp., Dodoanea viscosa, Canavalia sp., Psydrax odorata, Syzygium sandwicensis, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Eugenia reinwartiana, Myrsine lanaiensis, or the endangered species Abutilon sandwicense (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

On Oahu, the major threats to Nototrichium humile are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; military activities; competition from the alien plant species Grevillea robusta, Panicum maximum, Lantana camara, Hyptis pectinata, Rivina humilis, Aleurites moluccana, Toona ciliata, Coffea arabica, Passiflora suberosa, Melia azedarach, Syzygium cumini, Blechnum occidentale, Oplismenus hirtellus, Schefflera actinophylla, Spathodea campanulata, Psidium guajava, Triumfetta semitriloba (Sacramento bur), Buddleia asiatica, Ageratina adenophora, Ficus microphylla, Kalanchoe pinnata, Adiantum hispidulum, Caesalpinia decapetala, Cordyline fruticosa, Pimenta dioica, Montanoa hibiscifolia, Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, and Psidium cattleianum; road building and maintenance; and fire (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Peucedanum sandwicense (Makou)

Peucedanum sandwicense, a short lived perennial and a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems arise from a short, vertical, perennial stem with several fleshy roots. This species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown (Service 1995b).

Historically and currently, Peucedanum sandwicense is known from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. Discoveries in 1990 extended the known distribution of this species to the island of Oahu. O n Oahu, there are a total of four populations containing 51 individual plants on State, city, and county lands Keaau Valley, Puu Kawiwi, Waianae Kai, and Kamaileunu Ridge, (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Peucedanum sandwicense grows on cliffs, slopes, and ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest between 395 and 977 m (1,296 and 3,205 ft) elevation and is associated with native species such as Dodonaea viscosa, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp, Santalum ellipticum (iliahialoe), Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahakai), Senna gaudichaudii, Pittosporum halophilum (hoawa), Sida fallax, Plumbago zeylandica, Artemisia australis, Portulaca lutea (ihi), Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense (anaunau), Schiedea globosa (NCN), Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe), Peperomia remyi (alaala wai nui), Plechranthus parviflorus, and Dianella sandwicensis (Constance and Affolter 1999; Service 1995b; HINHP Database 2001).

Threats to Peucedanum sandwicense on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs and competition with the non-native plant species Schinus

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terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Lantana camara (HINHP Database 2001).

Phlegmariurus nutans (Wawaeiole)

Phlegmariurus nutans is a member of the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae). This species can be distinguished from others of the genus in Hawaii by its epiphytic habit, simple or forking fruiting spikes, and larger and stiffer leaves (59 FR 14482).

This species has been observed fertile, with spores, in May and December. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically, Phlegmariurus nutans was known from the island of Kauai and from scattered locations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, bounded by Kaluanui Valley to the north, Paalaa to the west, and Mount Tantalus to the south. On Oahu, this species is now known from only five populations containing seven individual plants on Federal and State lands Kaukonahua Gulch, Kahana, and Kaipapau Gulch, (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Phlegmariurus nutans on Oahu grows on tree trunks, usually on open ridges, forested slopes, and cliffs in Metrosideros polymorpha dominated wet forests, cliffs, and shrublands and occasionally mesic forests between 227 and 846 m (745 and 2,775 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include Machaerina angustifolia, Wikstroemia oahuensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Syzygium sandwicensis, Elaphoglossum sp. (ekaha), Hibiscus sp., Psychotria mariniana, Cyrtandra laxiflora, Hedyotis terminalis, Broussaisia arguta, or Dicranopteris linearis (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001; Service 1998b).

The primary threat to Phlegmariurus nutans on Oahu is susceptibility to extinction from naturally caused events and decreased reproductive vigor because of the small number of remaining individuals and limited distribution of the species. Additional threats to Phlegmariurus nutans are feral pigs; floods; and the alien plants Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, Sacciolepis indica, and Psidium cattleianum (HINHP Database 2001).

Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)

Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, nonaromatic, perennial herb. Leaves are oval in outline with rounded teeth. Flowers, usually in groups of six, are spaced along a stem; there are two shorter flowering stems directly below the main stem. The flowers have fused sepals and white petals fused into a tube and flaring into a smaller upper and a larger lower lip. Fruits are fleshy, dark green to black nutlets. A suite of technical characteristics concerning the kind and amount of hair, the number of flowers in a cluster, and details of the various plant parts separate this species from other members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).

Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants live for approximately 5 years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (Service 1998b).

Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was known from the central and southern Waianae Mountains, from Mt. Kaala to Honouliuli, and from Makiki in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu; Molokai; and East Maui. Currently, this species is only known from Oahu and Maui. On Oahu, this species remains only in Kaluaa Gulch, Palawai Gulch, Puu Kumakalii, Mohiakea Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, Waieli Gulch, and Pualii Gulch on Federal and private lands. The eight populations contain between 85 and 105 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Phyllostegia mollis typically grows on steep slopes and in gulches in diverse mesic to wet forests at elevations of 519 to 928 m (1,702 to 3,044 ft). Associated plant species include Pouteria sandwicensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Dryopteris unidentata, Carex meyenii, Metrosideros polymorpha, Chamaesyce multiformis, Acacia koa, Claoxylon sandwicense, Alyxia oliviformis, Myrsine sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, Psychotria hathewayi, Pipturus alba, Urera glabra, or Pisonia umbellifera (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The major threats to Phyllostegia mollis are competition from the alien plant species Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Kalanchoe pinnata, Blechnum occidentale, Clidemia hirta, Ageratina adenophora, Thelypteris parasitica, Heliocarpus popayanensis, Rubus rosifolius, and Schinus terebinthifolius; rockslides; habitat degradation and predation by feral pigs and goats; and the small number of extant populations, which makes the species vulnerable to random mass mortality events (HINHP Database 2001).

Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN)

Phyllostegia parviflora, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a perennial herb with forward-bending hairs on the stems and straight or slightly curved hairs on the flowering stalk. The egg- shaped to broadly egg-shaped, wrinkled leaves are usually 19 to 33 cm (7.5 to 13 in) long and 7.5 to 15.3 cm (3 to 6 in) wide. The leaf surfaces are usually conspicuously dotted with coarse or stiff hairs, especially along the veins, and the edges are toothed. The leaf stalks are typically 6 to 13.5 cm (2.4 to 5.3 in) long, with straight, spreading hairs. Usually six hairy flowers are arranged along a flowering stalk with a main terminal stem and many side branches immediately below. The individual flower stalks are usually 8 to 15 mm (0.3 to 0.6 in) long with rather coarse or stiff hairs. The calyx is bell-shaped and has short, stiff hairs. The corolla is white, sometimes tinged with purple, and has short, stiff hairs. The upper corolla lip is about 3 mm (0.1 in) long while the lower lip is about 6 to 9 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) long. The mature fruits are nutlets about 3 to 6 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) long. The species is distinguished from others of the genus by the egg-shaped to broadly egg-shaped leaves, leaf stalks usually 6 to 13.5 cm (2.4 to 5.3 in) long, and the lower corolla lip 6 to 9 mm (0.24 to 0.36 in) long. Phyllostegia parviflora var. glabriuscula has fewer glandular hairs in the inflorescence, less pubescent leaves, and usually unbranched inflorescences compared with Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora. Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei has shorter leaf stalks, spreading hairs on the leaf stalks, and fewer gland-tipped hairs in the inflorescence. At the time of listing of this species, only two varieties were recognized, P. p. var. glabriuscula and P. p. var. parviflora. Subsequent to the final rule listing this species in 1996, we became aware of Wagner et al. (1999) taxonomic treatment of this group in which Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei was changed to variety status and recognized as distinct from Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora. Wagner et al. (1999) treatment is cited in the supplement in the revised edition of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii as the basis for recognizing Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei. This name change will be addressed in a future Federal Register notice (Wagner et al. 1999).

Historically, Phyllostegia parviflora was known from three islands Oahu, Hawaii, and Maui. This species is now known only from two populations on Oahu. Phyllostegia parviflora var.

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glabriuscula was only known from the island of Hawaii on private land and has not been observed since the 1800s. Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora was known from Oahu and Maui, but is now known from only 30 plants on the east side of Puu Pauao, on State and Federal lands. Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei is known from only four plants in North Pualii Gulch on private land (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei is typically found on moderate to steep slopes in mesic forest from 555 to 881 m (1,820 to 2,890 ft) elevation. Native vegetation associated with Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei includes Xylosma hawaiiense, Claoxylon sandwicense, Antidesma platyphyllum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus, Myrsine lessertiana, Chamaesyce multiformis, Coprosma foliosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Selaginella arbuscula, or Pipturus alba. Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora is typically found in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed lowland wet forest from 232 to 867 m (761 to 2,844 ft) elevation. Native vegetation associated with Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora includes Cibotium sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Broussaisia arguta, Antidesma sp., Pritchardia sp. (loulu), Tetraplasandra sp., Touchardia latifolia, Pipturus sp., Cheirodendron sp. (Olapa), Phyllostegia glabra (NCN), Cyrtandra sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, or Melicope sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; landslides, rockslides, competition with the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora suberosa, Rubus rosifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Ageratina adenophora, Thelypteris parasitica, and Rivina humilis; and extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and in each respective population. The major threats to Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora on Oahu are competition with the alien plant species Clidemia hirta and Ageratina sp.; and extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and in each respective population (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)

Plantago princeps, a short-lived member of the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust short lived perennial herb. This species differs from other native members of the genus in Hawaii by its large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from the base. The four varieties, anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and princeps, are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Plantago princeps. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown. However, individuals have been observed in fruit from April through September (Service 1999).

Plantago princeps is historically and currently found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. It is no longer extant on the island of Hawaii. Plantago princeps var. anomala is currently known from Kauai; var. longibracteata is known from Kauai and Oahu; var. princeps is known from Oahu; and var. laxiflora is known from Molokai and Maui. On Oahu, there are currently no remaining populations of var. longibracteata, and six remaining populations consisting of between 130 and 180 individuals of var. princeps on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands Palawai Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, Makua-Makaha Ridge, Mohiakea Gulch, and Pahole Gulch, (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

On Oahu, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata is typically found on the sides of waterfalls and wet rock faces at around 64 and 835 m (210 and 2,739 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include Lobelia gaudichaudii (NCN), Scaevola glabra, Bidens sp., Eugenia sp., Coprosma granadensis (makole), or Metrosideros rugosa (HINHP Database 2001). Plantago princeps var. princeps is typically found on slopes and ledges in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forests and shrublands between 110 to 1,064 m (361 to 3,490 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include Lysimachia sp., Chamaesyce sp., Eragrostis sp., Pilea peploides, Artemisia australis, Viola sp. (pamakani), Dubautia plantaginea, and Bidens sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The primary threats to Plantago princeps var. longibracteata on Oahu are predation and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats and competition with various alien plant species. The primary threats to Plantago princeps var. princeps on Oahu are rockslides and competition with the alien plant species Erigeron karvinskianus, Melinis minutiflora, and Schinus terebinthifolius (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Platanthera holochila (NCN)

Platanthera holochila, a short-lived perennial and a member of the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise from underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance to egg- shaped and the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. This is the only species of this genus that occurs in the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from Maui, Oahu, Molokai, and Kauai. Currently, Platanthera holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui. This species was last collected on Oahu in 1938 in the area from Puu Kainapuaa to Kawainui-Kaipapau summit ridge and Kipapa Gulch (HINHP Database 2001).

On Oahu, Platanthera holochila was found in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest or Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs between 447 and 867 m (1,466 and 2,844 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include Cibotium sp., Coprosma ernodeoides (kukae nene), Styphelia tameiameiae, Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi), Sadleria sp., Lythrum maritimum (pukamole), Deschampsia nubigena (hair grass), Luzula hawaiiensis (wood rush), Sisyrinchium acre (mauu la ili), Broussaisia arguta, Clermontia sp. (oha wai), Lycopodium cernuum (wawaeiole), Dubautia scabra (naenae), Polypodium pellucidum (ae), Mareletia gahniiformis (NCN), and Vaccinium reticulatum (ohelo ai) (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).

Pteris lidgatei (NCN)

Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family (Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall. It has a horizontal rhizome 1.5 cm (0.6 in) thick and at least 10 cm (3.9 in) long when mature. The fronds, including the leaf stalks, are 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in) long and 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in) wide. The leafy portion of the frond is oblong-deltoid to broadly ovate- deltoid, thick, brittle, and dark gray-green. The sori are apparently marginal in position, either fused into long linear sori, or more typically separated into distinct shorter

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sori, with intermediate conditions being common. Pteris lidgatei can be distinguished from other species of Pteris in the Hawaiian Islands by the texture of its fronds and the tendency of the sori along the leaf margins to be broken into short segments instead of being fused into continuous marginal sori (Wagner and Wagner 1992; Wagner 1949).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found on Oahu, Molokai, and West Maui. Currently, this species is known from Oahu and Maui. Five populations with approximately 13 individuals occur on Oahu on Federal, State, and private lands Kaluanui, Kawainui drainage, Kaukonahua Gulch, Kawai Iki Stream, Waimano Stream and Waimano Gulch, (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Pteris lidgatei on Oahu grows on steep stream banks and cliffs around 75 m (246 ft) elevation in wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Dicranopteris linearis forest with Cyrtandra sp., Machaerina angustifolia, Selaginella arbuscula, Isachne pallens, Thelypteris sandwicensis, Diploterygium pinnatum., Sadleria sp., Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium chamissoi, Dicranopteris linearis, Elaphoglossum crassifolium (ekaha), Sadleria squarrosa, Asplenium sp. (NCN), Doodia lyonii (NCN), or Sphenomeris chusana (palaa) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The primary threats to Pteris lidgatei on Oahu are competition with the alien plant species Psidium cattleianum, Sacciolepis indica, Thelypteris parasitica, Ageratina riparia, Paspalum conjugatum, Pterolepis glomerata, and Clidemia hirta; habitat destruction by feral pigs, and a risk of extinction due to random environmental events and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001).

Sanicula purpurea (NCN)

Sanicula purpurea, a short-lived member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8 to 36 cm (3 to 14 in) tall, arising from a massive perennial stem. The stems are tufted and branched, with the lower portion of the stem lying close to the ground, while the upper portion rises above the ground. The basal leaves are numerous and leathery in texture and are kidney-shaped or circular to egg-heart-shaped, with three to seven lobes. The leaf lobes are circular to inversely egg-shaped. The leaf veins are impressed on the upper surface and prominent on the lower surface. The leaf margins bear short, sharp teeth. The basal leaf stalks are slender and abruptly sheathed at the base. The leaves are palmately three-to five-lobed. The small purple, or cream-colored with a purple tinge, flowers occur in branched terminal clusters, each of which contains six to ten flowers. Each flower cluster contains one to three perfect flowers and five to seven staminate flowers. Below the inflorescence is a series of about ten oblong or inversely lance-shaped bracts. The nearly spherical fruits are covered with prickles. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number of flowers per cluster and by the color of the petals (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Additional information on the life history of Sanicula purpurea, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (Service 1999).

Historically and currently, Sanicula purpurea is known from Oahu and West Maui. On Oahu, four populations totaling between 21 individuals are currently known from Kaukonahua-Kahana Divide, Helemano-Punaluu Divide, the summit between Aiea and Waimano, and North Kaukonahue-Punaluu on Federal, State, and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Sanicula purpurea on Oahu typically grows in open Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs and windswept shrublands within the cloud zone between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Cheirodendron sp., Sadleria pallida, Bidens sp., Dicanthelium koolauensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi, Plantago pachyphylla (laukahi kuahiwi), Lycopodium sp., Vaccinium sp., or Machaerina angustifolia (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The major threats to Sanicula purpurea on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral pigs; a risk of extinction due to random environmental events, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations; sun exposure; and competition with the alien plant species Axonopus fissifolius and Clidemia hirta (61 FR 53108; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2001).

Schiedea hookeri (NCN)

Schiedea hookeri, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a sprawling or clumped perennial herb. The stems, 0.3 to 0.5 m (1 to 1.6 ft) long, curve slightly upward or lie close to the ground and often produce matted clumps. The thin, opposite leaves are narrowly lance-shaped to narrowly elliptic. The petalless, perfect flowers are borne in open branched inflorescences, which are hairy, somewhat sticky, and 5 to 22 cm (2 to 9 in) long. The lance-shaped sepals are green to purple and 3 to 4.5 mm (1.2 to 1.8 in) long. The fruit is a capsule about 3 mm (0.1 in) long. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its open, hairy, and sometimes sticky inflorescence, and by the size of the capsules (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Schiedea hookeri. Based on field and greenhouse observations, it is hermaphroditic, which means each individual has both male and female reproductive organs. Mature fruits have been observed in June and August. Schiedea hookeri appears to be an outcrossing species. Under greenhouse conditions, flowers do not set fruit unless pollinated. In the field, the species is presumed to be pollinated by insects, although none have been observed (a related species, Schiedea lydgatei on Molokai, is apparently pollinated by native, night-flying moths). A series of self-pollinations, within population crosses, and crosses among populations have demonstrated that Schiedea hookeri experiences moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results indicate that reductions in population size could result in expression of inbreeding depression among progeny, with deleterious consequences for the long-term persistence of this species. Individuals of Schiedea hookeri appear to be long-lived, but there is no evidence of reproduction from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of Schiedea occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by introduced slugs and snails, which have been observed feeding on Schiedea membranacea, another mesic forest species that occurs on Kauai. In contrast to mesic-forest species, Schiedea occurring in dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably because the drier sites have fewer alien consumers. Schiedea hookeri differs considerably through its range in potential for clonal growth. Plants from Kaluakauila Gulch are upright, and show little potential for

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clonal spread. In contrast, clonal growth has been detected for individuals at Kaluaa Gulch, where the growth form is decumbent and plants apparently root at the nodes (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Weller and Sakai, unpublished data).

Historically, Schiedea hookeri was known from the Waianae Mountains of Oahu and from a single fragmentary collection from Haleakala on Maui that may represent Schiedea menziesii rather than Schiedea hookeri. Currently, this species is known from 17 populations on Oahu containing between 328 and 378 individuals in East Makaleha, Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Kaluakauila Gulch, between Kalaulula and Kanewai Streams, Kaluaa Gulch, north of Puu Ku Makalii, Waianae Kai, Makua-Makaha Ridge, between Kolekole Pass and Puu Hapapa, southwest of Puu Kaua, Palikea Gulch, Makaha, Kamaileunu Ridge, and Kahanahaiki on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; Service 1999).

Schiedea hookeri on Oahu is usually found on slopes, cliffs and cliff bases, rock walls, and ledges in diverse mesic or dry lowland forest, often with Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, or Diospyros hillebrandii dominant, and at elevations between 208 and 978 m (682 and 3,208 ft). Associated plants species include Carex wahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Acacia koa, Bidens torta, Alyxia oliviformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Hibiscus sp., Charpentiera tomentosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Sida fallax, Pisonia sandwicensis, Lipochaeta tenuis, Stenogyne sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Carex meyenii, or Eragrostis grandis (Service 1999).

The primary threats to Schiedea hookeri on Oahu are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; competition with the alien plants species Schinus terebinthifolius, Kalanchoe pinnata, Blechnum occidentale, Passiflora suberosa, Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpus popayanensis, Psidium cattleianum, Ageratina riparia, Thelypteris parasitica, Toona ciliata, Melia azedarach, Grevillea robusta, Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Panicum maximum, Hyptis pectinata, Lantana camara, Ageratina adenophora, Adiantum hispidulum, Melinis minutiflora, Pimenta dioica, Psidium guajava, and Cordyline fruticosa; and predation by introduced slugs and snails. The Kaluakauila Gulch population is also potentially threatened by fire and military activities (Service 1999).

Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)

Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, length of the stem internodes, length of the inflorescence, number of flowers per inflorescence, smaller leaves, smaller flowers, and smaller seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Schiedea nuttallii. Based on field and greenhouse observations, it is hermaphroditic (flowers contain both sexes). Plants located close to the Makua rim on Oahu have been under observation for 10 years, and they appear to be long-lived. Schiedea nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing species. Under greenhouse conditions, plants fail to set seed unless pollinated, suggesting that this species requires insects for pollination. Seedlings of Schiedea occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by introduced slugs and snails. These have been observed feeding on Schiedea membranacea, another mesic forest species occurring on Kauai. In contrast to mesic forest species, Schiedea occurring in dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably because there are fewer alien predators in drier sites. Fruits and flowers are abundant in the wet season but can be found throughout the year. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically Schiedea nuttallii was known from scattered locations on southeastern Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. Currently, known populations occur on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. On Oahu, five populations with 49 individuals are found on Pahole-Makua Ridge, Pahole-Kahanahaiki Ridge, Ekahanui Gulch Kahanahaiki Valley, and Pahole Gulch, on Federal, State, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; Service 1999).

Schiedea nuttallii on Oahu typically grows on rock walls, forested slopes, and steep walls in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest and Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa forest at elevations between 436 and 1185 m (1,430 and 3,887 ft). Associated native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis, Bidens torta, Psydrax odorata, Cibotium chamissoi, Hedyotis terminalis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, Coprosma sp., Peperomia sp., Machaerina sp., Pipturis sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, or the endangered Cyanea longiflora, (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt., 2001).

Schiedea nuttalii on Oahu is seriously threatened by competition with the alien plant species Psidium cattleianum, Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Grevillea robusta, and Andropogon virginicus; predation by the black twig borer, slugs, and snails; habitat degradation by feral pigs; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001).

Sesbania tomentosa (Ohai)

Sesbania tomentosa, a short lived perennial and a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub but may also be a small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet or rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania tomentosa is the only endemic Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized Sesbania sesban by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).

The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa is being studied by David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that although many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus Hylaeus and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year. Other aspects of this plant's life history are unknown (Service 1999).

Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs on at least six of the eight main Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii) and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker). It is no longer extant on Niihau and Lanai. On Oahu, Sesbania tomentosa is known from three populations of 54 to 55 wild and approximately 200 outplanted individuals on State-owned land within the Kaena Point NAR and from Keawaula on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; 59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

On Oahu, Sesbania tomentosa is found on cliff faces, broken basalt, and

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sand dunes with rock outcrops in Scaevola sericea coastal dry shrubland and Sporobolus virginicus (aki aki), mixed grasslands between sea level and 152 m (499 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Heliotropium sp. (ahinahina), Jacquemontia sandwicensis, Myoporum sandwicense, or Sida fallax, Lipochaeta sp., (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).

The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on Oahu are competition with the alien plant species Leucana leucocephala and Lantana camara; lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice and, potentially, non-native insects; and destruction by random environmental events (e.g., fire); hikers; and motorcycles and other all terrain vehicles (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2001).

Silene lanceolata (NCN)

Silene lanceolata, a member of the pink family, is an upright, perennial plant with stems 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 in) long, which are woody at the base. The narrow leaves are smooth except for a fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers are arranged in open clusters. The flowers are white with deeply-lobed, clawed petals. The capsule opens at the top to release reddish-brown seeds. This species is distinguished from Silene alexandri, the only other member of the genus found on Molokai, by its smaller flowers and capsules and its stamens, which are shorter than the sepals (Wagner et al. 1999).

Currently, no life history information is available for Silene lanceolata (Service 1996d).

The historical range of Silene lanceolata includes five Hawaiian Islands Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Silene lanceolata is presently extant on the islands of Molokai, Oahu, and Hawaii. On Oahu, there are two populations with 62 individuals located in Koiahi Gulch and Waianae Kai on Federal and State lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

On Oahu, Silene lanceolata grows on cliff faces and ledges of gullies in dry to mesic shrubland and cliff communities at elevations of about 351 to 978 m (1,151 to 3,208 ft). Associated native plant species include Artemisia aurstralis, Dodonaea viscosa, Schiedea manni, Bidens sp., Carex sp., Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Chamaesyce sp., Lysimachia sp. or the endangered Tetramolopium filfilforme (pamakani) (HINHP Database 2001).

The threats to Silene lanceolata on Oahu are habitat destruction by feral goats and pigs; wildfires; and competition with the alien plant species Ageratina riparia, Schinus terebinthifolius, Lantana camara, Melinis repens, Melinis minutiflora, and Erigeron karvinskianus (HINHP Database 2001; 57 FR 46325; Service 1996d).

Solanum sandwicense (Popolo aiakeakua)

Solanum sandwicense, a member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a large sprawling shrub. The younger branches are more densely hairy than older branches and the oval leaves usually have up to four lobes along the margins. This short-lived perennial species differs from others of the genus in having dense hairs on young plant parts, a greater height, and its lack of prickles (Symon 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Solanum sandwicense. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995b).

Historically, Solanum sandwicense was known from both Oahu and Kauai. Currently, this species is only known from Kauai (Joan Yoshioka, TNCH, pers. comm., 2000; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Database 2001; 65 FR 66808 59 FR 09304; Service 1995b).

Solanum sandwicense on Oahu was found on talus slopes and in streambeds in open, sunny areas at elevations between 131 and 1,006 m (430 and 3,300 ft). Associated plant species included Pisonia sp. or Psychotria sp. (59 FR 09304; Service 1995b; HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to populations of Solanum sandwicense on Oahu were habitat degradation by feral pigs; and competition with alien the plant species Passiflora suberosa, Psidium sp., and Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; landslides; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 09304; Service 1995b; HINHP Database 2001).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)

Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in outline and grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, compound umbrella- shaped inflorescence arising from the stem, opposite the leaves. Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the only member of the genus native to Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family by being a non-succulent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically and currently, Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai and the island of Hawaii. On Oahu, there are two known populations totaling between 110 and 910 individuals, on Makua- Keaau Ridge and near the entrance of Diamond Head on State, Federal, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Oahu typically grows on steep-vertical cliffs or at the base of cliffs and ridges in coastal dry cliff vegetation at elevations of 25 to 839 m (82 to 2,752 ft). Associated plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Bidens sp., Santalum ellipticum, Waltheria indica, Heteropogon contortus, or Doryopteris sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt., 2001).

The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral goats; competition with various alien plant species such as Melinis minutiflora, Lantana camara, and grasses; and habitat destruction and extinction due to natural environmental events such as erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN)

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is an erect shrub 12 to 36 cm (4.7 to 14 in) tall, branching near the ends of the stems. Leaves of this taxon are lance- shaped, wider at the leaf tip, and measure 25 to 45 mm (1.0 to 1.8 in) long and 1 to 7 mm (0.04 to 0.3 in) wide. Flower heads are arranged in groups of six to 12. The involucre is bell-shaped and less than 4 mm (0.2 in) high. Florets are either female or bisexual, with both occurring on the same plant. There are 21 to 40 white to pinkish lavender ray florets 1 to 2 mm (0.04 to 0.08 in) long on the periphery of each head. In the center of each head there are four to eleven maroon to pale salmon disk florets. The fruits are achenes, 1.6 to 2.5 mm (0.06 to 0.1 in) long and 0.5 to 0.8 mm (0.02 to 0.03 in) wide. This taxon can be distinguished from the other extant species on Oahu by its hermaphroditic (having both male and female flowers) disk flowers and its

[[Page37145]]

inflorescence of six to 12 heads (Lowrey 1999).

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum is a short-lived perennial that has been observed producing fruit and flowers from April through July. No further other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (59 FR 09304; Service 1995b).

Historically, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum was known from nearly the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Makua Valley to Cachexia Ridge, as well as from the island of Lanai. On Oahu, a total of four populations of approximately 15 individual plants are currently known from Federal, State, and private lands on Mauna Kapu, Ekahanui- Lualualei summit, Waianae Kai, and Puu Hapapa. TNCH has outplanted three individuals in a fenced exclosure within Honouliuli Preserve. These individuals have since died, yet two healthy Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum have sprouted near the exclosure (56 FR 55770; Lowrey 1999; Service 1998b; HINHP 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum typically grows on grassy ridge tops, slopes, or cliffs in windblown dry forests at elevations of 330 to 1,157 m (1,082 to 3,795 ft). Associated species include Eragrostis sp., Carex wahuensis, Bidens sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum on Oahu are competition from the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, and Andropogon virginicus; habitat degradation and predation by goats and pigs; fire; and the small number of populations (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)

Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is a slender twining perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of three leaflets which vary in shape from round to linear, and are sparsely or moderately covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in clusters of one to four, have thin, translucent, pale yellow or greenish yellow petals. The two lowermost petals are fused and appear distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits are long slender pods that may or may not be slightly inflated and contain seven to 15 gray to black seeds. This species differs from others in the genus by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, and thin pods which may or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu, and Maui. Currently, Vigna o-wahuensis is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii. There are no currently known populations on Niihau or Oahu. The last collection on Oahu was made in 1938 on the Mokulua Islets and North Islet (HINHP Database 2001).

Vigna o-wahuensis on Oahu occurred on open dry fossil reef, climbing over shrubs and grasses on limestone deposit and on fairly steep slopes from sea level to 609 m (0 to 1,998 ft) in elevation. The associated native plant species for this plant are unknown for Oahu (HINHP Database 2001).

The threats for this species are unknown for Oahu.

A summary of populations and landownership for these 101 plant species reported from Oahu is given in Table 2.

Table 2.--Summary of Existing Populations Occurring on Oahu, and Landownership for 101 Species Reported From Oahu

Number of

Landownership/jurisdiction Species

current

populations Federal

State

Private

Abutilon sandwicense.........................

16 X \2\ \6\

X

X Adenophorus periens..........................

0 Alectryon macrococcus........................

34 X\1\ \2\ \6\

X

X Alsinidendron obovatum.......................

5

X\1\

X ............... Alsinidendron trinerve.......................

3

X\2\

X ............... Bonamia menziesii............................

16

X\1\ \6\

X

X Cenchrus agrimonioides.......................

8

X\1\ \2\

X

X Centaurium sebaeoides........................

3 ...............

X

X Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana.........

13

X\1\

X ............... Chamaesyce deppeana..........................

1 ...............

X ............... Chamaesyce herbstii..........................

4 ...............

X

X Chamaesyce kuwaleana.........................

4

X\6\

X ............... Chamaesyce rockii............................

16 X \2\ \3\ \8\

X

X Colubrina oppositifolia......................

5 ...............

X

X Ctenitis squamigera..........................

4

X\1\ \2\

X

X Cyanea acuminata.............................

22 X\2\ \3\ \8\

X

X Cyanea crispa................................

11

X\3\

X

X Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana............

6

X\2\

X

X Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae................

6 ...............

X

X Cyanea humboltiana...........................

8

X\3,8\

X

X Cyanea koolauensis...........................

25 X\2\ \3\ \4\

X

X \8\ Cyanea longiflora............................

4 ...............

X

X Cyanea pinnatifida...........................

0 Cyanea st.-johnii............................

6

X\3\

X

X Cyanea superba...............................

1

X\1\

X ............... Cyanea truncata..............................

1 ...............

X

X Cyperus trachysanthos........................

6

X\7\

X ............... Cyrtandra crenata............................

0 Cyrtandra dentata............................

8

X\1\ \3\

X ............... Cyrtandra polyantha..........................

1 ...............

X

X Cyrtandra subumbellata.......................

2

X\2\ \8\

X

X

[[Page37146]]

Cyrtandra viridiflora........................

8

X\3\ \8\

X

X Delissea subcordata..........................

18

X\1\ \2\

X

X Diellia erecta...............................

1 ...............

X

X Diellia falcata..............................

29 X\1\ \2\ \6\

X

X Diellia unisora..............................

4 ...............

X

X Diplazium molokaiense........................

0 Dubautia herbstobatae........................

4

X\1\

X ............... Eragrostis fosbergii.........................

4

X\2\

X ............... Eugenia koolauensis..........................

10

X\3\ \4\

X

X Euphorbia haeleeleana........................

6

X\1\

X

X Flueggea neowawraea..........................

19 X\1\ \2\ \6\

X

X Gardenia mannii..............................

31 X\2\ \3\ \4\

X

X \8\ Gouania meyenii..............................

3 ...............

X

X Gouania vitifolia............................

2 ...............

X

X Hedyotis coriacea............................

0 Hedyotis degeneri............................

5

X\1\

X ............... Hedyotis parvula.............................

5

X\1\ \6\

X ............... Hesperomannia arborescens....................

23 X\3\ \4\ \8\

X

X Hesperomannia arbuscula......................

6 ...............

X

X Hibiscus brackenridgei.......................

6

X\1\ \6\

X

X Isodendrion laurifolium......................

5 ...............

X

X Isodendrion longifolium......................

4

X\2\

X

X Isodendrion pyrifolium.......................

0 Labordia cyrtandrae..........................

9 ...............

X

X Lepidium arbuscula...........................

10 X\1\ \2\ \6\

X ............... Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla...........

5

X\2\ \6\

X ............... Lipochaeta tenuifolia........................

12 X\1\ \2\ \6\

X ............... Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis........

4 X\2\ \3\ \8\

X

X Lobelia monostachya..........................

1 ...............

X

X Lobelia niihauensis..........................

21 X\1\ \2\ \6\

X ............... Lobelia oahuensis............................

10 X\1\ \2\ \3\

X

X \8\ Lysimachia filifolia.........................

1 ...............

X ............... Mariscus pennatiformis.......................

0 Marsilea villosa.............................

4

X\6\

X

X Melicope lydgatei............................

4

X\3\

X

X Melicope pallida.............................

1 ...............

X

X Melicope saint-johnii........................

5

X\6\ ...............

X Myrsine juddii...............................

3

X\3\

X ............... Neraudia angulata............................

5 X\1\ \2\ \6\

X

X Nototrichium humile..........................

21 X\1\ \2\ \6\

X

X Peucedanum sandwicense.......................

4 ...............

X ............... Phlegmariurus nutans.........................

5 X\2\ \3\ \8\

X ............... Phyllostegia hirsuta.........................

23 X\2\ \3\ \6\

X

X \8\ Phyllostegia kaalaensis......................

4 ...............

X

X Phyllostegia mollis..........................

8

X\2\

X Phyllostegia parviflora......................

2

X\3\

X

X Plantago princeps............................

6 X\1\ \2\ \3\

X

X \6\ Platanthera holochila........................

0 Pritichardia kaalae..........................

6

X\1\ \2\

X ............... Pteris lidgatei..............................

5 X\2\ \3\ \8\

X

X Sanicula mariversa...........................

4

X\1\ \6\

X ............... Sanicula purpurea............................

4 X\2\ \3\ \8\

X

X Schiedea hookeri.............................

17 X\1\ \2\ \6\

X

X Schiedea kaalae..............................

8 ...............

X

X Schiedea kealiae.............................

4

X\5\

X

X Schiedea nuttallii...........................

5

X\1\ \2\

X

X Sesbania tomentosa...........................

3 ...............

X

X Silene lanceolata............................

2

X\1\

X ............... Silene perlmanii.............................

0 Solanum sandwicense..........................

0 Spermolepis hawaiiensis......................

2

X\1\

X ............... Stenogyne kanehoana..........................

1 ............... ...............

X Tetramolopium filiforme......................

6

X\1\ \6\

X ............... Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum.......

4

X\2\ \6\

X

X Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa....................

20 X\2\ \3\ \4\

X

X \8\ Trematalobelia singularis....................

3 ...............

X

X Urera kaalae.................................

11

X\2\ \6\

X

X Vigna o-wahuensis............................

0 Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.......

5 X\1\ \2\ \6\

X ...............

[[Page37147]]

Viola oahuensis..............................

9 X\2\ \3\ \8\

X

X

\1\ Makua Military Reservation. \2\ Schofield Barracks Military Reservation/Schofield Barracks East Range. \3\ Kawailoa Training Area. \4\ Kahuku Training Area. \5\ Dillingham Military Reservation. \6\ Naval Magazine Pearl Harbor Lualualei Branch and Naval Computer and Telecommunication Area Master Station Pacific Transmitting Facility at Lualualei. \7\ Hawaii Army National Guard. \8\ Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge.

Previous Federal Action

Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that document, Abutilon sandwicense (as Abutilon sandwicense var. sandwicense), Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus (as Alectryon macrococcum var. macrococcum and Hesperomannia arborescens var. bushiana and var. swezeyi), Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei (as Hibiscus brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and var. ``from Hawaii''), Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (as Lobelia gaudichaudii var. koolauensis), Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope lydgatei (as Pelea descendens and Pelea lydgatei), Melicope pallida (as Pelea leveillei and Pelea pallida), Melicope saint-johnii (as Pelea saint-johnii var. elongata), Neraudia angulata, Nototricium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps (as Plantago princeps var. elata, var. laxifolia, var. princeps), Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (as Lobelia gaudichaudii var. koolauensis), Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Marsilea villosa, Pritchardia kaalae (as Pritchardia kaalae var. kaalae and var. minima), Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi and Sesbania tomentosa var. tomentosa), Silene lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense (as Solanum hillebrandii and Solanum kauaiense), Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (as Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa var. pupukeensis), Urera kaalae, Vigna o- wahuensis (as Vigna sandwicensis var. heterophylla and var. sandwicensis), Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana (as Viola chamissoniana), and Viola oahuensis were considered endangered; Diellia erecta, Diellia unisora, Huperzia nutans (as Lycopodium nutans), Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia monostachya (as Lobelia hillebrandii var. monostachya), Lysimachia filifolia, and Phyllostegia hirsuta (as Phyllostegia hirsuta var. hirsuta and var. laxior) were considered threatened; and, Chamaesyce deppeana (as Euphorbia deppeana), Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis (as Eugenia molokaiana), Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Plantago princeps (as Plantago princeps var. acaulis, var. denticulata, and var. queleniana), Pteris lidgatei, and Tetramolopium filiforme, were considered to be extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of our acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave notice of our intention to review the status of the plant taxa named therein. As a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, we published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to determine endangered status pursuant to section 4 of the Act for approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the above taxa considered to be endangered or thought to be extinct; Diellia erecta was also included in the 1976 document. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal Register publication.

General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal are summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over 2 years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was given to proposals already over 2 years old. On December 10, 1979, we published a notice in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four other proposals that had expired. We published updated notices of review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). A summary of the status categories for these 101 plant species in the 1980-1996 notices of review can be found in Table 3(a). We listed the 101 species as endangered or threatened between 1991 and 1996. A summary of the listing actions can be found in Table 3(b).

Table 3(a).--Summary of Candidacy Status for 101 Plant Species From Oahu

Federal Register notice of review Species

------------------------------------------------------- 12/15/80 9/27/85 2/20/90 9/30/93

Abutilon sandwicense....................................

C1

C1

C1 Adenophorus periens.....................................

C1

C1

C1

[[Page37148]]

Alectryon macrococcus...................................

C1

C1

C1 Alsinidendron obovatum..................................

C1

C1

C1 Alsinidendron trinerve..................................

C1

C1

C1 Bonamia menziesii.......................................

C1

C1

C1 Cenchrus agrimonioides Centaurium sebaeoides................................... ............ ............

C1 Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana Chamaesyce deppeana.....................................

C1

C1

C1 Chamaesyce herbstii..................................... ............ ............

C1 Chamaesyce kuwaleana....................................

C1

C1

C1 Chamaesyce rockii.......................................

3A

3A

C1 Colubrina oppositifolia Ctenitis squamigera.....................................

C1

C1

C1 Cyanea acuminata Cyanea crispa...........................................

C1

C1

C1 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana.......................

C1*

C1*

C1* Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae...........................

C1

C1 ............

C2 Cyanea humboltiana...................................... ............ ............

C2 Cyanea koolauensis......................................

C1

C1

3C Cyanea longiflora Cyanea pinnatifida......................................

C1

C1 Cyanea st.-johnii.......................................

C1

C1

C1 Cyanea superba..........................................

C1

C1

3C Cyanea truncata.........................................

C1

C1

C1 Cyperus trachysanthos................................... ............ ............

C1 Cyrtandra crenata....................................... ............ ............ ............

C2 Cyrtandra dentata.......................................

C1

C1

C1 Cyrtandra polyantha..................................... ............ ............

3C Cyrtandra subumbellata..................................

C1

C1

C1 Cyrtandra viridiflora...................................

C1

C1

C2

C2 Delissea subcordata..................................... ............ ............ ............

C2 Diellia erecta..........................................

3C

3C Diellia falcata.........................................

C1

C1

C1 Diellia unisora.........................................

C1

C1

C1 Diplazium molokaiense...................................

C1

C1

C1* Dubautia herbstobatae...................................

C1*

C1*

C1 Eragrostis fosbergii....................................

C1

C1

C1 Eugenia koolauensis.....................................

C1

C1

C1*

C2* Euphorbia haeleeleana...................................

C1

C1

C1 Flueggea neowawraea.....................................

C1

C1

C1 Gardenia mannii Gouania meyenii.........................................

3A

3A

C1 Gouania vitifolia.......................................

C1*

C1*

C1* Hedyotis coriacea.......................................

3A

3A

C1 Hedyotis degeneri.......................................

C1

C1

C1 Hedyotis parvula........................................

C1

C1

C1 Hesperomannia arborescens...............................

C1

C1

C1 Hesperomannia arbuscula.................................

C1

C1

C1 Hibiscus brackenridgei..................................

C1

C1

C1 Isodendrion laurifolium.................................

C1

C1

C1 Isodendrion longifolium.................................

C1

C1

C1

C2 Isodendrion pyrifolium..................................

C1

C1

C1

3C Labordia cyrtandrae.....................................

C1*

C1*

3A Lepidium arbuscula...................................... ............ ............

C2

C2 Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla...................... ............

C1*

C2

C2 Lipochaeta tenuifolia...................................

C1

C1

C1 Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis...................

C1

C1

C1 Lobelia monostachya.....................................

C1

C1

3B Lobelia niihauensis..................................... ............

C1

3A Lobelia oahuensis.......................................

C1

C1

C1 Lysimachia filifolia....................................

C1

C1

C1 Mariscus pennatiformis..................................

C2

C2

C1 Marsilea villosa........................................ ............ ............

C1 Melicope lydgatei....................................... ............ ............ ............

C2 Melicope pallida........................................ ............

C1

C1 ............ Melicope saint-johnii...................................

C1

C1

C1 Myrsine juddii..........................................

C1

C1

C1* Neraudia angulata....................................... ............ ............

C1*............ Nototrichium humile.....................................

C1

C1

3C Peucedanum sandwicense..................................

C1

C1

C1

[[Page37149]]

Phlegmariurus nutans....................................

C1

C1

C1 Phyllostegia hirsuta....................................

C2

C2

C2 Phyllostegia kaalaensis.................................

C1

C2

3C Phyllostegia mollis Phyllostegia parviflora.................................

C1

C1

C1 Plantago princeps Platanthera holochila...................................

C2

C2

C1 Pritchardia kaalae......................................

C1

C1

C1

C2 Pteris lidgatei.........................................

3C

3C Sanicula mariversa...................................... ............ ............

C1 ............ Sanicula purpurea....................................... ............ ............

C1 ............ Schiedea hookeri........................................ ............ ............ ............

C2 Schiedea kaalae.........................................

C1

C1

C1 Schiedea kealiae........................................

3C

3C Schiedea nuttallii...................................... ............ ............ ............

C2 Sesbania tomentosa......................................

C1*

C1*

C1 Silene lanceolata.......................................

C1

C1

C1 Silene perlmanii........................................ ............ ............

C1 Solanum sandwicense.....................................

C1*

C1*

C1 Spermolepis hawaiiensis................................. ............ ............

C1 Stenogyne kanehoana.....................................

C1

C1

C1 Tetramolopium filiforme.................................

C1

C1

C1 Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum..................

C1

C1

C1 Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa...............................

3B

3B

C1 Trematalobelia singularis............................... ............ ............

C2

C2 Urera kaalae............................................

C1

C1

C1 Vigna o-wahuensis.......................................

C1

C1

C1 Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana..................

C1

C1

C1 Viola oahuensis.........................................

C1

C1

C2

C2

Key: C: Taxa for which the Service has on file sufficient information on the biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. (The 1996 Notice of Review discontinued the use of different categories of candidates (as described below; candidates were redefined as species meeting the definition of former C1 species.) C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct. C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. 3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing. 3B: Names that, on the basis of current taxonomic understanding (usually as represented in published revisions and monographs), do not represent distinct taxa meeting the Act's definition of ``species''. Such supposed entities could be reevaluated in the future on the basis of new information. 3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. If further research or changes in habitat conditions indicate a significant decline in any of these taxa, they may be reevaluated for possible inclusion in categories 1 or 2.

Federal Register Notices of Review: 1980: 45 FR 82479 1985: 50 FR 39525 1990: 55 FR 6183 1993: 58 FR 51144 1996: 61 FR 7596

Table 3(b).--Summary of Listing Actions for 101 Plant Species From Oahu

Proposed rule

Final rule

Proposed critical habitat Species

Federal status ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date Federal Register Date Federal Register Date Federal Register

Abutilon sandwicense............. E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Adenophorus periens.............. E

09/14/93 58 FR 48012

11/10/94 59 FR 56333

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Alectryon macrococcus............ E

05/24/91 56 FR 23842

05/15/92 57 FR 20772

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Alsinidendron obovatum........... E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Alsinidendron trinerve........... E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

[[Page37150]]

Bonamia menziesii................ E

09/14/93 58 FR 48012

11/10/94 59 FR 56333

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 Cenchrus agrimonioides........... E

10/02/95 60 FR 51417

10/10/96 61 FR 53108

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 Centaurium sebaeoides............ E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Chamaesyce celastroides var. E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770 kaenana. Chamaesyce deppeana.............. E

10/14/92 57 FR 47028

03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Chamaesyce herbstii.............. E

10/02/95 55 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Chamaesyce kuwaleana............. E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Chamaesyce rockii................ E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Colubrina oppositifolia.......... E

12/17/92 57 FR 59951

03/04/94 59 FR 10305

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 05/28/02 HI PR Ctenitis squamigera.............. E

06/24/93 58 FR 34231

09/26/94 59 FR 49025

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Cyanea acuminata................. E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Cyanea crispa.................... E

10/14/92 57 FR 47028

03/28/94 59 FR 14482

.................... Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana E

10/02/95 60 FR 51417

10/10/96 61 FR 53108

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae.... E

12/14/92 57 FR 59066

06/27/94 59 FR 32932

.................... Cyanea humboltiana............... E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Cyanea koolauensis............... E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Cyanea longiflora................ E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Cyanea pinnatifida............... E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.................... Cyanea st.-johnii................ E

10/02/95 60 FR 51389

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Cyanea superba................... E

07/17/90 55 FR 29072

09/11/91 56 FR 46235

.................... Cyanea truncata.................. E

10/14/92 57 FR 47028

03/28/94 59 FR 14482

.................... Cyperus trachysanthos............ E

10/02/95 60 FR 51417

10/10/96 61 FR 53108

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 Cyrtandra crenata................ E

10/14/92 57 FR 47028

03/28/94 59 FR 14482

.................... Cyrtandra dentata................ E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Cyrtandra polyantha.............. E

10/14/92 57 FR 47028

03/28/94 59 FR 14482

.................... Cyrtandra subumbellata........... E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Cyrtandra viridiflora............ E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Delissea subcordata.............. E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Diellia erecta................... E

09/14/93 58 FR 48012

11/10/94 59 FR 56333

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Diellia falcata.................. E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.................... Diellia unisora.................. E

12/14/92 57 FR 39066

06/27/94 59 FR 32932

....................

[[Page37151]]

Diplazium molokaiense............ E

06/24/93 58 FR 34231

09/26/94 59 FR 49025

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Dubautia herbstobatae............ E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.................... Eragrostis fosbergii............. E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Eugenia koolauensis.............. E

10/14/92 57 FR 47028

03/28/94 59 FR 14482

04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Euphorbia haeleeleana............ E

10/02/95 60 FR 51417

10/10/96 61 FR 53108

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Flueggea neowawraea.............. E

09/14/93 58 FR 48012

11/10/94 59 FR 56333

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Gardenia mannii.................. E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Gouania meyenii.................. E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Gouania vitifolia................ E

12/14/92 57 FR 59066

06/27/94 59 FR 32932 Hedyotis coriacea................ E

05/24/91 56 FR 23772

05/15/92 56 FR 20772

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 05/28/02 HI PR Hedyotis degeneri................ E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Hedyotis parvula................. E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Hesperomannia arborescens........ E

10/14/92 57 FR 47028

03/28/94 59 FR 14482

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Hesperomannia arbuscula.......... E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 Hibiscus brackenridgei........... E

09/14/93 58 FR 48012

11/10/94 59 FR 56333

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 HI PR 05/28/02 Isodendrion laurifolium.......... E

10/02/95 60 FR 51417

10/10/96 61 FR 53108

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Isodendrion longifolium.......... E

10/02/95 60 FR 51417

10/10/96 61 FR 53108

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Isodendrion pyrifolium........... T

12/17/92 57 FR 59951

03/04/94 59 FR 10305

.................... Labordia cyrtandrae.............. E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Lepidium arbuscula............... E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Lipochaeta lobata var.

E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.................... leptophylla. Lipochaeta tenuifolia............ E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.................... Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.

E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... koolauensis. Lobelia monostachya.............. E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Lobelia niihauensis.............. E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Lobelia oahuensis................ E

10/14/92 57 FR 47028

03/28/94 59 FR 14482

.................... Lysimachia filifolia............. E

10/30/91 56 FR 55862

02/25/94 59 FR 09304

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Mariscus pennatiformis........... E

09/14/93 58 FR 58012

11/10/94 59 FR 56333

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 05/14/02 67 FR 34522 HI PR 05/28/02 Marsilea villosa................. E

02/15/91 56 FR 6349

06/22/92 57 FR 27863

12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Melicope lydgatei................ E

10/14/92 57 FR 47028

03/28/94 59 FR 14482

.................... Melicope pallida................. E

10/30/91 56 FR 55862

2/25/94 59 FR 09304

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Melicope saint-johnii............ E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Myrsine juddii................... E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Neraudia angulata................ E

9/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.................... Nototrichium humile.............. E

9/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

....................

[[Page37152]]

Peucedanum sandwicense........... E

10/30/91 56 FR 55862

02/25/94 59 FR 09304

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Phlegmariurus nutans............. E

10/14/92 57 FR 47028

03/28/94 59 FR 14482

.................... Phyllostegia hirsuta............. T

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Phyllostegia kaalaensis.......... E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Phyllostegia mollis.............. E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Phyllostegia parviflora.......... E

10/02/95 60 FR 51417

10/10/96 61 FR 53108

.................... Plantago princeps................ E

09/14/93 58 FR 48012

11/10/94 59 FR 56333

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Platanthera holochila............ E

10/02/95 60 FR 51417

10/10/96 61 FR 53108

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/00 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Pritichardia kaalae.............. E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.................... Pteris lidgatei.................. E

06/24/93 58 FR 34231

09/26/94 59 FR 49025

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Sanicula mariversa............... E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.................... Sanicula purpurea................ E

10/02/95 60 FR 51417

10/10/96 61 FR 53108

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 Schiedea hookeri................. E

10/02/95 60 FR 51417

10/10/96 61 FR 53108

.......... .................... Schiedea kaalae.................. E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.......... .................... Schiedea kealiae................. E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.......... .................... Schiedea nuttallii............... E

10/02/95 60 FR 51417

10/10/96 61 FR 53108

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Sesbania tomentosa............... E

09/14/93 58 FR 48012

11/10/94 59 FR 56333

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/14/02 67 FR 34522 05/28/02 HI PR Silene lanceolata................ E

09/20/91 56 FR 47718

10/08/92 57 FR 46325

12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Silene perlmanii................. E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.......... .................... Solanum sandwicense.............. E

10/30/91 56 FR 55862

02/25/94 59 FR 09304

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Spermolepis hawaiiensis.......... E

09/14/93 58 FR 48012

11/10/94 59 FR 56333

11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Stenogyne kanehoana.............. E

01/23/91 56 FR 2493

05/13/92 57 FR 20592

.......... .................... Tetramolopium filiforme.......... E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.......... .................... Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.......... .................... lepidotum. Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa........ E

10/14/92 57 FR 47028

03/28/94 59 FR 14482

.......... .................... Trematalobelia singularis........ E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.......... .................... Urera kaalae..................... E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.......... ....................

[[Page37153]]

Vigna o-wahuensis................ E

09/14/93 58 FR 48012

11/10/94 59 FR 56333

12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Viola chamissoniana ssp.

E

09/28/90 55 FR 39664

10/29/91 56 FR 55770

.......... .................... chamissoniana. Viola oahuensis.................. E

10/02/95 60 FR 51398

10/10/96 61 FR 53089

.......... ....................

Key: E = Endangered. T = Threatened.

Critical Habitat

Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent and determinable, the Secretary will find that critical habitat designation is not prudent when one or both of the following situations exist: (1) the species is threatened by taking or other human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the species. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because it would not benefit the plant and/or would increase the degree of threat to the species.

The not prudent determinations for these species, along with others, were challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii, directed us to review the prudency determinations for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii, including these 101 species reported from Oahu. Among other things, the court held that, in most cases, we did not sufficiently demonstrate that the species are threatened by human activity or that such threats would increase with the designation of critical habitat. The court also held that we failed to balance any risks of designating critical habitat against any benefits (id. at 1283-85).

Regarding our determination that designating critical habitat would have no additional benefits to the species above and beyond those already provided through the section 7 consultation requirement of the Act, the court ruled that we failed to consider the specific effect of the consultation requirement on each species (id. at 1286-88). In addition, the court stated that we did not consider benefits outside of the consultation requirements. In the court's view, these potential benefits include substantive and procedural protections. The court held that, substantively, designation establishes a ``uniform protection plan'' prior to consultation and indicates where compliance with section 7 of the Act is required. Procedurally, the court stated that the designation of critical habitat educates the public and State and local governments and affords them an opportunity to participate in the designation (id. at 1288). The court also stated that private lands may not be excluded from critical habitat designation even though section 7 requirements apply only to Federal agencies. In addition to the potential benefit of informing the public, State, and local governments of the listing and of the areas that are essential to the species' conservation, the court found that there may be Federal activity on private property in the future, even though no such activity may be occurring there at the present (id. at 1285-88).

On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. 2d 1074).

On November 30, 1998, we published a notice in the Federal Register requesting public comments on our reevaluation of whether designation of critical habitat is prudent for the 245 Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). The comment period closed on March 1, 1999, and was reopened from March 24, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). We received more than 100 responses from individuals, non-profit organizations, the Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), county governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. Department of Defense--Army, Navy, Air Force). Only a few responses offered information on the status of individual plant species or on current management actions for one or more of the 245 Hawaiian plants. While some of the respondents expressed support for the designation of critical habitat for 245 Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent opposed the designation of critical habitat for these plants. In general, these respondents opposed designation because they believed it will cause economic hardship, discourage cooperative projects, polarize relationships with hunters, or potentially increase trespass or vandalism on private lands. In addition, commenters also cited a lack of information on the biological and ecological needs of these plants which, they suggested, may lead to designation based on guesswork. The respondents who supported the designation of critical habitat cited that designation would provide a uniform protection plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote funding for management of these plants; educate the public and State government; and protect partnerships with landowners and build trust.

On November 7, 2000, we published the first of the court-ordered prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for 76 Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR 66808). The prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations for Maui and Kahoolawe plants were published December 18, 2000 (65 FR 79192), for Lanai plants on December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086), and for Molokai plants on December 29, 2000 (65 FR 83157). All of these proposed rules had been sent to the Federal Register on or by November 30, 2000, as required by the court's order. In those proposals, we determined that critical habitat was prudent for 45

[[Page37154]]

species (Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis) that are reported from Oahu as well as on Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, or Molokai.

On October 3, 2001, we submitted a joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal Defense Fund requesting extension of the court order for the final rules to designate critical habitat for plants from Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai (September 16, 2002), and Molokai (October 16, 2002), citing the need to revise the proposals to incorporate or address new information and comments received during the comment periods. The joint stipulation was approved and ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. In the revised proposed rules published on January 28, 2002 (67 FR 3939), March 4, 2002 (67 FR 9806), April 3, 2002 (67 FR 15856), and April 5, 2002 (67 FR 16492), we proposed that designation of critical habitat was prudent for Eugenia koolauensis, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Nototrichium humile, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, eight species reported from Oahu as well as Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai. The designation of critical habitat is proposed for all of these species on Oahu.

On May 14, 2002, we published the prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands plants (67 FR 34522) and in this issue of the Federal Register we are publishing the prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations for the Hawaii Island plants. Publication of this proposal for plants from Oahu is consistent with the August 10, 1998, court order.

Critical Habitat

Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(i) The specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II) that may require special management considerations or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the geographic area occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species. ``Conservation'' means the use of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered or a threatened species to the point at which listing under the Act is no longer necessary.

Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act through the prohibition against destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat with regard to actions carried out, funded, or authorized by a Federal agency. Section 7 also requires conferences on Federal actions that are likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of proposed critical habitat. Aside from the added protection that may be provided under section 7, the Act does not provide other forms of protection to lands designated as critical habitat. Because consultation under section 7 of the Act does not apply to activities on private or other non-Federal lands that do not involve a Federal nexus, critical habitat designation would not afford any additional regulatory protections under the Act.

Critical habitat also provides non-regulatory benefits to the species by informing the public and private sectors of areas that are important for species recovery and where conservation actions would be most effective. Designation of critical habitat can help focus conservation activities for a listed species by identifying areas that contain the physical and biological features that are essential for the conservation of that species, and can alert the public as well as land- managing agencies to the importance of those areas. Critical habitat also identifies areas that may require special management considerations or protection, and may help provide protection to areas where significant threats to the species have been identified to help to avoid accidental damage to such areas.

In order to be included in a critical habitat designation, the habitat must be ``essential to the conservation of the species.'' Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent known and using the best scientific and commercial data available, habitat areas that provide at least one of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the species (primary constituent elements, as defined at 50 CFR 424.12(b)). Section 3(5)(C) of the Act states that not all areas that can be occupied by a species should be designated as critical habitat unless the Secretary determines that such areas are essential to the conservation of the species. Our regulations (50 CFR 424.12(e)) also state that, ``The Secretary shall designate as critical habitat areas outside the geographic area presently occupied by the species only when a designation limited to its present range would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species.''

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that we take into consideration the economic impact, and any other relevant impact, of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. We may exclude areas from critical habitat designation when the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of including the areas within critical habitat, provided the exclusion will not result in extinction of the species.

Our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species Act, published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271), provides criteria, establishes procedures, and provides guidance to ensure that our decisions represent the best scientific and commercial data available. It requires that our biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of the best scientific and commercial data available, use primary and original sources of information as the basis for recommendations to designate critical habitat. When determining which areas are critical habitat, a primary source of information should be the listing rule for the species. Additional information may be obtained from a recovery plan, articles in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by States and counties, scientific status surveys and studies, and biological assessments or other unpublished materials.

Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat based on what we know at the time of designation. Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that designation of critical habitat may not

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include all of the habitat areas that may eventually be determined to be necessary for the recovery of the species. For these reasons, critical habitat designations do not signal that habitat outside the designation is unimportant or may not be required for recovery. Areas outside the critical habitat designation will continue to be subject to conservation actions that may be implemented under section 7(a)(1) of the Act and to the regulatory protections afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard and the section 9 prohibitions, as determined on the basis of the best available information at the time of the action. Federally funded or assisted projects affecting listed species outside their designated critical habitat areas may still result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat designations made on the basis of the best available information at the time of designation will not control the direction and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans (HCPs), or other species conservation planning efforts if new information available to these planning efforts calls for a different outcome.

1. Prudency Redeterminations

   In other proposals (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158, 67 FR 3939, 67 FR 9806, 67 FR 15856, 67 FR 16492), we proposed that designation of critical habitat was prudent for 45 plants that are reported from Oahu as well as from Kauai, Niihau, Lanai, Maui, Kahoolawe, and Molokai. These 45 species are: Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoidea, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis.

   To determine whether critical habitat would be prudent for each of the 56 species for which a prudency determination has not been made previously, we analyzed the potential threats and benefits for each species in accordance with the court's order. These 56 plants were listed as endangered species under the Act between 1991 and 1996. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. We examined the evidence currently available for each of these species and found specific evidence of vandalism, disturbance, and/or the threat of unrestricted collection for one species of Pritchardia, the native palm. At the time of listing, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent for Pritchardia kaalae because it would increase the degree of threat from vandalism or collecting, and would provide no benefit (61 FR 53108). Recently, we received information on the commercial trade in palms conducted through the internet (Grant Canterbury, Service, in litt. 2000). Several nurseries advertise and sell seedlings and young plants, including 13 species of Hawaiian Pritchardia. Seven of these species are federally protected, including Pritchardia kaalae. In light of this information, we believe that designation of critical habitat would likely increase the threat from vandalism or collection to this species of Pritchardia on the island of Oahu. These plants are easy to identify, and they are attractive to collectors of rare palms either for their personal use or to trade or sell for personal gain (Johnson 1996). We believe that the evidence shows that these species of palm may be attractive to such collectors. The final listing rule for this species contained only general information on its distribution, but the publication of precise maps and descriptions of critical habitat in the Federal Register would make this species more vulnerable to incidents of vandalism or collection, and, therefore, contribute to the decline of these species and make recovery more difficult.

   We acknowledge that critical habitat designation, in some situations, may provide some value to the species, for example, by identifying areas important for conservation and calling attention to those areas in need of special protection. However, for Pritchardia kaalae, we believe that the benefits of designating critical habitat do not outweigh the potential increased threats from vandalism or collection. Given the above considerations, we propose that designation of critical habitat for Pritchardia kaalae is not prudent.

   One species, Cyrtandra crenata, endemic to the island of Oahu, is no longer extant in the wild. Cyrtandra crenata was last collected in 1932 from Waikane Valley (HINHP Database 2001). In addition, this species is not known to be in storage or under propagation. Under these circumstances, we propose that designation of critical habitat for Cyrtandra crenata is not prudent because such designation would be of no benefit to this species. If this species is rediscovered, we may revise this proposal to incorporate or address new information as new data becomes available (See 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(B); 50 CFR 424.13(f)).

   We examined the evidence available for the other 54 taxa and have not, at this time, found specific evidence of taking, vandalism, collection or trade of these taxa or of similar species. Consequently, while we remain concerned that these activities could potentially threaten these 54 plant species in the future, consistent with applicable regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court's discussion of these regulations, we do not find that any of these species are currently threatened by taking or other human activity, which would be exacerbated by the designation of critical habitat.

   In the absence of finding that critical habitat would increase threats to a species, if there are any benefits to critical habitat designation, then a prudent finding is warranted. The potential benefits include (1) triggering section 7 consultation in new areas where it would not otherwise occur because, for example, it is or has become unoccupied or the occupancy is in question; (2) focusing conservation activities on the most essential areas; (3) providing educational benefits to State or county governments or private entities; and (4) preventing people from causing inadvertent harm to the species. In the case of these 54 plant species there would be some benefit to critical habitat. The primary regulatory effect of critical habitat is the section 7 requirement that Federal agencies refrain from taking any action that destroys or adversely affects critical habitat. Thirty-nine of these species are reported from federally owned lands or lands under Federal jurisdiction (Abutilon sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea

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   crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint- johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea kealiae, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Urera kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis) (see Table 2), where most actions would be subject to section 7. While some of the species are located exclusively on non-Federal lands with limited Federal activities, there could be Federal actions affecting these lands in the future. While a critical habitat designation for habitat currently occupied by these species would be unlikely to change the section 7 consultation outcome, since an action that destroys or adversely modifies such critical habitat would also be likely to result in jeopardy to the species, there may be instances where section 7 consultation would be triggered only if critical habitat were designated. There may also be some educational or informational benefits to the designation of critical habitat. Educational benefits include the notification of landowner(s), land managers, and the general public of the importance of protecting the habitat of these species and dissemination of information regarding their essential habitat requirements, particularly for Cyanea pinnatifida and Silene perlmanii, two species currently only in propagation. Therefore, we propose that designation of critical habitat is prudent for 54 plant species: Abutilon sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johinii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint- johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis.

2. Methods

   As required by the Act (section 4(b)(2)) and regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, we used the best scientific data available to determine areas that are essential to conserve Abutilon sandwicense, Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Melicope saint- johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Pelea lydgatei, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis. This information included the known locations, site-specific species information from the HINHP database and our own rare plant database; species information from the Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC) rare plant monitoring database housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum; island- wide Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages, (e.g. vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, elevation contours, land ownership); the final listing rules for these 99 species; recent biological surveys and reports; our recovery plans for these 99 species; discussions with botanical experts; and recommendations from the Hawaii Pacific Plants Recovery Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (see also the discussion below) (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database 2000, CPC in litt. 1999; J. Lau et al., pers. comm., 2001).

   In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify and map habitat it believed to be important for the recovery of 282 endangered and threatened Hawaiian plant species. The HPPRCC identified these areas on most of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and in 1999, we published them in our Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants (Service 1999). The HPPRCC expects there will be subsequent efforts to further refine the locations of important habitat areas and that new survey information or research may also lead to additional refinement of identifying and mapping of habitat important for the recovery of these species.

   The HPPRCC identified essential habitat areas for all listed, proposed, and candidate plants and evaluated species of concern to determine if essential habitat areas would provide for their habitat needs. However, the HPPRCC's mapping of habitat is distinct from the regulatory designation of critical habitat as defined by the Act. More data has been collected since the recommendations made by the HPPRCC

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